Sự xâm lấn sinh học trong hệ sinh thái rừng

Biological Invasions - Tập 19 - Trang 3437-3458 - 2017
Andrew M. Liebhold1, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff2,3, Susan Kalisz4, Martin A. Nuñez5, David A. Wardle6,7, Michael J. Wingfield8
1US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, USA
2Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch, New Zealand
3Better Border Biosecurity Collaboration, Lincoln, New Zealand
4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
5Grupo de Ecologia de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
6Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
7Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
8Forest and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Tóm tắt

Rừng đóng vai trò quan trọng trong các quy trình sinh thái toàn cầu và cung cấp nhiều dịch vụ cho xã hội. Tuy nhiên, rừng ngày càng bị ảnh hưởng bởi nhiều yếu tố từ con người, đặc biệt là những yếu tố do sự xâm lấn sinh học gây ra. Các loài xâm lấn vào rừng bao gồm cây gỗ và cây thảo, nhiều loài động vật như động vật có vú và động vật không xương sống, cũng như nhiều loại vi sinh vật như nấm, oomycetes, vi khuẩn và virus. Những loài này có nhiều vai trò sinh thái khác nhau bao gồm sản xuất sơ cấp, động vật ăn cỏ, động vật ăn thịt, mầm bệnh cho động vật, mầm bệnh cho thực vật, phân hủy và thụ phấn cũng như các mối quan hệ tương hỗ khác. Dù hầu hết các loài không bản địa có tác động không đáng kể đến rừng, nhưng một số ít lại có tác động sâu sắc và thường là chuỗi hậu quả. Những tác động này bao gồm sự thay đổi về thành phần loài cây, sự thay đổi trong quá trình kế thừa rừng, sự suy giảm đa dạng sinh học và sự biến đổi trong chu trình dinh dưỡng, carbon và nước. Nhiều tác động trong số này xảy ra do sự cạnh tranh với các loài bản địa nhưng cũng bao gồm cả ảnh hưởng dinh dưỡng có thể dẫn đến những thay đổi lớn trong cấu trúc mạng lưới thức ăn. Các khu rừng phục hồi tự nhiên trên toàn thế giới đã bị biến đổi đáng kể bởi các loài xâm lấn nhưng những khu rừng trồng cũng gặp rủi ro. Các loài cây bản địa không thường gặp được trồng rộng rãi ở nhiều nơi trên thế giới để sản xuất gỗ và sợi, và thường được lựa chọn vì khả năng phát triển vượt trội trong môi trường mới của chúng. Sự phát triển vượt trội này một phần là nhờ vào việc thoát khỏi các loài ăn cỏ và mầm bệnh tồn tại trong khu vực bản địa của chúng. Theo thời gian, một số loài sâu bọ có thể “bắt kịp” với các chủ thể của chúng, dẫn đến sự suy giảm năng suất rừng sau đó. Các tác động khác xảy ra khi các loài ăn cỏ hoặc mầm bệnh bản địa thích nghi với các loài cây ngoại lai hoặc khi các liên kết mới hình thành giữa mầm bệnh và véc tơ. Thêm vào đó, các cây trồng không phải bản địa đôi khi cũng có thể trở nên xâm lấn và có tác động tiêu cực đáng kể đến các khu vực tự nhiên liền kề. Quản lý sự xâm lấn trong rừng bao gồm việc ngăn chặn sự bùng phát, tiêu diệt các quần thể mới xuất hiện, kiểm soát sinh học, lựa chọn các loài cây chủ có sức đề kháng và sử dụng các phương pháp văn hóa (lâm sinh và phục hồi) để giảm thiểu tác động của loài xâm lấn. Trong tương lai, các khu rừng trên thế giới sẽ có khả năng tiếp xúc với số lượng ngày càng tăng các cuộc xâm lấn, và quản lý hiệu quả sẽ đòi hỏi sự hợp tác quốc tế chặt chẽ hơn và tích hợp liên ngành.

Từ khóa

#Sự xâm lấn sinh học #hệ sinh thái rừng #các loài xâm lấn #sự đa dạng sinh học #quản lý sự xâm lấn

Tài liệu tham khảo

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