Biogeochemical and reactive transport modeling of arsenic in groundwaters from the Mississippi River delta plain: An analog for the As-affected aquifers of South and Southeast Asia

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta - Tập 264 - Trang 245-272 - 2019
Karen H. Johannesson1, Ningfang Yang1, Alexandra S. Trahan2, Katherine Telfeyan1,3, T. Jade Mohajerin1,4, Segun B. Adebayo1, Omolola A. Akintomide1, Darren A. Chevis1,5, Saugata Datta6, Christopher D. White1
1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States
2School of Geosciences, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, United States
3Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States
4Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management, 1202 Elmwood Park Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70123, United States
5Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
6Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States

Tài liệu tham khảo

Amirbahman, 2006, Kinetics of sorption and abiotic oxidation of arsenic(III) by aquifer materials, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 533, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.10.036 Anawar, 2004, Mobilization of arsenic from subsurface sediments by effect of biocarbonate ions in groundwater, Chemosphere, 54, 753, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.08.030 Anawar, 2013, Is organic matter a source or redox driver or both for arsenic release in groundwater?, Phys. Chem. Earth., 58–60, 49, 10.1016/j.pce.2013.04.009 Benner, 2002, Reductive dissolution and biomineralization of iron hydroxide under dynamic flow conditions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1705, 10.1021/es0156441 Berg, 2001, Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 2621, 10.1021/es010027y Berg, 2007, Magnitude of arsenic pollution in the Mekong and Red River Deltas—Cambodia and Vietnam, Sci. Total Environ., 372, 413, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.010 Bethke, 2008, 543 Bethke, 2017 Bethke, 2017 Bethke, 2017 Bethke, 2008, Origin of microbiological zoning in groundwater flows, Geology, 36, 739, 10.1130/G24859A.1 Bethke, 2011, The thermodynamic ladder in geomicrobiology, Am. J. Sci., 311, 183, 10.2475/03.2011.01 BGS and DPHE, 2001, Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh Bhattacharya, 1997, Occurrence of Arsenic-contaminated Groundwater in Alluvial Aquifers from Delta Plains, Eastern India: Options for Safe Drinking Water Supply, Int. J. Water Resour. Dev., 13, 79, 10.1080/07900629749944 Biswas, 2014, Role of competing ions in the mobilization of arsenic in groundwater of Bengal Basin. Insight from surface complexation modeling, Water Res., 55, 30, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.002 Borrok, 2016, Long-term geochemical evaluation of the coastal Chicot aquifer system, Louisiana, USA, J. Hydrol., 533, 320, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.022 Borrok, 2018, The origins of high concentrations of iron, sodium, biocarbonate, and arsenic in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer, Appl. Geochem., 98, 383, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.10.014 Burnol, 2010, Fe(II) - Fe(III)-bearing phases as a mineralogical control on the heterogeneity of arsenic in southeast Asian groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 7541, 10.1021/es100280h Burnol, 2007, Decoupling of arsenic and iron release from ferrihydrite suspension under reducing conditions: a biogeochemical model, Geochem. Trans., 8: 12 Chakraborty, 2007, Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate onto muscovite and biotite mica, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 309, 392, 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.10.014 Chapelle, 1996, Microbial acetogenesis as a source of organic acids in ancient Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments, Geology, 24, 925, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0925:MAAASO>2.3.CO;2 Charlet, 2007, Chemodynamics of an arsenic “hotspot” in a West Bengal aquifer: A field and reactive transport modeling study, Appl. Geochem., 22, 1273, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.12.022 Chen, 1992, Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water, Br. J. Cancer, 66, 888, 10.1038/bjc.1992.380 Chiu, 2000, Arsenic adsorption and oxidation at manganite surfaces 1. Methods for simultaneous determination of adsorbed and dissolved arsenic species, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2029, 10.1021/es990788p Chowdhury, 2018, Fingerprinting groundwater salinity sources in the Gulf Coast Aquifer System, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 26, 197, 10.1007/s10040-017-1619-8 Cline, 1969, Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 14, 454, 10.4319/lo.1969.14.3.0454 Cummings, 1999, Arsenic mobilization by the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella alga BrY, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 723, 10.1021/es980541c Das, 1995, Arsenic in ground-water in 6 districts of West Bengal, India - the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. 2. Arsenic concentrations in drinking-water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver-tissue (biopsy) of the affected people, Analyst, 120, 917, 10.1039/an9952000917 Datta, 2011, Perennial ponds are not an important source of water or dissolved organic matter to groundwaters with high arsenic concentrations in West Bengal, India, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L20404, 10.1029/2011GL049301 Deer, 1983 Delany, J. and Lundeen S. (1989) The LLNL Thermochemical Database. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-21685. Dixit, 2003, Comparison of arsenic(V) and arsenic(III) sorption onto iron oxide minerals: Implications for arsenic mobility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 4182, 10.1021/es030309t Dixit, 2006, Sorption of Fe(II) and As(III) on goethite in single- and dual-sorbate systems, Chem. Geol., 228, 6, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.015 Dowling, 2002, Geochemical study of arsenic release mechanisms in the Bengal Basin groundwater, Water Resour. Res., 38, 11, 10.1029/2001WR000968 Duex, 2008, Possible sources of arsenic in ground water from south Louisiana, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., 58, 243 Dzombak, 1990 Eaton, 1995 Eiche, 2008, Geochemical processes underlying a sharp contrast in groundwater arsenic concentrations in a village on the Red River delta, Vietnam, Appl. Geochem., 23, 3143, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.06.023 Elhert, 2014, Impact of birnessite on arsenic and iron speciation during microbial reduction of arsenic-bearing ferrihydrite, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11320, 10.1021/es5031323 Farnham, 2002, Treatment of nondetects in multivariate analysis of groundwater geochemistry data, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Sys., 60, 265, 10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00201-5 Fayard, 1971, Relation between oxidation potential and the occurrence of iron in ground water from the Chicot aquifer, Lafayette, Louisiana, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 750-D, D182 Finerty, 1990, Effect of environs and seasonality on metal residues in tissues of wild and pond-raised crayfish in southern Louisiana, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 19, 94, 10.1007/BF01059817 Flaathen, 2007, The effect of volcanic eruptions on the chemistry of surface waters: The 1991 and 2000 eruptions of Mt. Hekla, Iceland, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 164, 293, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.05.014 Flanagan P. (2013) Cow Island gets $5 million in cattle dip case. The Independent. http://theind.com/article-14590-cow-island-gets-$5-million-in-cattle-dip-case.html (accessed 10 October 2018). Foster, 1950, The origin of high sodium bicarbonate waters in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1, 33, 10.1016/0016-7037(50)90007-X Fredrickson, 1998, Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62, 3239, 10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00243-9 Gehlar, 1992, A critical review on field-scale dispersion in aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 28, 1955, 10.1029/92WR00607 Gillispie, 2016, Chemical controls on abiotic and biotic release of geogenic arsenic from Pleistocene aquifer sediments to groundwater, Environ. Sci.: Process Impacts, 18, 1090 Gillispie, 2019, Chemical variability of sediments and groundwater in a Pleistocene aquifer of Cambodia: Implications for arsenic pollution potential, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 245, 441, 10.1016/j.gca.2018.11.008 Goldberg, 2002, Competitive adsorption of arsenate and arsenite on oxides and clay minerals, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66, 413, 10.2136/sssaj2002.4130 Gresham, 2007, 108 Gresham D. M. and Duex T. W. (2007) Arsenic in ground water in the Cow Island area, Louisiana. First Annual Louisiana Ground Water Symposium, Baton Rouge, 7 p. http://www.brgs-la.org/web-content/22FD4C.pdf (accessed 5 December 2017). Guo, 2007, Adsorption of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) from groundwater using natural siderite as the adsorbent, J. Colloids Interf. Sci., 315, 47, 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.06.035 Gustafsson, 2007, Geochemical modelling of arsenic adsorption to oxide surfaces, 159 Hamon, 2004, Coupling speciation and isotope dilution techniques to study arsenic mobilization in the environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1794, 10.1021/es034931x Hanor, 1982, Modification of the quality of water injected into Louisiana Gulf Coast sands: Effects of cation exchange, Environ. Geol., 4, 75, 10.1007/BF02415762 Hanor, 1988, Sediment alteration and clay mineral diagenesis in a regional ground water flow system, Mississippi Gulf Coastal Plain, Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc., 38, 495 Hansel, 2003, Secondary mineralization pathways induced by dissimilatory iron reduction of ferrihydrite under advective flow, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 2977, 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00276-X Haque, 2006, Arsenic concentration and speciation along a groundwater flow path: The Carrizo Sand aquifer, Texas, USA, Chem. Geol., 228, 57, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.11.019 Haque, 2008, Evaluating mobilization and transport of arsenic in sediments and groundwaters of Aquia aquifer, Maryland, USA, J. Contam. Hydrol., 99, 68, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.03.003 Harvey, 2002, Arsenic mobility and groundwater extraction in Bangladesh, Science, 298, 1602, 10.1126/science.1076978 Hasan, 2007, Arsenic in shallow groundwater of Bangladesh: invesigtaions from three different physiographic setting, Hydrogeol. J., 15, 1507, 10.1007/s10040-007-0203-z He, 2003, Characterization of Fe(III) reduction by chlororespiring Anaeromxyobacter dehalogenans, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 2712, 10.1128/AEM.69.5.2712-2718.2003 He, 2010, Geochemical proceses controlling arsenic mobility in groundwater: A case study of arsenic mobilization and natural attenuation, Appl. Geochem., 25, 69, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.10.002 Hering, 2002, Biogeochemical controls on arsenic occurrence and mobility in water supplies, 155 Horneman, 2004, Decoupling As and Fe release to Bangladesh groundwater under reducing conditions. Part I. Evidence from sediment profiles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 3459, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.026 Hurlbut, 1977 Ingvorsen, 1984, Kinetics of sulfate and acetate uptake by Desulfobacter postgatei, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 47, 403, 10.1128/AEM.47.2.403-408.1984 Islam, 2004, Role of metal-reducing bacteria in arsenic release from Bengal delta sediments, Nature, 430, 68, 10.1038/nature02638 Jain, 2000, Effect of competing anions on the adsorption of arsenate and arsenite by ferrihydrite, J. Environ. Qual., 29, 1422, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050008x Jessen, 2012, Surface complexation modeling of groundwater arsenic mobility: Results of a forced gradient experiment in a Red River flood plain aquifer, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 98, 186, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.07.014 Jin, 2002, Kinetics of electron transfer through the respiratory chain, Biophys. J., 83, 1797, 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)73945-3 Jin, 2003, A new rate law describing microbial respiration, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 2340, 10.1128/AEM.69.4.2340-2348.2003 Jin, 2005, Predicting the rate of microbial respiration in geochemical environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 1133, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.08.010 Jin, 2007, The thermodynamics and kinetics of microbial metabolism, Am. J. Sci., 307, 643, 10.2475/04.2007.01 Johannesson, 2013, Geochemical cycling of mercury in a deep, confined aquifer: Insights from biogeochemical reactive transport modeling, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 106, 25, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.12.010 Johannesson, 2004, Rare earth element concentrations and speciation in organic-rich blackwaters of the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, USA, Chem. Geol., 209, 271, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.012 Johannesson, 2013, Controls on tungsten concentrations in groundwater flow systems: The role of adsorption, aquifer sediment Fe(III) oxide/oxyhydroxide content, and thiotungstate formation, Chem. Geol., 351, 76, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.05.002 Johnston, 2007, Solubility of symplesite (ferrous arsenate): Implications for reduced groundwaters and other geochemical environments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 71, 101, 10.2136/sssaj2006.0023 Jones P. H., Turcan A. N., Jr., and Skibitzke H. E. (1954) Geology and groundwater resources of southwestern Louisiana. Dept. of Conservation and Louisiana Geology Survey, Geological Bulletin 30, 285 p. Jones, 1974, Comparison of observed and calculated concentrations of dissolved Al and Fe in stream water, Water Resour. Res., 10, 791, 10.1029/WR010i004p00791 Jönsson, 2008, Sorption of As(III) and As(V) to siderite, green rust (fougerite) and magnetite: Implications for arsenic release in anoxic groundwaters, Chem. Geol., 255, 173, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.06.036 Kendrich J. O. and Gobb P. C. (2005) Arsenic contaminated groundwater assessment Cow Island, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana. New Fields Environmental, Inc., Addison, Texas, 763 p. Available from the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, LDEQ-EDMS Document 2788736, http://edms.deq.louisiana.gov/app/doc/querydef.aspx (accessed 19 July 2011). Kocar, 2009, Thermodynamic constraints on reductive reactions influencing the biogeochemistry of arsenic in soils and sediments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4871, 10.1021/es8035384 Kocar, 2006, Contrasting effects of dissimilatory iron(III) and arsenic(V) reduction on arsenic retention and transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6715, 10.1021/es061540k Kocar, 2014, Deciphering and predicting spatial and temporal concentrations of arsenic with the Mekong Delta aquifer, Environ. Chem., 11, 579, 10.1071/EN13244 Lafferty, 2010, Arsenite oxidation by a poorly crystalline manganese-oxides. 2. Results from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8467, 10.1021/es102016c Lafferty, 2011, Arsenite oxidation by a poorly-crystalline manganese oxide. 3. Arsenic and manganese desorption, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9218, 10.1021/es201281u Lawson, 2013, Pond-derived organic carbon driving changes in arsenic hazard found in Asian groundwaters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 7085, 10.1021/es400114q Lee, 1985, Geochemistry of groundwater in Cretaceous sediments of the southeastern Coastal Plain of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama, Water Resour. Res., 21, 1545, 10.1029/WR021i010p01545 Leybourne, 2014, Measuring arsenic speciation in environmental media: sampling, preservation, and analysis, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 79, 371, 10.2138/rmg.2014.79.6 Lovelace J. K. (1998) Distribution of saltwater in the Chicot aquifer system in the Calcasieu Parish area, Louisiana, 1996-1996. Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Water Resources, Tech. Rept. 62, 59 p. Lovelace J. K. (1999) Distribution of saltwater in the Chicot aquifer system of southwestern Louisiana 1995-96. Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Water Resources, Tech. Rept. 66, 61 p. Lovelace J. K., Fontenot J. W., and Frederick C. P. (2002) Louisiana Ground-Water Map No. 14: Potentiometric Surface of the Chicot Aquifer System in Southwestern Louisiana, January 2001. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 02-4088. Baton Rouge. Lowers, 2007, Arsenic incorporation into authigenic pyrite, Bengal Basin sediment, Bangladesh, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 2699, 10.1016/j.gca.2007.03.022 Lu, 2011, Arsenic Eh-pH diagrams at 25°C and 1 bar, Environ. Earth Sci., 61, 1673, 10.1007/s12665-010-0652-x Mallett R. (2004) Cow Island area well-water samples back from lab. Press release from 8 December 2004 by the State of Louisiana, Department of Environmental Quality, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Manning, 1996, Modeling competitive adsorption of arsenate with phosphate and molybdate on oxide minerals, Soi. Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60, 121, 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010020x Manning, 1997, Arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) adsorption on three California soils, Soil Sci., 162, 886, 10.1097/00010694-199712000-00004 Manning, 1997, Adsorption and stability of arsenic(III) at the clay - mineral interface, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 2005, 10.1021/es9608104 Manning, 1998, Surface structures and stability of arsenic(III) on goethite: Spectroscopic evidence for inner-sphere complexes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2383, 10.1021/es9802201 Mathur, 2006, Surface complexation modeling: Goethite, 443 McArthur, 2001, Arsenic in groundwater: testing pollution mechanisms for sedimentary aquifers in Bangladesh, Water Resour. Res., 37, 109, 10.1029/2000WR900270 McArthur, 2004, Natural organic matter in sedimentary basins and its relation to arsenic in anoxic ground water: the example of West Bengal and its worldwide implications, Appl. Geochem., 19, 1255, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.001 McMahon, 1991, Microbial production of organic acids in aquitard sediments and its role in aquifer geochemistry, Nature, 349, 233, 10.1038/349233a0 Milner L. R. and Fisher C. (2009) Geological characterization of the Chicot/Atchafalaya aquifer region: Southwest Louisiana. Louisiana Geological Survey, Water Resources Series No. 4, Baton Rouge, LA, 39 p. Mohajerin, 2014, Geochemistry of tungsten and arsenic in aquifer systems: A comparative study of groundwaters from West Bengal, India, and Nevada, USA, Water Air Soil Pollut., 225, 1792, 10.1007/s11270-013-1792-x Muehe, 2016, Arsenic(V) incorporation in vivianite during microbial reduction of arsenic(V)-bearing biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 2281, 10.1021/acs.est.5b04625 Navrotsky, 2001, Thermochemistry of nanomaterials, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 44, 73, 10.2138/rmg.2001.44.03 Neumann, 2010, Anthropogenic influences on groundwater arsenic concentrations in Bangladesh, Nat. Geosci., 3, 46, 10.1038/ngeo685 Nguyen, 2014, Adsorption and desportion of arsenic to aquifer sediment on the Red River floodplain at Nam Du, Vietnam, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 142, 587, 10.1016/j.gca.2014.07.014 Nickson, 1998, Arsenic poisoning of Bangladesh groundwater, Nature, 395, 338, 10.1038/26387 Nickson, 2000, Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal, Appl. Geochem., 15, 403, 10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00086-4 Nyman D. J. (1984) The occurence of high concentrations of chlorine in the Chicot aquifer. Geological Survey Water Resource Technical Report No. 33. Nyman D. J., Halford K. J., and Martin A. (1990) Geohydrology and simulation of flow in the Chicot aquifer system of southwestern Louisiana. Geological Survey Water Resource Technical Report No. 50. Baton Rouge. Oremland, 2003, The Ecology of Arsenic, Science, 300, 939, 10.1126/science.1081903 Oremland, 2005, Arsenic, microbes and contaminated aquifers, Trends Microbiol., 13, 45, 10.1016/j.tim.2004.12.002 Oscarson, 1981, Role of manganese in the oxidation of arsenite by freshwater lake sediments, Clays Clay Mineral., 29, 219, 10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290308 Pallud, 2006, Kinetics of sulfate reduction in estuarine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 1148, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.002 Papacostas, 2008, Geomorphic controls on groundwater arsenic distribution in the Mekong River Delta, Cambodia, Geology, 36, 891, 10.1130/G24791A.1 Parvez, 2011, Arsenic exposure and motor function among children in Bangladesh, Environ. Health Perspect., 119, 1665, 10.1289/ehp.1103548 Pearcy, 2011, Evidence of microbially mediated arsenic mobilization from sediments of the Aquia aquifer, Maryland, USA, Appl. Geochem., 26, 575, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.01.015 Pedersen, 2006, Release of arsenic associated with the reduction and transformation of iron oxides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 4116, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1370 Pierce, 1982, Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide, Water Res., 16, 1247, 10.1016/0043-1354(82)90143-9 Polizzotto, 2008, Near-surface wetland sediments as a source of arsenic release to ground water in Asia, Nature, 454, 505, 10.1038/nature07093 Polya, 2005, Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters, Mineral. Mag., 69, 807, 10.1180/0026461056950290 Postma, 1996, Redox zonation: Equilibrium constraints on the Fe(III)/SO4-reduction interface, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 3169, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00156-1 Postma, 2007, Arsenic in groundwater of the Red River floodplain, Vietnam: Controlling geochemical processes and reactive transport modeling, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 71, 5054, 10.1016/j.gca.2007.08.020 Postma, 2010, Mobilization of arsenic and iron from Red River floodplain sediments, Vietnam, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 3367, 10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.024 Postma, 2012, Groundwater arsenic concentrations in Vietnam controlled by sediment age, Nat. Geosci., 5, 656, 10.1038/ngeo1540 Postma, 2016, A model for the evolution in water chemistry of an arsenic contaminated aquifer over the last 6000 years, Red River floodplain, Vietnam, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 195, 277, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.09.014 Prakken L. B. (2003) Quality of water used for domestic supply in the Chicot aquifer system of southwestern Louisiana, 1994-2001. Geological Survey Water Resource Technical Report No. 71. Radu, 2005, Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenic adsorption and mobility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7875, 10.1021/es050481s Rahman, 2010, Arsenic exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and infant mortality, Epidemiology, 21, 797, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f56a0d Ravenscroft, 2005, Arsenic in groundwater of the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh: Distribution, field relations, and hydrogeological setting, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 727, 10.1007/s10040-003-0314-0 Ravenscroft, 2009 Reeder, 1982, 344 Roden, 2004, Analysis of long-term bacterial vs. chemical Fe(III) oxide reduction kinetics, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 3205, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.028 Roden, 2006, Geochemical and microbiological controls on dissimilatory iron reduction, Comptes Rendus Geosci., 338, 456, 10.1016/j.crte.2006.04.009 Roden, 2003, Competition between Fe(III)-reducing and methanogenic bacteria for acetate in iron-rich freshwater sediments, Microbiol. Ecol., 45, 252, 10.1007/s00248-002-1037-9 Rotiroti, 2015, Arsenic release and attenuation in a multilayer aquifer in the Po Plain (northern Italy): reactive transport modeling, Appl. Geochem., 63, 599, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.07.001 Sahu, 2015, Role of shallow alluvial stratigraphy and Holocene geomorphology on groudwater arsenic contamination in the Middle Ganga Plain, India, Environ. Earth Sci., 73, 3523, 10.1007/s12665-014-3637-3 Sargent P. B. (2011) Water use in Louisiana 2010. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Special Report No. 17. Baton Rouge. Sargent P. B. (2004) Thickness of the Chicot aquifer system surficial confining unit and location of shallow sand, southwestern Louisiana. Geological Survey Water Resource Technical Report No. 73. Baton Rouge. Saucier, 1989, Quaternary geology of the lower Mississippi Valley Louisiana Geolical Survey, Geol. Soc. Amer. Sengupta, 2004, Nature and origin of arsenic carriers in shallow aquifer sediments of Bengal Delta, India, Environ. Geol., 45, 1071, 10.1007/s00254-004-0965-8 Sharif, 2008, Distribution and variability of redox zones controlling spatial variability of arsenic in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, southeastern Arkansas, J. Contam. Hydrol., 99, 49, 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.03.001 Sherman, 2003, Surface complexation of arsenic(V) to iron(III) (hydr)oxides: Structural mechanism from ab initio molecular geometries and EXAFS spectroscopy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 67, 4223, 10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00237-0 Smedley P. L. (2006) Sources and distribution of arsenic in groundwater and aquifers. In: C. A. J. Appello (Ed.) Arsenic in Groundwater - A World Problem. Proceedings Seminar Utrecht, pp. 4–32. Smedley, 2002, A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters, Appl. Geochem., 17, 517, 10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5 Smith, 2000, Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency, Bull. WHO, 78, 1093 Smith, 2002, Arsenic Epidemiology and Drinking Water Standards, Science, 296, 2145, 10.1126/science.1072896 Snead J. I., McCulloh R. P., Pope D. E., and Fournerat W. M. (1984) Geologic Map of Louisiana. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, LA, 1:500,000. Sowers, 2017, Sorption of arsenic to biogenic iron (oxyhydr)oxides produced in circumneutral environments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 198, 194, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.049 Sø, 2018, Arsenic in Holocene aquifers of the Red River floodplain, Vietnam: Effects of sediment-water interactions, sediment burial age and groundwater residence time, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 225, 192, 10.1016/j.gca.2018.01.010 Sracek, 2004, Behavior of arsenic and geochemical modeling of arsenic enrichments in aqueous environments, Appl. Geochem., 19, 169, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.005 Sracek, 2018, Redox buffering and de-coupling of arsenic and iron in reducing aquifers across the Red River Delta, Vietnam, and conceptual model of de-coupling, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25, 15954, 10.1007/s11356-018-1801-0 Stefánsson, 2001, Chemical weathering of basalts, southwest Iceland: Effect of rock crystallinity and secondary minerals on chemical fluxes to the ocean, Am. J. Sci., 301, 513, 10.2475/ajs.301.6.513 Stollenwerk, 2007, Arsenic attenuation by oxidized aquifer sediments in Bangladesh, Sci. Total Environ., 379, 133, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.11.029 Stuart C. G., Knochenmus D., and McGee B. D. (1994) Guide to Louisiana's ground-water resources. U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Resour. Invest. Rpt. 94-4085. Stuckey, 2015, Arsenic release metabolically limited to permanently water-saturated soil in Mekong delta, Nat. Geosci., 9, 70, 10.1038/ngeo2589 Stumm, 1996, 1022 Sun, 1999, Spectroscopy study of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation on Mn-substituted goethite, Clays Clay Mineral., 47, 474, 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470409 Suter, 1988, Catalytic dissolution of iron(III) (hydr)oxides by oxalic acid in the presence of Fe(II), Naturwissenschaften, 75, 571, 10.1007/BF00377723 Swartz, 2004, Mobility of arsenic in a Bangladesh aquifer: Inferences from geochemical profiles, leaching data, and mineralogical characterization, Cosmochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 4539, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.020 Tang, 2004, Potential contaminants at a dredged spoil placement site, Charles City County, Virginia, as revealed by sequential extraction, Geochem. Trans., 5, 49, 10.1186/1467-4866-5-49 Tipping, 1985, Artifacts in the use of selective chemical extraction to determine distributions of metals between oxides of manganese and iron, Anal. Chem., 57, 1944, 10.1021/ac00286a035 Toran, 1999, Modeling alternative paths of chemical evolution of Na-HCO3-type groundwater near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 7, 355, 10.1007/s100400050208 Tollett R. W., Fendick R. B., and Simmons L. B. (2003) Quality of water in domestic wells in the Chicot and Chicot Equivalent aquifer systems, Southern Louisiana and Southwestern Mississippi, 2000-2001. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report 03-4122. Baton Rouge. Tomaszewski D. J., Lovelace J. K., and Ensminer P. A. (2002) Water withdrawels and trends in ground-water levels and stream discharge in Louisiana. U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Tech. Rept 68, 30 p. Tufano, 2008, Confouding impacts of iron reduction on arsenic retention, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4777, 10.1021/es702625e van der Zee, 2003, Nanogoethite is the dominant reactive oxyhydroxide phase in lake and marine sediments, Geology, 31, 993, 10.1130/G19924.1 van Geen, 2003, Spatial variability of 6000 tube wells in a 25 km2 area of Bangladesh, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1140 Vega, 2017, Biogeochemical controls on the release and accumulation of Mn and As in shallow aquifers, West Bengal, India, Front. Environ. Sci., 5, 29, 10.3389/fenvs.2017.00029 Waychunas, 1993, Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite. 1. EXAFS studies of the geometry of coprecipitated and adsorbed arsenate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 2251, 10.1016/0016-7037(93)90567-G Waychunas, 1995, Geometry of sorbed arsenate on ferrihydrite and crystalline FeOOH: Re-evaluation of EXAFS results and topological factors in predicting sorbate geometry, and evidence for monodentate complexes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 1765, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)89830-9 Weinman, 2008, Contributions of floodplain stratigraphy and evolution to the spatial patterns of groundwater arsenic in Araihazar, Bangladesh, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 120, 1567, 10.1130/B26209.1 Welch, 1998, Factors controlling As and U in shallow ground water, southern Carson Desert, Nevada, Appl. Geochem., 13, 521, 10.1016/S0883-2927(97)00083-8 Welch, 1996, Determination of major element chemistry in terrestrial waters from Antarctica by ion chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 739, 257, 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00044-1 Wenzel, 2001, Arsenic fractionation in soils using an improved sequential extraction procedure, Anal. Chim. Acta, 436, 309, 10.1016/S0003-2670(01)00924-2 Whittemore, 1975, The solubility of ferric oxyhydroxides in natural waters, Ground Water, 13, 360, 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03600.x Wilkie, 1996, Adsorption of arsenic onto hydrous ferric oxide: effects of adsorbate/adsorbent ratios and co-occurring solutes, Coll. Surf. A, 107, 97, 10.1016/0927-7757(95)03368-8 Wilkie, 1998, Rapid oxidation of geothermal As(III) in streamwaters of the Eastern Sierra Nevada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 657, 10.1021/es970637r Winkel, 2008, Predicting groundwater arsenic contamination in Southeast Asia from surface parameters, Nature Geosci., 1, 536, 10.1038/ngeo254 Winkel, 2011, Arsenic pollution of groundwater in Vietnam exacerbated by deep aquifer exploitation for more than a century, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 1246, 10.1073/pnas.1011915108 Wolff, 1967, X-ray and chemical study of weathering of glauconite, Am. Mineral., 52, 1129 Yang, 2015, Groundwater arsenic contamination in shallow aquifers of the Mississippi Delta in southern Louisiana, 118 Yang, 2014, Predicting geogenic arsenic contamination in shallow groundwater of South Louisiana, United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 5660, 10.1021/es405670g Yang, 2015, Comparison of arsenic and molybdenum geochemistry in meromictic lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Implications for oxyanion-forming trace element behavior in permanently stratified lakes, Chem. Geol., 404, 110, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.029 Yang, 2016, High arsenic (As) concentrations in shallow groundwaters of southern Louisiana: Evidence of microbial controls on As mobilization from sediments, J. Hydrol.; Region. Studies, 5, 100, 10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.11.023 Ying, 2012, Oxidation and competitive retention of arsenic between iron- and manganese oxides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 96, 294, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.07.013 Yu, 2003, Arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh: a geostatistical and epidemiological framework for evaluating health effects, and potential remedies, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1146, 10.1029/2002WR001327 Zheng, 2004, Redox control of arsenic mobilization in Bangladesh groundwater, Appl. Geochem., 19, 201, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.09.007 Zobrist, 2000, Mobilization of arsenite by dissimilatory reduction of adsorbed arsenate, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4747, 10.1021/es001068h