Biogas Production from Maize: Current State, Challenges and Prospects. 2. Agronomic and Environmental Aspects
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alburquerque JA, de la Fuente C, Bernal MP (2011) Chemical properties of anaerobic digestates affecting C and N dynamics in amended soils. Agric Ecosyst Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.007
Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Amon T, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S (2006) Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agric Ecosyst Environ 112:153–162
Amos B, Walters WT (2006) Maize root biomass and net rhizodeposited carbon: an analysis of the literature. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70:1489–1503
Angers DA, Voroney RP, Cote D (1995) Dynamics of soil organic matter and corn residues affected by tillage practices. Soil Sci Soc Am J 59:1311–1315
Arnold K (2011) Greenhouse gas balance of biomethane—which substrates are suitable? Energy Sci Technol 1:67–75
Arthurson V (2009) Closing the global energy and nutrient cycles through application of biogas residue to agricultural land—potential benefits and drawbacks. Energies 2:226–242
Asam Z, Poulsen TG, Nizami A-S, Rafique R, Kiely G, Murphy JD (2011) How can we improve biomethane production per unit of feedstock in biogas plants? Appl Energ 88:2013–2018
Aschmann V, Jin W, Effenberger M, Gronauer A (2009) Emissionsproblematik und Energieeffizienz biogasbetriebener BHKW im Verlauf der Standzeit. In: Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (ed) Internationale Wissenschaftstagung Biogas Science 2009, Band 1, pp 193–200. http://www.lfl.bayern.de/publikationen/daten/schriftenreihe/p_37628.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Asmus F, Linke B (1987) Zur pflanzenbaulichen verwertung von Gülle-Faulschlamm aus der biogasgewinnung. Feldwirtschaft 28:354–355
Bachmeier J, Effenberger M, Gronauer A (2010) Greenhouse gas balance and resource demand of biogas plants in agriculture. Eng Life Sci 10:560–569
Bachmeier J, Gronauer A (2007) Klimabilanz von Biogasstrom. http://www.lfl.bayern.de/publikationen/daten/informationen/p_27453.pdf . Accessed 30 Oct 2011
Baker JM, Griffis TJ (2011) Evaluating the potential use of winter cover crops in corn-soybean systems for sustainable co-productioin of food and fuel. Agric Forest Meteorol 149:2120–2132
Baldocchi D (2008) Breathing of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems. Aust J Bot 56:1–26
Balesdent J, Mariotti A, Boisgontier D (1990) Effect of tillage on soil organic carbon mineralization estimated from 13C abundance in maize fields. J Soil Sci 41:587–596
Berg W, Brunsch R, Pazsiczki I (2006) Greenhouse gas emissions from covered slurry compared with uncovered during storage. Agric Ecosyst Environ 112:129–134
Bertora C, Alluvione F, Zavattaro L, van Groenigen JW, Velthof G, Grignani C (2008) Pig slurry treatment modifies slurry composition, N2O, and CO2 emissions after soil incorporation. Soil Biol Biochem 40:1999–2006
Bertora C, Zavattaro L, Sacco D, Monaco S, Grignani C (2009) Soil organic matter dynamics and losses in manured maize-based forage systems. Eur J Agron 30:177–186
Bleken MA, Herrmann A, Haugen LE, Taube F, Bakken L (2009) SPN: a model for the study of soil–plant nitrogen fluxes in silage maize cultivation. Eur J Agron 30:283–295
Börjesson P, Berglund M (2007) Environmental system analysis of biogas systems—Part II: the environmental impact of replacing various reference systems. Biomass Bioenerg 31:326–344
Börjesson P, Mattiasson B (2008) Biogas as a resource-efficient vehicle fuel. Trends Biotechnol 26:7–13
Breitschuh G, Gernand U (2010) Nachhaltigkeit im Maisanbau. Mais 1(2010):4–7
Bühle L, Stülpnagel R, Wachendorf M (2011) Comparative life cycle assessment of the integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass (IFBB) and whole crop digestion (WCD) in Germany. Biomass Bioenerg 35:363–373
Capristo PR, Rizzalli RH, Andrade FH (2007) Ecophysiological yield components of maize hybrids with contrasting maturity. Agron J 99:1111–1118
Carter MS, Ambus P (2009) Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivation of energy crops—is it important? ICROFS news 4(2009):2–3
Chadwick DR, Pain BF (1997) Methane fluxes following slurry applications to grassland soils: laboratory experiments. Agric Ecosyst Environ 63:51–60
Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Rochette P, Bélanger G, Massé D (2007) Gaseous nitrogen emissions and forage nitrogen uptake on soils fertilized with raw and treated swine manure. J Environ Qual 36:1864–1872
Chantigny MH, Rochette P, Angers DA, Massé D, Côté D (2004) Ammonia volatilization and selected soil characteristics following application of anaerobically digested pig slurry. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68:306–312
Chen R, Senbayram M, Lin X, Dittert K (2011) Origin of positive δ13C of emitted CO2 from soils after application of biogas residues. Soil Biol Biochem 43:2194–2199
Claus S, Wienforth B, Sieling K, Kage H, Senbayram M, Dittert K et al (2012) Greenhouse gas balance of bioenergy cropping systems under the environmental conditions of Schleswig–Holstein. Grassland Sci Eur 17:601–603
Claus S, Wienforth B, Sieling K, Kage H, Taube F, Herrmann A (2011) Energy balance of bioenergy cropping systems under the environmental conditions of Schleswig–Holstein. Grassl Sci Europe 16:365–367
Clemens J, Trimborn M, Weiland P, Amon B (2006) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry. Agric Ecosyst Environ 112:171–177
Collins HP, Alva AK, Streubel JD, Fransen SF, Frear C, Chen S et al (2011) Greenhouse gas emissions from an irrigated silt loam soil amended with anaerobically digested dairy manure. Soil Sci Soc Am J 75:2206–2216
Constantin J, Beaudoin N, Laurent F, Cohan J-P, Duyme F, Mary B (2011) Cumulative effects of catch crops on nitrogen uptake, leaching and net mineralization. Plant Soil 341:137–154
Constantin J, Mary B, Laurent F, Aubrion G, Fontaine A, Kerveillant P et al (2010) Effects of catch crops, no till and reduced nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen leaching and balance in three long-term experiments. Agric Ecosyst Environ 135:268–278
Cuhls C, Mähl B, Clemens J (2011) Treibhausgas-emissionen aus biogasanlagen. UmweltMagazin 1(2):44–45
Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab A, Amon T, Kaul H-P (2011) Competition and yield in intercrops of maize and sunflower for biogas. Ind Crop Prod 34:1203–1211
DBFZ - Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum (2011) Monitoring zur Wirkung des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) auf die Entwicklung der Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse. http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/36204/4593/ . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
De Klein CAM, Sherlock RR, Cameron KC, van der Weerden TJ (2001) Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils in New Zealand—a review of current knowledge and directions for future research. J Roy Soc New Zeal 31:543–574
Demirbas AH, Demirbas I (2007) Importance of rural bioenergy for developing countries. Energy Convers Manage 48:2386–2398
Dittert K, Senbayram M, Wienforth B, Kage H, Muehling KH (2009). Greenhouse gas emissions in biogas production systems. The Proceedings of the International Plant Nutrition Colloquium XVI, UC Davis. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/18p5q83f . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Dunfield PF (2007) The soil methane sink. In: Reay D, Hewitt CN, Smith K, Grace J (eds) Greenhouse gas sinks. CABI, Wallingford, pp 152–170
Ebertseder T, Groß J (2008) Ausweitung des energiepflanzenanbaus aus sicht des pflanzenbaus und des nährstoffmanagements. In: Bundesarbeitskreis Düngung (BAD) (ed) Klimawandel und bioenergie—pflanzenproduktion im spannungsfeld zwischen politischen vorgaben und ökonomischen rahmenbedingungen. BAD, Frankfurt, pp 131–147
EC—European Commission (2000) Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. OJL 327, 22 Dec 2000, pp 1–73
EC—European Commission (2001) Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 Oct 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. LJL 309, 27 Nov 2001, pp 22–30
EC—European Commission (2009) Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC
Eder B (2010) Pflanzenbauliche Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Genotyp und Anbauverfahren auf die Ertragsbildung und das Methanbildungspotenzial von Mais (Zea mays L.). Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität München
Eder B, Papst C, Darnhofer B, Eder J, Schmid H, Hülsbergen KJ (2009b) Energie- und CO2-Bilanz für Silomais zur Biogaserzeugung vom Anbau bis zur Stromeinspeisung. In: Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (ed) Internationale Wissenschaftstagung Biogas Science 2009, Band 3, pp 717–719. http://www.lfl.bayern.de/publikationen/daten/schriftenreihe/p_37630.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
European Environment Agency (EEA) (2007) Estimating the environmentally compatible bioenergy potential from agriculture. EEA Technical report no. 12/2007
EurObserv’ER (2010) Biogas barometer. http://www.eurobserv-er.org/pdf/baro200b.asp . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
European Parliament and Council (2001) Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 Sept 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market. Off J Eur Comm L 283/33–40
Fachverband Biogas (2011) Biogas segment statistics 2011. http://www.biogas.org/edcom/webfvb.nsf/id/DE_Branchenzahlen . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Faulstich M (2008) Energie aus Biomasse. Energiekongress der Bayerischen Staatsregierung ‘Sichere Energie bezahlbar und klimafreundlich’, 4 June 2008, Munich, Germany. http://www.energiekongress-bayern.de/vortraege.htm . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Flesh TK, Desjardins RL, Worth D (2011) Fugitive methane emissions from an agricultural biodigester. Biomass Bioenerg 35:3927–3935
Flessa H, Ludwig B, Heil B, Merbach W (2000) The origin of soil organic C, dissolved organic C and respiration in a long-term maize experiment in Halle, Germany, determined by 13C natural abundance. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 163:157–163
FNR—Fachagentur für nachwachsende Rohstoffe (2009) Biogas-Messprogramm II. http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_385-messprogramm_ii.html . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Fritsche UR, Sims REH, Monti A (2010) Direct and indirect land-use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production—an overview. Biofuel Bioprod Bior 4:692–704
Gärtner S, Münch J, Reinhardt G, Vogt R (2008) Ökobilanzen. Materialband E. In: R Vogt et al (eds) Optimierungen für einen nachhaltigen Ausbau der Biogaserzeugung und -nutzung in Deutschland, pp 86–143. http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/43280/40870/ . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) (2011) 24 Sustainability indicators for bioenergy. http://www.globalbioenergy.org/programmeofwork/sustainability/gbep-report-on-sustainability-indicators-for-bioenergy/en/ . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Gericke D (2009) Measurement and modelling of ammonia emissions after field application of biogas slurries. Doctoral thesis, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Germany
Gericke D, Bornemann L, Kage H, Pacholski A (2012) Modelling ammonia losses after field application of biogas slurry in energy crop rotations. Water Air Soil Poll 223:29–47. doi: 10.1007/s11270-011-0835-4
Gerin PA, Vliegen F, Jossart J-M (2008) Energy and CO2 balance of maize and grass as energy crops for anaerobic digestion. Biores Technol 99:2620–2627
Gioelli F, Dinuccio E, Balsari P (2011) Residual biogas potential from the storage tanks of non-separated digestate and digested liquid fraction. Biores Technol 102:10248–10251
Gooch CA, Inglis SF, Wright PE (2007) Biogas distributed generation systems evaluation and technology transfer. NYSERDA Project No. 6597 Interim Report. http://www.manuremanagement.cornell.edu/Pages/General_Docs/Reports/NYSERDA_Interim_Report_Final_2007.pdf . Accessed 30 Oct 2011
Grignani C, Zavattaro L, Sacco D, Monaco S (2007) Production, nitrogen and carbon balance of maize-based forage systems. Eur J Agron 26:442–453
Güngör K, Karthikeyan KG (2008) Phosphorus forms and extractability in dairy manure: a case study for Wisconsin on-farm anaerobic digesters. Biores Technol 99:425–436
Gutser R, Dosch P (1996) Cattle-slurry-15N turnover in a long-term lysimeter trial. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fertilizers and Environment, 26–29 Sept, Salamanca
Gutser R, Ebertseder T, Weber A, Schraml M, Schmidhalter U (2005) Short-term and residual availability of nitrogen after long-term application of organic fertilizers on arable land. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 168:439–446
Heggenstaller AH, Liebman M, Anex RP (2009) Growth analysis of biomass production in sole-crop and double-crop corn systems. Crop Sci 49:2215–2224
Herrmann A, Sieling K, Wienforth B, Taube F, Kage H (2012) Short-term effects of biogas residue application on yield performance and N balance parameters of maize in different cropping systems. J Agric Sci 49(6):2215--2224
Holm-Nielsen JB, Al Seadi T, Oleskowicz-Popiel P (2009) The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. Biores Technol 100:5478–5484
IEA - International Energy Agency (2005). Biogas production and utilisation. IECD/IEA, Paris. http://www.ieabioenergy.com/MediaItem.aspx?id=56 . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
IEA – International Energy Agency (2011) Renewables information 2011. OECD/IEA, Paris
Jans WWP, Jacobs CMJ, Kruijt B, Elbers JA, Barendse S, Moors EJ (2010) Carbon exchange of maize (Zea mays L.) crop: influence of phenology. Agric Ecosyst Environ 139:316–324
Jarecki MK, Parkin TB, Chan AS, Hatfield JL, Meek DW, Jones R (2008) Greenhouse gases emission from two soils under N fertilizer and swine slurry. J Environ Qual 37:1432–1438
Johnson JM-F, Allmaras RR, Reicosky DC (2006) Estimating source carbon from crop residues, roots and rhizodeposits using the national grain-yield database. Agron J 98:622–636
Jorgensen U, Petersen BM (2006) Interactions between biomass energy technologies and nutrient and carbon balances at the farm level. In: Technology for recycling of manure and organic residues in a whole-farm perspective, vol I. DIAS report plant production no. 122, pp 49–55
Jungkunst HF, Freibauer A, Neufeldt H, Bareth G (2006) Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land use in Germany—a synthesis of available annual field data. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 169:341–351
Jungmeier G, Spitzer J (2001) Greenhouse gas emissions of bioenergy from agriculture compared to fossil energy heat and electricity supply. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 60:267–273
Jury C, Benetto E, Koster D, Schmitt B, Welfring J (2010) Life cycle assessment of biogas production by monofermentation of energy crops and injection into the natural grid gas. Biomass Bioenerg 34:54–66
Karpenstein-Machan M (2001) Sustainable cultivation concepts for domestic energy production from biomass. Cr Rev Plant Sci 20:1–14
Kirchmann H, Lundvall A (1993) Relationship between N immobilization and volatile fatty acids in soil after application of pig and cattle slurry. Biol Fertil Soils 15:161–164
Klimiuk E, Pokoj T, Budzynski W, Dubis B (2010) Theoretical and observed biogas production from plant biomass of different fibre contents. Biores Technol 101:9527–9535
Klinski S (2008) Eignung der Biomassenachhaltigkeitsverordnung (BioNachV) zur Anbindung an das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG). Materialband N. In: R Vogt et al (eds) Optimierungen für einen nachhaltigen Ausbau der Biogaserzeugung und -nutzung in Deutschland, pp 86–143. http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/43280/40870/ . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Kristiansen SM, Hansen EM, Jensen LS, Christensen BT (2005) Natural 13C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize. Eur J Agron 22:107–117
Liang BC, Gregorich EG, Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, MacKenzie AF, Voroney RP et al (1998) Retention and turnover of corn residue carbon in some eastern Canadian soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J 62:1361–1366
Liebetrau J, Daniel-Gromke J, Reuschel C, Oehmichen K, Clemens J, Hafermann C et al (2011) Bewertung klimarelevanter Gase aus landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen auf der Basis von Emissionsmessungen. In: KTBL (ed) Biogas in der Landwirtschaft – Stand und Perspektiven. KTBL-Schrift 488, pp 185-195
Loria ER, Sawyer JE (2005) Extractable soil phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen following application of raw and anaerobically digested swine manure. Agron J 97:879–885
Ludwig B, John B, Ellerbrock R, Kaiser M, Flessa H (2003) Stabilization of carbon from maize in a sandy soil in a long-term experiment. Eur J Soil Sci 54:117–126
Malcolm SA, Aillery M, Weinberg M (2009) Ethanol and a changing agricultural landscape. Economic research report no. 86. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
Maranon E, Salter AM, Castrillon L, Heaven S, Fernandez-Nava Y (2011) Reducing the environmental impact of methane emissions from dairy farms by anaerobic digestion of cattle waste. Waste Mange 31:1745–1751
Massé DI, Croteau F, Masse L (2007) The fate of crop nutrients during digestion of swine manure in psychrophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactors. Biores Technol 98:2819–2823
Merz H-U, Trösch W (1989) Vergleichende untersuchungen zur N-Bilanz unter Dactylis glomerata L. nach Gülle-, biogas-Gülle- und mineraldüngung. 2. Mitteilung: nitratauswaschung und nährstoffgehalte im Boden. D wirtschaftseig Futter 35:226–237
Messner H (1988) Düngewirkung anerob fermentierter und behandelter Gülle. Doctoral thesis, Technical University, München, Germany
Messner H, Amberger A (1987) Composition, nitrification and fertilizing effect of anaerobically fermented slurry. Proc. 4th CIEC Symp. Braunschweig-Völkenrode, vol 1, pp 125–130
Meyer-Aurich A, Schattauer A, Hellebrand HJ, Klauss H, Plöchl M, Berg W (2012) Impact of uncertainties on greenhouse gas mitigation potential of biogas production from agricultural resources. Renew Energy 37:277–284
Miguez FE, Bollero GA (2006) Winter cover crops in Illinois: evaluation of ecophysiological characteristics of corn. Crop Sci 46:1536–1545
Möller K, Schulz R, Müller T (2011) Effects of setup of centralized biogas plants on crop acreage and balances of nutrients and soil humus. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 89:303–312
Möller K, Schulz R, Müller T (2011) Substrate inputs, nutrient flows and nitrogen loss of two centralized biogas plants in southern Germany. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 87:307–325
Möller K, Stinner W (2010) Effects of organic wastes digestion for biogas production on mineral nutrient availability of biogas effluents. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 87:395–413
Möller K, Vogt N (2003) Einfluss der Zugabe von Rohphosphat in den Biogasfermenter auf die Düngewirkung fermentierter Rindergülle. In: B Freyer (ed) Beiträge zur 7. Wissenschaftstagung zum Ökologischen Landbau, 24–26 February 2003, Vienna, Austria, pp 519–520
Monaco S, Hatch DJ, Sacco D, Bertora C, Grignani C (2008) Changes in chemical and biochemical soil properties induced by 11-yr repeated additions of different organic materials in maize-based forage systems. Soil Biol Biochem 40:608–615
Moors EJ, Jacobs CMJ, Jans W, Supit I, Bernhofer C, Buchman N et al (2010) Variability in carbon exchange of European croplands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 139:325–335
Mosier A, Kroeze C, Nevison C, Oenema O, Seitzinger S, van Cleemput O (1998) Closing the global N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 52:225–248
Nevens F, Reheul D (2001) Crop rotation versus monoculture; yield, N yield and ear fraction of silage maize at different levels of mineral N fertilization. Neth J Agric Sci 49:405–425
Nevens F, Reheul D (2002) The nitrogen- and non-nitrogen-contribution effect of ploughed grass leys on the following arable forage crops: determination and optimum use. Eur J Agron 16:57–74
Nielsen DA, Nielsen LP, Schramm A, Revsbech NP (2010) Oxygen distribution and potential ammonia oxidation in floating, liquid manure crusts. J Environ Qual 39:1813–1820
Novak SM, Fiorelli JL (2010) Greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from organic mixed crop-dairy systems: a critical review of mitigation options. Agron Sustain Dev 30:215–236
Petersen SO (1999) Nitrous oxide emissions from manure and inorganic fertilizers applied to spring barley. J Environ Qual 28:1610–1618
Petersen SO, Ambus P (2006) Methane oxidation in pig and cattle slurry storages, and effect of surface crust moisture and methane availability. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 74:1–11
Petersen SO, Andersen AJ, Eriksen J (2012) Effects of cattle slurry acidification on ammonia and methane evolution during storage. J Environ Qual 41:88–94
Petersen SO, Sommer SG (2011) Ammonia amd nitrous oxide interactions: roles of manure organic matter management. Anim Feed Sci Tech 166–167:503–513
Plöchl M, Heiermann M (2002) Ökologische bewertung der bereitstellung landwirtschaftlicher kosubstrate zur biogaserzeugung. Bornimer Agrartechnische Ber 32:98–106, http://www.b3-bornim.de/doc/15_PLOECHL_2.pdf. Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Plöchl M, Heiermann M (2006) Biogas farming in Central and Northern Europe: a strategy for developing countries? Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Invited overview no. 8, vol VIII
Plöchl M, Heiermann M, Linke B, Schelle H (2009) Biogas crops—Part II: balance of greenhouse gas emissions and energy from using field crops for anaerobic digestion. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript number 1086, vol 11, 2009
Pöschl M, Ward S, Owende P (2010) Evaluation of energy efficiency of various biogas production and utilization pathways. Appl Energ 87:3305–3321
Pötsch E (2005) Abschlussbericht zum Forschungsprojekt BAL 2941. Nährstoffgehalt von Gärrückständen aus landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen und deren Einsatz im Dauergrünland. http://www.raumberg-gumpenstein.at/c/index.php?option=com_fodok&Itemid=100033&task=detail&filter_publnr[]=639 . Accessed 30 Oct 2011
Quakernack R, Pacholski A, Techow A, Herrmann A, Taube F, Kage H (2012) Ammonia volatilization and yield response of energy crops after fertilization with biogas residues in a coastal marsh of Northern Germany. Agric Ecosyst Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.05.030
Reinhardt G, Köppen S (2010) Nachhaltige Produktion und Nutzung von Biogas: Quo vadis? (Sustainable production and use of biogas: quo vadis ?). In: Conf. Proceed. 19. Jahrestagung Fachverband Biogas e.V., Biogas—die Energie künftiger Generationen’, 2–4 Feb 2010, Leipzig, Germany, pp 41–48
Roth U, Döhler H, Hartmann S, Wulf S (2011) Treibhausgasbilanzen und CO2eq-Vermeidungskosten landwirtschaftlicher Biogasanlagen. In: KTBL (ed) Biogas in der Landwirtschaft—Stand und Perspektiven. KTBL-Schrift 488, pp 196–208
Rotz CA, Taube F, Russelle MP, Oenema J, Sanderson MA, Wachendorf M (2005) Whole-farm perspectives of nutrient flows in grassland agriculture. Crop Sci 45:2139–2159
Rubaek H, Henriksen K, Petersen J, Rasmussen B, Sommer SG (1996) Effects of application technique and anaerobic digestion on gaseous nitrogen loss from animal slurry applied to ryegrass (Lolium perenne). J Agric Sci 126:481–492
Sächsische Landesanstalt (1999) Umweltwirkung von Biogasgülle. Abschlußbericht zum Forschungsprojekt, Dresden. http://www.smul.sachsen.de/lfl/publikationen/download/1402_1.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Samson R, Lem CH, Bailey Stamler S, Dooper J (2008) Developing energy crops for thermal applications. Optimizing fuel quality, energy security and GHG mitigation. In: Pimentel D (ed) Biofuels, solar and wind as renewable energy systems. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 395–423
Sänger A, Geisseler D, Ludwig B (2010) Effects of rainfall pattern on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with biogas slurry and composted cattle manure. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 173:692–698
Sänger A, Geisseler D, Ludwig B (2011) Effects of moisture and temperature on greenhouse gas emissions and C and N leaching losses in soil treated with biogas slurry. Biol Fertil Soils 47:249–259
Schaufeler G, Kitzler B, Schindlbacher A, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S (2010) Greenhouse gas emissions from European soils under different land use: effects of soil moisture and temperature. Eur J Soil Sci 61:683–696
Schievano A, D’Imporzano G, Salati S, Adani F (2011) On-field study of anaerobic digestion full-scale plants (Part I): an on-field methodology to determine mass, carbon and nutrients balance. Biores Technol 102:7737–7744
Schrier-Uijl AP, Kroon PS, Leffelaar PA, van Huissteden JC, Berendse F, Veenendaal EM (2010) Methane emissions in two drained peat agro-ecosystems with high and low agricultural intensity. Plant Soil 329:509–520
Schröder JJ, Uenk D, Hilhorst GJ (2007) Long-term nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of cattle manures applied to cut grassland. Plant Soil 299:83–99
Schröder JJ, Van Dijk W, De Groot WJM (1996) Effects of cover crops on the nitrogen fluxes in a silage maize production system. Neth J Agric Sci 44:293–315
Schumacher B, Oechsner H, Senn T, Jungbluth T (2010) Life cycle assessment of the conversion of Zea mays and x Triticosecale into biogas and bioethanol. Eng Life Sci 10:577–584
Senbayram M, Chen RR, Mühling KH, Dittert K (2009) Contribution of nitrification and denitrification to nitrous oxide emissions from soils amended with biogas waste compared to other fertilizers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23:2489–2498
Sensel K, Nielsen K, Wragge V (2011) Humusreproduktion von Gärprodukten aus Biogasanlagen. In: KTBL (ed) Biogas in der Landwirtschaft—Stand und Perspektiven. KTBL-Schrift 488, pp 382–383
Skiba U, Ball B (2002) The effect of soil texture and soil drainage on emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. Soil Use Manage 18:56–60
Smith K, Cumby T, Lapworth J, Misselbrook T, Williams A (2007) Natural crusting of slurry storage as an abatement measure for ammonia emissions on dairy farms. Biosystems Eng 97:464–471
Smith KA, Metcalfe P, Grylls J, Jeffrey W, Sinclair A (2007a) Nutrient value of digestate from farm-based biogas plants in Scotland. Report for Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department—ADA/009/06. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/1057/0053041.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Sommer SG, Husted S (1995) The chemical buffer system in raw and digested animal slurry. J Agric Sci 124:45–53
Sommer SG, Petersen SO, Sogaard HAT (2000) Greenhouse gas emission from stored livestock slurry. J Environ Qual 29:744–751
Sorensen P, Moller HB (2009) Fate of nitrogen in pig and cattle slurries applied to the soil–crop system. In: Adani F, Schievano A, Boccasile G (eds) Anaerobic digestion: opportunities for agriculture and environment. DiProVe University of Milan, Milan, pp 27–37
Starke P, Hoffmann C (2011) Sugarbeet as a substrate for biogas production. Zuckerindustrie 136:242–250 (in German with English abstract)
Svoboda N (2011) Auswirkung der Gärrestapplikation auf das Stickstoff-Auswaschungspotential von Anbausystemen zur Substratproduktion. Doctoral thesis, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
Tambone F, Genevini P, D’Imporzano G, Adani F (2009) Assessing amendment properties of digestate by studying the organic matter composition and the degree of biological stability during the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of MSW. Biores Technol 100:3140–3142
Techow A, Dittert K, Senbayram M, Quakernack R, Pacholski A, Kage H et al (2010) Biogas Expert: Nitrous oxide emission from biogas production systems on a coastal marsh soil. In: Proceedings CD of ‘RAMIRAN 2010: treatment and use of organic residues in agriculture’, Lisbon, Portugal, 13–15 September 2010, ISBN: 978-972-8669-47-8
Thorup-Kristensen K, Nielsen NE (1998) Modelling and measuring the effect of nitrogen catch crops on the nitrogen supply for succeeding crops. Plant Soil 203:79–89
Trott H, Wachendorf M, Ingwersen B, Taube F (2004) Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. I. Impact of defoliation system and nitrogen input on performance and N balance of grassland. Grass Forage Sci 59:41–55
Ullendahl H, Wang G, Moller HB, Jorgensen U, Skiadas IV, Gavala HN et al (2008) Energy balance and cost–benefit analysis of biogas production from perennial energy crops pretreated by wet oxidation. Water Sci Technol 58:1841–1847
Van Beek CL, Pleijter M, Kuikman PJ (2011) Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized and unfertilized grasslands on peat soil. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 89:453–461
VDLUFA-Verband Deutscher Landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs- und Forschungsanstalten (2004) Standpunkt Humusbilanzierung. http://www.vdlufa.de/joomla/Dokumente/Standpunkte/08-humusbilanzierung.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Velthof GL, Kuikman PJ, Oenema O (2003) Nitrous oxide emissions from animal manures applied to soil under controlled conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 37:221–230
Vèrtes F, Mary B (2007) Modelling the long term SOM dynamics in fodder rotations with a variable part of grassland. In: Chabbi A (ed) Organic Matter Symposium, Poitiers, France, 17–19 July 2007, pp 549–550
Vertès F, Menasseri S, Morvan T (2005) Grass period long term effect on soil organic matter in ley-arable rotations. Meeting of the EGF working group ‘Dairy Farming Systems and Environment’, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 23 Oct 2005
Vetter A (2009) Anbausysteme für energiepflanzen. In: Vetter A, Heiermann M, Toews T (eds) Anbausysteme für energiepflanzen. DLG-Verlags-GmbH, Frankfurt
Vetter A, Arnold K (2010) Klima- und Umwelteffekte von Biomethan: Anlagentechnik und Substratauswahl. Wuppertal papers 182. http://www.wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wibeitrag/WP182.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Volkers K (2004) Auswirkungen einer variierten Stickstoff-Intensität auf Leistung und Stickstoffbilanz von Silomais in Monokultur sowie einer Ackerfutterbau-Fruchtfolge auf sandigen Böden Norddeutschlands. Doctoral thesis, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
Wachendorf M, Volkers KC, Loges R, Rave G, Taube F (2006) Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. IV. Impact of slurry application, mineral N fertilizer and grass understorey on yield and nitrogen surplus of maize for silage. Grass Forage Sci 61:232–242
Wahal S, Viamajala S, Hansen CL (2010) Chemical speciation in the effluent of an anaerobic digester treating dairy waste: implications for nutrient recovery and reuse. Trans ASABE 53:1727–1732
Weiland P (2010) Flaschenhals Gärrestverwertung. In: Universität für Bodenkultur (ed) Symposium ‚Aufbereitung von Gärresten’ und Vorstellung der Studie‚ AD+plus’, 30 Sept 2010. Tulln, Austria, pp 1–12. http://literatur.vti.bund.de/digbib_extern/dn047034.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012
Weissbach F, Engler N, Wesseling S (2011) Substratausnutzung in Biogasanlagen mit und ohne gasdichtem Gärrestbehälter. In: KTBL (ed) Biogas in der Landwirtschaft—Stand und Perspektiven. KTBL-Schrift 488, pp 365–368
Wulf S, Maeting M, Clemens J (2002) Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: I. Ammonia volatilization. J Environ Qual 31:1789–1794
Wulf S, Maeting M, Clemens J (2002) Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: II. Greenhause gas emissions. J Environ Qual 31:1795–1801
Zah R, Böni H, Gauch M, Hischier R, Lehmann M, Wäger P (2007) Ökobilanz von Energieprodukten: Ökologische Bewertung von Biotreibstoffen. Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland. http://www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/message/attachments/8514.pdf . Accessed 16 Mar 2012