Biomass torrefaction as an emerging technology to aid in energy production

Acquah, 2016, Rapid quantitative analysis of forest biomass using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression, J. Anal. Methods Chem., 2016, 1839598

Agar, 2012, Bio-coal, torrefied lignocellulosic resources - key properties for its use in co-firing with fossil coal - their status, Biomass Bioenergy, 44, 107, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.05.004

Álvarez-Álvarez, 2018, Evaluation of tree species for biomass energy production in Northwest Spain, Forests, 9, 160, 10.3390/f9040160

Asadullah, 2014, Optimization of palm kernel shell torrefaction to produce energy densified bio-coal, Energy Convers. Manag., 88, 1086, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.071

ASTM E1534-93, 2019

ASTM E871-82, 2019

ASTM E872-82, 2019

ASTM E870-82, 2019

Barik, 2019, Energy extraction from toxic waste originating from food processing industries, 17

Basu, 2013, 47

Basu, 2018, Torrefaction, 93

Basu, 2018, Biomass characteristics, 49

Basu, 2014, An experimental and theoretical investigation on torrefaction of a large wet wood particle, Bioresour. Technol., 159, 215, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.105

Bates, 2013, Biomass torrefaction: modeling of reaction thermochemistry, Bioresour. Technol., 134, 331, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.158

Batidzirai, 2013, Biomass torrefaction technology: techno-economic status and future prospects, Energy, 62, 196, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.035

Begum, 2013, Performance analysis of an integrated fixed bed gasifier model for different biomass feedstocks, Energies, 6, 6508, 10.3390/en6126508

Bergman, 2005

Bergman, 2005

Bridgeman, 2008, Torrefaction of reed canary grass, wheat straw and willow to enhance solid fuel qualities and combustion properties, Fuel, 87, 844, 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.041

Bridgeman, 2010, An investigation of the grindability of two torrefied energy crops, Fuel, 89, 3911, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.043

Brockman, 2018, Van Krevelen diagram visualization of high resolution-mass spectrometry metabolomics data with OpenVanKrevelen, Metabolomics, 14, 48, 10.1007/s11306-018-1343-y

Carpenter, 2014, Biomass, 287

Channiwala, 2002, A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, Fuel, 81, 1051, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4

Chen, 2009, An evaluation on rice husks and pulverized coal blends using a drop tube furnace and a thermogravimetric analyzer for application to a blast furnace, Energy, 34, 1458, 10.1016/j.energy.2009.06.033

Chen, 2011, An evaluation on improvement of pulverized biomass property for solid fuel through torrefaction, Appl. Energy, 88, 3636, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.03.040

Chen, 2011, Disruption of sugarcane bagasse lignocellulosic structure by means of dilute sulphuric acid pre-treatment with microwave-assisted heating, Appl. Energy, 88, 2726, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.027

Chen, 2011, Influence of torrefaction pretreatment on biomass gasification technology, Chin. Sci. Bull., 56, 1449, 10.1007/s11434-010-4292-z

Chen, 2012, An experimental analysis on property and structure variations of agricultural wastes undergoing torrefaction, Appl. Energy, 100, 318, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.05.056

Chen, 2013, Biomass torrefaction characteristics in inert and oxidative atmospheres at various superficial velocities, Bioresour. Technol., 146, 152, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.064

Chen, 2014, Non-oxidative and oxidative torrefaction characterization and SEM observations of fibrous and ligneous biomass, Appl. Energy, 114, 104, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.045

Chen, 2015, A state of the art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 44, 847, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039

Chen, 2018, Investigation of biomass torrefaction based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, Energy Convers. Manag., 169, 228, 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.063

Cherubini, 2011, Principles of biorefining, 3

Chew, 2011, Recent advances in biomass pretreatment – torrefaction fundamentals and technology, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, 4212, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.017

Cordero, 2001, Predicting heating values of lignocellulosics and carbonaceous materials from proximate analysis, Fuel, 80, 1567, 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00034-5

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2009

Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2018

Deng, 2009, Pretreatment of agricultural residues for co-gasification via torrefaction, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 86, 331, 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.08.006

Friedl, 2005, Prediction of heating values of biomass fuel from elemental composition, Anal. Chim. Acta, 554, 191, 10.1016/j.aca.2005.01.041

Galletti, 2012, Biomass pretreatment: separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin – existing technologies and perspectives, 101

Gil, 2015, Grindability and combustion behavior of coal and torrefied biomass blends, Bioresour. Technol., 191, 205, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.117

Griffiths, 2007

Hayes, 2013, Biomass composition and its relevance to biorefining, 27

Hill, 2013, Chemical and cellulose crystallite changes in Pinus radiata during torrefaction, Biomass Bioenergy, 56, 92, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.04.025

Jansen, 2013

Kalenga, 2011, Characterization of South African coal for metals, inorganic and organic sulfur compounds, S. Afr. J. Chem., 64, 254

Kim, 2009, A simulation study on gas-to-liquid (natural gas to Fischer–Tropsch synthetic fuel) process optimization, Chem. Eng. J., 155, 427, 10.1016/j.cej.2009.08.018

Krewald, 2015, Principles of natural photosynthesis, 371, 23

Kumar, 2009, Thermochemical biomass gasification: a review of the current status of the technology, Energies, 2, 556, 10.3390/en20300556

Kumar, 2018

Kuo, 2015, Design of co-gasification from coal and biomass combined heat and power generation system, Energy Procedia, 75, 1120, 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.523

Lange, 2007, Lignocellulose conversion: an introduction to chemistry, process and economics, Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefining, 1, 39, 10.1002/bbb.7

Li, 2014, Process simulation of co-firing torrefied biomass in a 220 MWe coal-fired power plant, Energy Convers. Manag., 84, 503, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.075

Mamvura, 2015, Effect of blending coal with torrefied biomass for possible application in energy production, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 20, 18

Mamvura, 2018, Torrefaction of waste biomass for application in energy production in South Africa, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 25, 1

Matjie, 2016, Determination of mineral matter and elemental composition of individual macerals in coals from Highveld mines, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall, 116, 169

Medic, 2012, Effects of torrefaction process parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading, Fuel, 91, 147, 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.019

Merckel, 2017, Mass-fraction of oxygen as a predictor of HHV of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels, Energy Procedia, 142, 4124, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.335

Miller, 2017

Molino, 2016, Biomass gasification technology: the state of the art overview, J. Energy Chem., 25, 10, 10.1016/j.jechem.2015.11.005

Nachenius, 2013, Biomass pyrolysis, 75

Nanou, 2016, Detailed mapping of the mass and energy balance of a continuous biomass torrefaction plant, Biomass Bioenergy, 89, 67, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.02.012

Neves, 2011, Characterization and prediction of biomass pyrolysis products, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 37, 611, 10.1016/j.pecs.2011.01.001

Nhuchhen, 2014, Experimental investigation of mildly pressurized torrefaction in air and nitrogen, Energy Fuel., 28, 3110, 10.1021/ef4022202

Nikolic, 2011

Nocquet, 2014, Volatile species release during torrefaction of wood and its macromolecular constituents: Part 1 – experimental study, Energy, 72, 180, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.061

Pahla, 2017, Energy densification of animal waste lignocellulose biomass and raw biomass, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 24, 168

Pelaez-Samaniego, 2014, Effect of temperature during wood torrefaction on the formation of lignin liquid intermediates, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 109, 222, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.06.008

Peng, 2013, Torrefaction and densification of different species of softwood residues, Fuel, 111, 411, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.048

Pessarakli, 2016

Poling, 2008, Physical and chemical data

Poudel, 2015, A study on torrefaction of food waste, Fuel, 140, 275, 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.120

Prins, 2005

Prins, 2006, More efficient biomass gasification via torrefaction, Energy, 31, 3458, 10.1016/j.energy.2006.03.008

Prins, 2006, Torrefaction of wood Part 2. Analysis of products, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 77, 35, 10.1016/j.jaap.2006.01.001

Redissi, 2013, Valorization of carbon dioxide by co-electrolysis of CO2/H2O at high temperature for syngas production, Energy Procedia, 37, 6667, 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.599

Ren, 2013, The effects of torrefaction on compositions of bio-oil and syngas from biomass pyrolysis by microwave heating, Bioresour. Technol., 135, 659, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.091

Ribeiro, 2018, Future perspectives of biomass torrefaction: review of the current state-of-the-art and research development, Sustainability, 10, 2323, 10.3390/su10072323

Rousset, 2012, Biomass torrefaction under different oxygen concentrations and its effect on the composition of the solid by-product, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 96, 86, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.009

Saadon, 2014, Torrefaction in the presence of oxygen and carbon dioxide: the effect on yield of oil palm kernel Shell, Procedia Chem., 9, 194, 10.1016/j.proche.2014.05.023

Sadaka, 2009, Improvements of biomass physical and thermochemical characteristics via torrefaction process, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 28, 427, 10.1002/ep.10392

Sakthivadivel, 2017, Combustion characteristics of biomass fuels in a fixed bed micro-gasifier cook oven, J. Mech. Sci. Technol., 31, 995, 10.1007/s12206-017-0152-y

Sakthivadivel, 2018, Characterization, density and size effects of fuels in an advanced micro-gasifier stove, Biofuels

Sarkar, 2015, Fuels and combustion, 91

Senneca, 2017, Oxidation of carbon: what we know and what we still need to know, Energy Procedia, 120, 62, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.155

Sikarwar, 2016, An overview of advances in biomass gasification, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 2939, 10.1039/C6EE00935B

Tsamba, 2006, Pyrolysis characteristics and global kinetics of coconut and cashew nut shells, Fuel Process. Technol., 87, 523, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.12.002

Tumuluru, 2010

Tumuluru, 2011, A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications, Ind. Biotechnol., 7, 384, 10.1089/ind.2011.7.384

Tumuluru, 2012, GC analysis of volatiles and other products from biomass torrefaction process, 211

Verhoeff, 2011

Wannapeera, 2011, Effects of temperature and holding time during torrefaction on the pyrolysis behaviors of woody biomass, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 92, 99, 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.04.010

Wannapeera, 2012, Upgrading of woody biomass by torrefaction under pressure, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 96, 173, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.04.002

Wen, 2014, Understanding the chemical and structural transformations of lignin macromolecule during torrefaction, Appl. Energy, 121, 1, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.001

Wu, 2011, The characteristics of torrefied microalgae, Appl. Energy, 100, 52, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.002

Wu, 2011, Nickel-based catalysts for tar reduction in biomass gasification, Biofules, 2, 451, 10.4155/bfs.11.113

Yang, 2006, In-depth investigation of biomass pyrolysis based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, Energy Fuel., 20, 388, 10.1021/ef0580117