Biofilms: A clinical perspective

Costerton JW, Cheung W, Geesey GG: Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Ann Rev Microbiol 1987, 41:435–464.

Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999, 284:1318–1322. The interaction between biofilm organisms and infections is discussed.

Habash M, Reid G: Microbial biofilms: their development and significance for medical device-related infections. J Clin Pharmacol 1999, 39:887–898.

Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP, et al.: The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 1998, 280:295–298. Interaction of cells and evolution of biofilms related to chemical signals is described.

Mathlee K, Ciofu O, Sternberg C, et al.: Mucoid conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by hydrogen peroxide: a mechanism for virulence activation in the cystic fibrosis lung. Microbiology 1999, 145:1349–1357.

Anaissie E, Samonis G, Kontoyyiannis D, et al.: Role of catheter colonization and infrequent hematogenous seeding in catheter-related infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995, 14:137.

Christensen GD, Baldassarri L, Simpson WA: Colonization of medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci. In Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, edn 2. Edited by Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994:42–78.

Gastmeier P, Weist K, Ruden H: Catheter-associated primary bloodstream infections: epidemiology and preventive methods. Infection 1999, 27:S1-S6.

von Eiff C, Heilmann C, Herrman M, Peters G: Basic aspects of the pathogenesis of staphylococcal polymer-associated infections. Infection 1999, 27:S7-S10.

Wilcox MH: Medical device-associated adhesion. In Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, edn 2. Edited by Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994:133–146.

Bertoni AG, Saydah S, Brancah FL: Diabetes and the risk of infection-related mortality in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:1044–1049.

Hawser SP, Baillie GS, Greenberg EP: Production of extracellular matrix by Candida albicans biofilms. J Med Microbiol 2001, 47:253–256.

Marsh PD: Microbiologic aspects of dental plaque and dental caries. Dental Clin North Am 1999, 43:599–614.

Stark RM, Gerwig GJ, Pitman RS, et al.: Biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999, 28:121–126.

Geldman C, Kassel M, Cantrell J, et al.: The presence and sequence of endotracheal tube colonization in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 1999, 13:546–551.

Maki DG: Infections caused by intravascular devices used for infusion therapy: pathogenesis, prevention, and management. In Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, edn 2. Edited by Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1994:155–212.

Raad I: Intravascular-catheter-related infections. Lancet 1998, 351:893–898.

Tenney JH, Moody MR, Newman KA, et al.: Adherent microorganisms on lumenal surfaces of long-term intravenous catheters. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:1949–1954.

Roy D, Grove DI: Efficacy of long-term antibiotic suppresive therapy in proven or suspected infected abdominal aortic grafts. J Infect 2000, 40:184–204.

Segreti J, Nelson JA, Trenholme GM: Prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy for infected orthopedic prostheses. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:711–713.

Atlas RM: Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. Environ Microbiol 1999, 1:283–293.

Yildiz FH, Schoolnik GK: Vibrio cholerae O1 el tor: identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance and biofilm formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999, 96:4028–4033.

Adair CG, Gorman SP, Feron BM, Byers LM, et al.: Implications of endotracheal tube biofilm for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1999, 25:1072–1076.

Gray TB, Cursons RT, Sherwan JF, Rose PR: Acanthamoeba, bacterial, and fungal contamination of contact lens storage cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1995, 79:601–605.

Holland SP, Mathias RG, Morck DW, et al.: Diffuse lamellar keratitis related to endotoxins released from sterilizer reservoir biofilms. Ophthalmology 2000, 107:1227–1233.

Stewart PS, Costerton JW: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria in biofilms. Lancet 2001, 358:135–138. Mechanisms of altered antimicrobial effects on biofilm organisms are discussed. Biofilm composition is reviewed.

Amorena B, Gracia E, Monzon M, et al.: Antibiotic susceptibility assay for Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms developed in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999, 44:43–55.

Pascual A, Ramirez de Arellano E, Reed WP: Activity of glycopeptides in combination with amikacin or rifampin against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in plastic catheters. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994, 13:515–517.