Biodiesel Development and Characterization for Use as a Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power - Tập 123 Số 2 - Trang 440-447 - 2001
Avinash Kumar Ágarwal1, L.M. Das2
1Engine Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 1500 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706
2Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India

Tóm tắt

Neat vegetable oils pose some problems when subjected to prolonged usage in CI engine. These problems are attributed to high viscosity, low volatility and polyunsaturated character of the neat vegetable oils. These problems are reduced to minimum by subjecting the vegetable oils to the process of transesterification. Various properties of the biodiesel thus developed are evaluated and compared in relation to that of conventional diesel oil. These tests for biodiesel and diesel oil include density, viscosity, flash point, aniline point/cetane number, calorific value, etc. The prepared biodiesel was then subjected to performance and emission tests in order to evaluate its actual performance, when used as a diesel engine fuel. The data generated for various concentrations of biodiesel blends were compared with base line data generated for neat diesel oil. It was found that 20 percent blend of biodiesel gave the best performance amongst all blends. It gave net advantage of 2.5 percent in peak thermal efficiency and there was substantial reduction in smoke opacity values. This blend was chosen for long term endurance test. The engine operating on optimum biodiesel blend showed substantially improved behavior. A series of engine tests provided adequate and relevant information that the biodiesel can be used as an alternative, environment friendly fuel in existing diesel engines without substantial hardware modification.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

“Biodiesel,” National Biodiesel Board Report, Jefferson City, MO 65110-4898, 1999.

Scholl, K. W., and Sorenson, S. C., 1993, “Combustion of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine,” SAE paper 930934, pp. 1450–1461.

Ali, Y., and Hanna, M. A., 1994, “Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils,” Bioresource Technology, 50, pp. 153–163.

Krawczyk, T. , 1996, “Biodiesel: alternative fuel makes inroads but hurdles remain,” Inform, 7, pp. 801–814.

Knothe, G., Dunn, R. O., and Bagby, M. O., 1996, “Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Standards,” Inform, 7, pp. 827–829.

Van Dyne, D. L., Weber, J. A., and Braschler, C. H., 1996, “Macroeconomic Effects of a Community Based Biodiesel Production System,” Bioresource Technology, 56, pp. 1–6.

Korbitz, W. , 1999, “Biodiesel Production in Europe and North America, an Encouraging Prospect,” Renewable Energy, 16, pp. 1078–1083.

Kaltschmitt, M., Reinhardt, G. A., and Stelzer, T., 1997, “Life Cycle Analysis of Biofuels under Different Environmental Aspects,” Biomass Bioenergy, 12, pp. 121–134.

Agarwal, A. K., 1992, “Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Using Esterified Biodiesel,” MTech thesis, Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, p. 82.

Pischinger, G., Siekmann, R. W., Falcon, A. M., and Fernandes, F. R., 1982, “Results of Engine and Vehicle Tests with Methyl Esters of Plant Oils as Alternative Diesel Fuels,” Proceedings of Fifth International conference on “Alcohol fuel technology,” Auckland, New Zealand.

Rao, P. S., and Gopalkrishnan, K. V., 1991, “Vegetable Oils and Their Methyl Esters as Fuels for Diesel Engines,” Indian J. Technol., 29, pp. 292–297.

Hemmerlein, N., Korte, V., Richter, H., and Schoroder, G., 1991, “Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Durability of Modern Diesel Engines Running on Rapeseed Oil,” SAE Technical paper 910848, SAE, Warrendale, PA.

Murayama, T., 1994, “Evaluating Vegetable Oils as a Diesel Fuel,” Inform, pp. 1138–1145.

Bona, S., Mosca, G., and Vamerli, T., 1999, “Oil Crops for Biodiesel Production in Italy,” Renewable Energy, 16, pp. 1053–1056.

Vicente, G., Coteron, A., Matinez, M., and Aracil, J., 1998, “Application of Factorial Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology to Optimise Biodiesel Production,” Industrial Crops and Products, 8, pp. 29–35.

Narayah, R., 1992, “Biomass (Renewable) Resources for Production of Material, Chemicals and Fuels,” ACS Symp. Ser. 476, pp. 1–10.

Anon, 1998, “The News Source for the Biodiesel Industry,” Biodiesel Alert, 1 (5). National Soydiesel Development Board, American Biofuels Association, Arlington, VA.

Raneses, A. R., Glaser, L. K., Price, J. M., and Duffield, J. A., 1999, “Potential Biodiesel Markets and their Economic Effect on the Agricultural Sector of the United States,” Industrial Crops and Products, 6, pp. 151–162.

Mittelbach, M., “A European Perspective on Quality Biodiesel,” in Peterson, C L (Editor), Commercialization of Biodiesel: producing a quality fuel, Conference Proceedings, 9–10 July 1997, Boise, ID, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, pp. 125–131, 1998.

Venendaal, R., Jorgensen, U., and Foster, C. A., 1997, “European Energy Crops: a synthesis,” Biomass Bioenergy, 13, pp. 147–185.

Rakapoulos, C. D. , 1992, “Olive Oil as a Fuel Supplement in DI and IDI Diesel Engines,” Energy (Oxford), 17, pp. 787–790.

Nye, M. J., and Southwell, P. H., 1983, “Esters from Rapeseed Oil as Diesel Fuel,” Proceedings of “Vegetable oil as diesel fuel- Seminar Ill,” Peoria, IL.

Agarwal, A. K., 1998, “Vegetable Oils versus Diesel Fuel: development and use of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine,” TERI Information Digest on Energy (TIDE), 8, pp. 191–203.

Agarwal, A. K., 1996, “Vegetable Oil Test Fuels for Diesel Engines: formulation and analysis,” M. Tech minor project, Center for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, p. 28.

Agarwal, A. K., 1999, “Performance evaluation and tribological studies on a biodiesel-fuelled compression ignition engine,” Ph.D. thesis, Center for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, p. 344.

“APM 700 Hartridge Smoke Meter User’s Manual,” Environtech Instruments Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, 1996.

Agarwal, A. K., Bijwe, J., and Das, L. M., 2001, “Wear Assessment in a Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Engine,” ASME-ICED Spring Conference 2001, to be published.