Biologically enhanced 3D printed micro-nano hybrid scaffolds doped with abalone shell for bone regeneration
Tóm tắt
The formation of nacreous layers of abalone shell (Aba) is a similar process to the deposition of calcium salts in human bone, with the main mechanism being the orderly mineralization of inorganic matter mediated by organic bioactive components. In this study, 3D printing technology was employed to use the abundant calcium sources and bioactive substances in Aba to enhance the osteoinductive and remineralization capacity of materials in implants for bone regeneration. The novel hybrid scaffolds were successfully 3D-printed from polycaprolactone (PCL), which has good toughness and processability, doped with powdered Aba. When the Aba particle doping was increased from 0 to 15%, the physicochemical properties of PCL were virtually unchanged, while the surfaces of scaffolds became rough, and Aba particles were gradually exposed. The Aba/PCL scaffolds had an interconnected pore structure with a pore size of approximately 200 μm and over 50% porosity, which was convenient for the transport of nutrients. With the addition of Aba, the thermodynamic stability and mechanical properties of the scaffolds significantly improved, and the maximum compressive strength and modulus reached 1.34 and 1.89 MPa, respectively, because Aba provided nucleation sites for nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) to promote mineralization. In vitro cell experiments showed that the hybrid scaffolds had good biocompatibility and promote the proliferation of osteoblasts. In vivo results revealed that the hydroxyapatite of organic matter and trace elements in Aba particles induced the migration of stem cells and active factors to the site of a bone defect. The implantation of 3D-printed scaffolds offered a microenvironment for osteoblast attachment and proliferation, which further promotes osteogenesis-related gene expression, such as bone gamma carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP), type I collagen (COL1A1), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and facilitated the repair of a skull defect. This high-value applications of Aba have the potential to improve environmental pollution and provide potentially low-cost, high-performance bone repair materials for clinical use.
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