Bioactive surfaces and biomaterials via atom transfer radical polymerization

Progress in Polymer Science - Tập 34 - Trang 719-761 - 2009
F.J. Xu1,2, K.G. Neoh2, E.T. Kang2
1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
2Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Singapore

Tài liệu tham khảo

Richey, 2000, Surface modification of polyethylene balloon catheters for local drug delivery, Biomaterials, 21, 1057, 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00281-1 Wei, 2005, Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive and supramolecular structured hydrogels, Macromolecules, 38, 8833, 10.1021/ma050887p Liu, 2004, Enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase covalently wired via viologen to electrically conductive polypyrrole films, Biosens Bioelectron, 19, 823, 10.1016/j.bios.2003.08.010 Zeng, 2005, Synthesis and characterization of six-arm star poly(delta-valerolactone)-block-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2140, 10.1021/bm050124+ Gergious, 2005, Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation as transfection reagents of double-hydrophilic star copolymers: effect of star architecture, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2990, 10.1021/bm050307w Coessens, 2001, Functional polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization, Prog Polym Sci, 26, 337, 10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00003-X Hawker, 2001, New polymer synthesis by nitroxide mediated living radical polymerizations, Chem Rev, 101, 3661, 10.1021/cr990119u Chiefari, 1998, Living free radical polymerization by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer: the RAFT process, Macromolecules, 31, 5559, 10.1021/ma9804951 Kamigaito, 2001, Metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization, Chem Rev, 101, 3689, 10.1021/cr9901182 Matayjaszewski, 2001, Atom transfer radical polymerization, Chem Rev, 101, 2921, 10.1021/cr940534g Wang, 1995, Controlled/“living” radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical polymerization in the presence of transition–metal complexes, J Am Chem Soc, 117, 5614, 10.1021/ja00125a035 Patten, 1996, Polymers with very low polydispersities from atom transfer radical polymerization, Science, 272, 866, 10.1126/science.272.5263.866 Tsarevsky, 2007, “Green” atom transfer radical polymerization: from process design to preparation of well-defined environmentally friendly polymeric materials, Chem Rev, 107, 2270, 10.1021/cr050947p Braunecker, 2007, Controlled/living radical polymerization: features, developments, and perspectives, Prog Polym Sci, 32, 93, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.11.002 Pyun, 2003, Synthesis of polymer brushes using atom transfer radical polymerization, Macromol Rapid Commun, 24, 1043, 10.1002/marc.200300078 Pyun, 2001, Synthesis of nanocomposite organic/inorganic hybrid materials using controlled/‘living’ radical polymerization, Chem Mater, 13, 3436, 10.1021/cm011065j Ejaz, 1998, Controlled graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate on silicon substrate by the combined use of the Langmuir–Blodgett and atom transfer radical polymerization techniques, Macromolecules, 31, 5934, 10.1021/ma980240n Ejaz, 2001, Controlled grafting of a well-defined polymer on a porous glass filter by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Polymer, 42, 6811, 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00192-6 Carlmark, 2002, Atom transfer radical polymerization from cellulose fibers at ambient temperature, J Am Chem Soc, 124, 900, 10.1021/ja016582h York, 2008, Advances in the synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via RAFT polymerization: stimuli-responsive drug and gene delivery, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 60, 1018, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.02.006 Stenzel, 2008, RAFT polymerization: an avenue to functional polymeric micelles for drug delivery, Chem Commun, 3486, 10.1039/b805464a Croll, 2004, Controllable surface modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by hydrolysis or aminolysis. I. Physical, chemical, and theoretical aspects, Biomacromolecules, 5, 463, 10.1021/bm0343040 Cheng, 2004, Surface modification of ultra thin poly(ɛ-caprolactone) films using acrylic acid and collagen, Biomaterials, 25, 1991, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.038 Gustavsson, 2005, Modification of cellulose fiber surfaces by use of a lipase and a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, Biomacromolecules, 6, 196, 10.1021/bm049588i Alferiev, 2006, Surface heparinization of polyurethane via bromoalkylation of hard segment nitrogens, Biomacromolecules, 7, 317, 10.1021/bm0506694 Zhao, 2000, Polymer brushes: surface-immobilized macromolecules, Prog Polym Sci, 25, 677, 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00012-5 Edmondson, 2004, Polymer brushes via surface-initiated polymerizations, Chem Soc Rev, 33, 14, 10.1039/b210143m Senaratne, 2005, Self-assembled monolayers and polymer brushes in biotechnology: current applications and future perspectives, Biomacromolecules, 6, 2427, 10.1021/bm050180a Goddard, 2007, Polymer surface modification for the attachment of bioactive compounds, Prog Polym Sci, 32, 698, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.04.002 Jordan, 1998, Surface initiated living cationic polymerization of 2-oxazolines, J Am Chem Soc, 120, 243, 10.1021/ja973392r Jordan, 1998, Surface-initiated anionic polymerization of styrene by means of self-assembled monolayers, J Am Chem Soc, 121, 1016, 10.1021/ja981348l Yu, 2003, Controlled grafting of well-defined polymers on hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, J Phys Chem B, 107, 10198, 10.1021/jp034330s Xu, 2004, Surface-active and stimuli-responsive polymer–Si(100) hybrids from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for control of cell adhesion, Biomacromolecules, 5, 2392, 10.1021/bm049675a Xu, 2005, UV-induced coupling of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride on hydrogen-terminated Si(100) surfaces for the preparation of well-defined polymer–Si hybrids via surface-initiated ATRP, Macromolecules, 38, 1573, 10.1021/ma049225a Xu, 2005, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization from halogen-terminated Si(111) (Si-X, X) Cl, Br) surfaces for the preparation of well-defined polymer–Si hybrids, Langmuir, 21, 3221, 10.1021/la0473714 Zhou, 2008, Modification of magnetite nanoparticles via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), Chem Eng J, 138, 578, 10.1016/j.cej.2007.07.030 Hu, 2006, Cellular response to magnetic nanoparticles “PEGylated” via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 7, 809, 10.1021/bm050870e Wuang, 2006, Heparinized magnetic nanoparticles: in vitro assessment for biomedical applications, Adv Funct Mater, 16, 1723, 10.1002/adfm.200500879 Marutani, 2004, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate on magnetite nanoparticles, Polymer, 45, 2231, 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.02.005 Bai, 2006, Preparation of magnetite nanoparticles coated with an amphiphilic block copolymer: a potential drug carrier with a core–shell–corona structure for hydrophobic drug delivery, Macromol Rapid Commun, 27, 2107, 10.1002/marc.200600504 Gao, 2008, A facile method of forming nanoscale patterns on poly(ethylene glycol)-based surfaces by self-assembly of randomly grafted block copolymer brushes, Langmuir, 24, 8303, 10.1021/la800729c Feng, 2005, Adsorption of fibrinogen and lysozyme on silicon grafted with poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Langmuir, 21, 5980, 10.1021/la050277i Feng, 2006, Non-biofouling materials prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization grafting of 2-methacryloloxyethyl phosphorylcholine: separate effects of graft density and chain length on protein repulsion, Biomaterials, 27, 847, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.07.006 Tugulu, 2005, Protein-functionalized polymer brushes, Biomacromolecules, 6, 1602, 10.1021/bm050016n Chen, 2008, Engineering cell de-adhesion dynamics on thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Acta Biomater, 4, 218, 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.09.002 Fan, 2005, Biomimetic anchor for surface-initiated polymerization from metal substrates, J Am Chem Soc, 127, 15843, 10.1021/ja0532638 Fan, 2006, Cell fouling resistance of polymer brushes grafted from Ti substrates by surface-initiated polymerization: effect of ethylene glycol side chain length, Biomacromolecules, 7, 2443, 10.1021/bm060276k Zhang, 2007, Functionalization of titanium surfaces via controlled living radical polymerization: from antibacterial surface to surface for osteoblast adhesion, Ind Eng Chem Res, 46, 9077, 10.1021/ie070795j Zhang, 2006, Dual-functional biomimetic materials: nonfouling poly(carboxybetaine) with active functional groups for protein immobilization, Biomacromolecules, 7, 3311, 10.1021/bm060750m Zhang, 2006, Surface grafted sulfobetaine polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization as super low fouling coatings, J Phys Chem B, 110, 10799, 10.1021/jp057266i Ma, 2004, ‘Non-fouling’ oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized polymer brushes synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Adv Mater, 16, 338, 10.1002/adma.200305830 Ma, 2006, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl methacrylate from a mixed self-assembled monolayer on gold, Adv Funct Mater, 16, 640, 10.1002/adfm.200500426 Huang, 2007, Antibacterial polypropylene via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 8, 1396, 10.1021/bm061236j Yao, 2008, Antibacterial effect of surface-functionalized polypropylene hollow fiber membrane from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, J Membr Sci, 319, 149, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.049 Cheng, 2006, Modification of poly(ether imide) membranes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Macromolecules, 39, 1660, 10.1021/ma0520601 Xu, 2007, Surface functionalization of polyimide films via chloromethylation and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Ind Eng Chem Res, 46, 4866, 10.1021/ie0701367 Lee, 2004, Permanent, nonleaching antibacterial surfaces. 1. Synthesis by atom transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 5, 877, 10.1021/bm034352k Yan, 2008, Graft copolymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine to cellulose in homogeneous media using atom transfer radical polymerization for providing new hemocompatible coating materials, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 46, 3306, 10.1002/pola.22670 Singh, 2008, Modification of regenerated cellulose ultrafiltration membranes by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, J Membr Sci, 311, 225, 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.12.036 Xu, 2007, Functionalization of nylon membranes via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization, Langmuir, 23, 8585, 10.1021/la7011342 Jeyaprakash, 2002, Polymer brushes via ATRP: role of activator and deactivator in the surface-initiated ATRP of styrene on planar substrates, Macromol Rapid Commun, 23, 277, 10.1002/1521-3927(20020301)23:4<277::AID-MARC277>3.0.CO;2-U Matyjaszewski, 1999, Polymers at interfaces: using atom transfer radical polymerization in the controlled growth of homopolymers and block copolymers from silicon surfaces in the absence of untethered sacrificial initiator, Macromolecules, 32, 8716, 10.1021/ma991146p Biesalski, 2004, Tailoring the charge density of surface-attached polyelectrolyte brushes, Macromolecules, 37, 2196, 10.1021/ma035425v Xu, 2005, Heparin-coupled poly(poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate)–Si(111) hybrids and their blood compatible surfaces, Biomacromolecules, 6, 1759, 10.1021/bm050071w Singh, 2007, The role of independently variable grafting density and layer thickness of polymer nanolayers on peptide adsorption and cell adhesion, Biomaterials, 28, 763, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.09.036 Bozukova, 2008, Imparting antifouling properties of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels by grafting poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate), Langmuir, 24, 6649, 10.1021/la7033774 Ma, 2006, Protein-resistant polymer coatings on silicon oxide by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Langmuir, 22, 3751, 10.1021/la052796r Stadler, 2008, PEGMA/MMA copolymer graftings: generation, protein resistance, and a hydrophobic domain, Langmuir, 24, 8151, 10.1021/la800772m Fan, 2007, Solvent-free atom transfer radical polymerization for the preparation of poly(poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethacrylate)-grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and cellular uptake, Biomaterials, 28, 5426, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.039 Ignatova, 2006, Combination of electrografting and atom-transfer radical polymerization for making the stainless steel surface antibacterial and protein antiadhesive, Langmuir, 22, 255, 10.1021/la051954b Tugulu, 2008, Stability and nonfouling properties of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brushes under cell culture conditions, Biomacromolecules, 9, 906, 10.1021/bm701293g Chen, 2006, Atom transfer radical polymerization directly from poly(vinylidene fluoride): surface and antifouling properties, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 44, 3434, 10.1002/pola.21456 Chen, 2007, Controlled grafting from poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membranes via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization and antifouling properties, Polymer, 48, 7604, 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.043 Zhu, 2008, Tethering hydrophilic polymer brushes onto PPESK membranes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, J Membr Sci, 320, 407, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.029 Yoshikawa, 2006, Protein repellency of well-defined, concentrated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brushes by the size-exclusion effect, Macromolecules, 39, 2284, 10.1021/ma0520242 Yoshikawa, 2007, Surface interaction of well-defined, concentrated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) brushes with proteins, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 45, 4795, 10.1002/pola.22224 Yoshikawa, 2007, Size-exclusion effect and protein repellency of concentrated polymer brushes prepared by surface-initiated living radical polymerization, Macromol Symp, 248, 189, 10.1002/masy.200750220 Tsukagoshi, 2007, Protein adsorption on polymer-modified silica particle surface, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 54, 101, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.10.004 Mei, 2005, Tuning cell adhesion on gradient poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-grafted surfaces, Langmuir, 21, 12309, 10.1021/la050668x Huang, 1998, Surface-confined living radical polymerization for coatings in capillary electrophoresis, Anal Chem, 70, 4023, 10.1021/ac980231c Xiao, 2002, Chemical modification of the surface of poly(dimethylsiloxane) by atom-transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide, Langmuir, 18, 9971, 10.1021/la0205553 Jewrajka, 2003, Living radical polymerization. 1. The case of atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylamide in aqueous-based medium, Macromolecules, 36, 311, 10.1021/ma0210067 Cringus-Fundeanu, 2007, Synthesis and characterization of surface-grafted polyacrylamide brushes and their inhibition of microbial adhesion, Langmuir, 23, 5120, 10.1021/la063531v Iwata, 2004, Control of nanobiointerfaces generated from well-defined biomimetic polymer brushes for protein and cell manipulations, Biomacromolecules, 5, 2308, 10.1021/bm049613k Seo, 2008, Surface tethering of phosphorylcholine groups onto poly(dimethylsiloxane) through swelling–deswelling methods with phospholipids moiety containing ABA-type block copolymers, Biomaterials, 29, 1367, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.039 Zhang, 2006, Superlow fouling sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine polymers on glass slides, Langmuir, 22, 10072, 10.1021/la062175d Chang, 2006, Highly protein-resistant coatings from well-defined diblock copolymers containing sulfobetaines, Langmuir, 22, 2222, 10.1021/la052962v Cheng, 2007, Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on zwitterionic surfaces, Biomaterials, 28, 4192, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.041 Cho, 2007, Highly efficient non-biofouling coating of zwitterionic polymers: poly((3-(methacryloylamino)propyl)-dimethyl (3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide), Langmuir, 23, 5678, 10.1021/la063737w Chang, 2008, A highly stable nonbiofouling surface with well-packed grafted zwitterionic polysulfobetaine for plasma protein repulsion, Langmuir, 24, 5453, 10.1021/la800228c Bernards, 2008, Nonfouling polymer brushes via surface-initiated, two-component atom transfer radical polymerization, Macromolecules, 41, 4216, 10.1021/ma800185y Ladd, 2008, Zwitterionic polymers exhibiting high resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption from human serum and plasma, Biomacromolecules, 9, 1357, 10.1021/bm701301s Matsuura, 2007, Carboxybetaine polymer-protected gold nanoparticles: high dispersion stability and resistance against non-specific adsorption of proteins, Macromol Chem Phys, 208, 862, 10.1002/macp.200600652 Higuchi, 2003, Serum protein adsorption and platelet adhesion on Pluronic™-adsorbed polysulfone membranes, Biomaterials, 24, 3235, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00186-8 Chen, 2004, Silicone elastomers for reduced protein adsorption, Biomaterials, 25, 2273, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.023 Lan, 2005, Surface modification of silicon and gold-patterned silicon surfaces for improved biocompatibility and cell patterning selectivity, Biosens Bioelectron, 20, 1697, 10.1016/j.bios.2004.06.025 Zhang, 2001, Modification of gold surface by grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) for reduction in protein adsorption and platelet adhesion, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 12, 515, 10.1163/156856201300194252 Li, 2003, Physicochemical and blood compatibility characterization of polypyrrole surface functionalized with heparin, Biotechnol Bioeng, 84, 305, 10.1002/bit.10757 Harris, 1992 Lutz, 2006, One-pot synthesis of PEGylated ultrasmall iron-oxide nanoparticles and their in vivo evaluation as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, Biomacromolecules, 7, 3132, 10.1021/bm0607527 Liu, 2004, Surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) capillary electrophoresis microchips for protein and peptide analysis, Anal Chem, 76, 6948, 10.1021/ac040094l Pan, 2007, In-channel atom-transfer radical polymerization of thermoset polyester microfluidic devices for bioanalytical applications, Electrophoresis, 28, 2904, 10.1002/elps.200600817 Sun, 2008, Surface modification of glycidyl-containing poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips using surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization, Anal Chem, 80, 856, 10.1021/ac701948n Sun, 2008, Surface modification of polymer microfluidic devices using in-channel atom transfer radical polymerization, Electrophoresis, 29, 2760, 10.1002/elps.200800005 Brahim, 2003, Synthesis and hydration properties of pH-sensitive p(HEMA)-based hydrogels containing 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, Biomacromolecules, 4, 497, 10.1021/bm020080u Xu, 2005, Collagen-coupled poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)–Si(111) hybrid surfaces for cell immobilization, Tissue Eng, 11, 1736, 10.1089/ten.2005.11.1736 Mirzadeh, 1995, Cell attachment to laser-induced AAm-and HEMA-grafted ethylenepropylene rubber as biomaterial: in vivo study, Biomaterials, 16, 641, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)93862-8 DeFife, 1999, Effects of photochemically immobilized polymer coatings on protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and the foreign body reaction to silicone rubber, J Biomed Mater Res, 44, 298, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19990305)44:3<298::AID-JBM8>3.0.CO;2-N Xiao, 2004, Surface modification of the channels of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic chips with polyacrylamide for fast electrophoretic separations of proteins, Anal Chem, 76, 2055, 10.1021/ac035254s Li, 2005, Protein adsorption on oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers: the molecular basis for nonfouling behaviour, J Phys Chem B, 109, 2934, 10.1021/jp0473321 Ostuni, 2001, A survey of structure–property relationships of surfaces that resist the adsorption of protein, Langmuir, 17, 5605, 10.1021/la010384m Herold, 1989, Oxidation of polyethylene glycols by alcohol dehydrogenase, Biochem Pharmacol, 38, 73, 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90151-2 Chen, 2005, Strong resistance of phosphorylcholine self-assembled monolayers to protein adsorption: insights into nonfouling properties of zwitterionic materials, J Am Chem Soc, 127, 14473, 10.1021/ja054169u Chen, 2006, Strong resistance of a thin crystalline layer of balanced charged groups to protein adsorption, Langmuir, 22, 8186, 10.1021/la061012m Zwaal, 1977, Membrane asymmetry and blood coagulation, Nature, 268, 358, 10.1038/268358a0 Iwasaki, 2001, Preservation of platelet function on 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-graft polymer as compared to various water-soluble graft polymers, J Biomed Mater Res, 57, 72, 10.1002/1097-4636(200110)57:1<72::AID-JBM1143>3.0.CO;2-G Kim, 2004, Biostability and biocompatibility of a surface-grafted phospholipid monolayer on a solid substrate, Biomaterials, 25, 33, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00469-1 Korematsu, 2002, Synthesis, characterization and platelet adhesion of segmented polyurethanes grafted phospholipid analogous vinyl monomer on surface, Biomaterials, 23, 263, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00104-1 Moro, 2004, Surface grafting of artificial joints with a biocompatible polymer for preventing periprosthetic osteolysis, Nat Mater, 3, 829, 10.1038/nmat1233 McPherson, 1998, Prevention of protein adsorption by tethered poly(ethylene oxide) layers: experiments and single-chain mean-field analysis, Langmuir, 14, 176, 10.1021/la9706781 Feng, 2004, Atom transfer radical grafting polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine from silicon wafer surfaces, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 42, 2931, 10.1002/pola.20095 Ueda, 1992, Preparation of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine copolymers with alkyl methacrylates and their blood compatibility, Polym J, 24, 1259, 10.1295/polymj.24.1259 Wang, 2003, Synthesis and characterization of a novel degradable phosphate-containing hydrogel, Biomaterials, 24, 3969, 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00280-1 Campoccia, 2006, The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance, Biomaterials, 27, 2331, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.044 Ramstedt, 2007, Synthesis and characterization of poly(3-sulfopropylmethacrylate) brushes for potential antibacterial applications, Langmuir, 23, 3314, 10.1021/la062670+ Murata, 2007, Permanent, non-leaching antibacterial surfaces. 2. How high density cationic surfaces kill bacterial cells, Biomaterials, 28, 4870, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.06.012 Tiller, 2001, Designing surface that kill bacteria on contact, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 5981, 10.1073/pnas.111143098 Milovic, 2005, Immobilized N-alkylated polyethylenimine avidly kills bacteria by rupturing cell membranes with no resistance developed, Biotechnol Bioeng, 90, 715, 10.1002/bit.20454 Cen, 2003, Surface functionalization technique for conferring antibacterial properties to polymeric and cellulosic surfaces, Langmuir, 19, 10295, 10.1021/la035104c Hu, 2005, Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of surface functionalized polymeric beads in repeated applications, Biotechnol Bioeng, 89, 474, 10.1002/bit.20384 Huang, 2008, Nonleaching antibacterial glass surfaces via “grafting onto”: the effect of the number of quaternary ammonium groups on biocidal activity, Langmuir, 24, 6785, 10.1021/la8003933 Ravikumar, 2006, Surface-active antifungal polyquaternary amine, Biomacromolecules, 7, 2762, 10.1021/bm060476w Xu, 2006, Antimicrobial surfaces of viologen-quaternized poly((2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate)–Si(100) hybrids from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Nanobiotechnology, 2, 123, 10.1007/BF02697267 Lenoir, 2006, Polyolefin matrixes with permanent antibacterial activity: preparation, antibacterial activity, and action mode of the active species, Biomacromolecules, 7, 2291, 10.1021/bm050850c Thomassin, 2007, Grafting of poly[2-(tert-butylamino)ethyl methacrylate] onto polypropylene by reactive blending and antibacterial activity of the copolymer, Biomacromolecules, 8, 1171, 10.1021/bm0611228 Fu, 2008, Solvent-resistant antibacterial microfibers of self-quaternized block copolymers from atom transfer radical polymerization and electrospinning, J Mater Chem, 18, 859, 10.1039/b716127a Cheng, 2005, Polymer microspheres with permanent antibacterial surface from surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization, Ind Eng Chem Res, 44, 7098, 10.1021/ie050225o Zhai, 2005, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane for antibacterial ability, Macromol Biosci, 5, 974, 10.1002/mabi.200500079 Kim, 2003, Formation of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)/dextran particles by atom transfer radical polymerization, Macromol Rapid Commun, 24, 517, 10.1002/marc.200390076 Chilkoti, 2002, Targeted drug delivery by thermally responsive polymers, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54, 613, 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00041-8 Gil, 2004, Stimuli-responsive polymers and their bioconjugates, Prog Polym Sci, 29, 1173, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.08.003 Alarcon, 2005, Stimuli responsive polymers for biomedical applications, Chem Soc Rev, 34, 276, 10.1039/B406727D Xu, 2006, Thermo-responsive comb-shaped copolymer–Si(100) hybrids for accelerated temperature dependent cell detachment, Biomaterials, 27, 1236, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.09.012 Mizutani, 2008, Preparation of thermoresponsive polymer brush surfaces and their interaction with cells, Biomaterials, 29, 2073, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.004 Wahjudi, 2009, Improvement of metal and tissue adhesion on surface-modified parylene C, J Biomed Mater Res A, 86A, 206 Seino, 2006, Preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted silica bead using hyperbranched polysiloxysilane as polymer brush and application to temperature-responsive HPLC, Polymer, 47, 1946, 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.01.027 Nagase, 2007, Interfacial property modulation of thermoresponsive polymer brush surfaces and their interaction with biomolecules, Langmuir, 23, 9409, 10.1021/la700956b Nagase, 2008, Preparation of thermoresponsive cationic copolymer brush surfaces and application of the surface to separation of biomolecules, Biomacromolecules, 9, 1340, 10.1021/bm701427m Zhou, 2007, Grafting of thermo-responsive polymer inside mesoporous silica with large pore size using ATRP and investigation of its use in drug release, J Mater Chem, 17, 2428, 10.1039/b618834f Wei, 2008, Synthesis of near-infrared responsive gold nanorod/PNIPAAm core/shell nanohybrids via surface initiated ATRP for smart drug delivery, Macromol Rapid Commun, 29, 645, 10.1002/marc.200800009 Zhang, 2006, Double-responsive polymer brushes on the surface of colloid particles, J Colloid Interface Sci, 301, 85, 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.05.004 Kusumo, 2007, High capacity, charge-selective protein uptake by polyelectrolyte brushes, Langmuir, 23, 4448, 10.1021/la063660b Singh, 2008, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization: a new method for preparation of polymeric membrane adsorbers, J Membr Sci, 309, 64, 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.10.007 Yang, 2007, Construction of a comb-like glycosylated membrane surface by a combination of UV-induced graft polymerization and surface-initiated ATRP, Langmuir, 23, 6684, 10.1021/la700275t Yoon, 2009, Surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization of 3-O-methacryloyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene–d-glucofuranoside onto gold surface, J Biomed Mater Res A, 88A, 735, 10.1002/jbm.a.31927 Yoon, 2008, Surface initiated-atom transfer radical polymerization of a sugar methacrylate on gold nanoparticles, Surf Interface Anal, 40, 1139, 10.1002/sia.2847 Mizukami, 2008, Binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin to a galactose-carrying polymer brush on a colloidal gold monolayer, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 66, 110, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.05.018 Anraku, 2007, Recognition of sugars on surface-bound cap-shaped gold particles modified with a polymer brush, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 57, 61, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.01.003 Zhang, 2001, Fabrication and characterization of fast response poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels, Langmuir, 17, 6094, 10.1021/la010105v Ebara, 2003, Copolymerization of 2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide with N-isopropylacrylamide accelerates cell detachment from grafted surfaces by reducing temperature, Biomacromolecules, 4, 344, 10.1021/bm025692t Yamada, 1990, Thermo-responsive polymeric surfaces; control of attachment and detachment of cultured cells, Macromol Chem Rapid Commun, 11, 571, 10.1002/marc.1990.030111109 Okano, 1993, A novel recovery system for cultured cells using plasma-treated polystyrene dishes grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), J Biomed Mater Res, 27, 1243, 10.1002/jbm.820271005 Kikuchi, 1998, Two-dimensional manipulation of confluently cultured vascular endothelial cells using temperature–responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted surfaces, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 9, 1331, 10.1163/156856298X00424 Akiyama, 2004, Ultrathin poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted layer on polystyrene surfaces for cell adhesion/detachment control, Langmuir, 20, 5506, 10.1021/la036139f Yamamoto, 2000, Preparation of packing materials for temperature-responsive chromatography: modification of silica surface with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Chromatography, 21, 209 Kanazawa, 2000, Temperature-responsive chromatographic separation of amino acid phenylthionydantoins using aqueous media as the mobile phase, Anal Chem, 72, 5961, 10.1021/ac0004658 Kikuchi, 2002, Intelligent thermoresponsive polymeric stationary phase for aqueous chromatography of biological compounds, Prog Polym Sci, 27, 1165, 10.1016/S0079-6700(02)00013-8 Sakamoto, 2004, Temperature–pH-responsive aminopropyl-silica ion-exchange columns grafted with copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide, J Chromatogr A, 1030, 247, 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.010 Mori, 2003, Intelligent colloidal hybrids via reversible pH-induced complexation of polyelectrolyte and silica nanoparticles, J Am Chem Soc, 125, 3712, 10.1021/ja0297887 Boyes, 2003, Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polyelectrolyte block copolymer brushes prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization and their use in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, Macromolecules, 36, 9539, 10.1021/ma035029c Ayres, 2007, Stimuli-responsive polyelectrolyte polymer brushes prepared via atom-transfer radical polymerization, Langmuir, 23, 182, 10.1021/la061526l Retsch, 2008, Synthesis of dense poly(acrylic acid) brushes and their interaction with amine-functional silsesquioxane nanoparticles, Langmuir, 24, 9421, 10.1021/la8009767 Tugulu, 2007, Synthesis of poly(methacrylic acid) brushes via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of sodium methacrylate and their use as substrates for the mineralization of calcium carbonate, Macromolecules, 40, 168, 10.1021/ma060739e Dong, 2007, Patterned biofunctional poly(acrylic acid) brushes on silicon surfaces, Biomacromolecules, 8, 3082, 10.1021/bm700493v Osborne, 2002, Controlled growth of triblock polyelectrolyte brushes, Chem Commun, 1838, 10.1039/b204737c Liu, 2001, The facile one-pot synthesis of shell cross-linked micelles in aqueous solution at high solids, J Am Chem Soc, 123, 9910, 10.1021/ja011206i Cho, 1997, Temperature-induced phase transition of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate-co-acrylamide), J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys, 35, 595, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(199703)35:4<595::AID-POLB7>3.0.CO;2-P Yuk, 1997, pH/temperature-responsive polymer composed of poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate-co-ethylacrylamide), Macromolecules, 30, 856, 10.1021/ma970725w Zhou, 2006, Surface grafted polymer brushes as ideal building blocks for smart surfaces, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 8, 3815, 10.1039/B606415A Yoshizumi, 1999, Self-assembled monolayers of sugar-carrying polymer chain: sugar balls from 2-methylacryloyloxyethyl d-glucopyranose, Langmuir, 15, 482, 10.1021/la980374u Hasegawa, 2000, Multilayer adsorption and molecular organisation of rigid cylindrical glycoconjugate poly(phenylisocyanate) on hydrophilic surfaces, Macromolecules, 33, 2772, 10.1021/ma990956y Miyata, 1996, Preparation of poly(2-glucosyloxyethyl methacrylate)–concanavalin A complex hydrogel and its glucose-sensitivity, Macromol Chem Phys, 197, 1135, 10.1002/macp.1996.021970330 Okada, 2001, Molecular design and syntheses of glycopolymers, Prog Polym Sci, 26, 67, 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00038-1 Grazu, 2005, Stabilization of enzymes by multipoint immobilization of thiolated proteins on new epoxy-thiol supports, Biotechnol Bioeng, 90, 597, 10.1002/bit.20452 Kurosawa, 2004, Synthesis of tethered-polymer brush by atom transfer radical polymerization from a plasma-polymerized-film-coated quartz crystal microbalance and its application for immunosensors, Biosens Bioelectron, 20, 1165, 10.1016/j.bios.2004.06.034 Lei, 2007, Preparation and properties of immobilized pectinase onto the amphiphilic PS-b-PAA diblock copolymers, J Biotechnol, 128, 112, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.09.002 Cullen, 2008, Polymeric brushes as functional templates for immobilizing ribonuclease A: study of binding kinetics and activity, Langmuir, 24, 913, 10.1021/la702510z Xu, 2005, Covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase on well-defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate)–Si(111) hybrids from surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 6, 1012, 10.1021/bm0493178 Kawakita, 2007, Adsorption of bovine serum albumin to a polymer brush prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization in a porous inorganic membrane, J Porous Mater, 14, 387, 10.1007/s10934-006-9031-0 Huang, 2007, Magnetic polymer microspheres with polymer brushes and the immobilization of protein on the brushes, J Mater Chem, 17, 3812, 10.1039/b705815b Huang, 2008, Immobilization of penicillin G acylase on poly[(glycidyl methacrylate)-co-(glycerol monomethacrylate)]-grafted magnetic microspheres, Macromol Biosci, 8, 508, 10.1002/mabi.200700256 Lee, 2007, Functionalization of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) films on gold and Si/SiO2 for immobilization of proteins and cells: SPR and QCM studies, Biomacromolecules, 8, 3922, 10.1021/bm7009043 Lee, 2007, Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and subsequent click chemistry for bioconjugation, Biomacromolecules, 8, 744, 10.1021/bm060782+ Tugulu, 2007, RGD—functionalized polymer brushes as substrates for the integrin specific adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Biomaterials, 28, 2536, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.006 Iwata, 2008, Covalent immobilization of antibody fragments on well-defined polymer brushes via site-directed method, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 62, 288, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.10.018 Iwasak, 2008, Site-specific dense immobilization of antibody fragments on polymer brushes supported by silicone nanofilaments, Langmuir, 24, 8427, 10.1021/la801327a Ying, 2003, Immobilization of galactose ligands on acrylic acid graft-copolymerized poly(ethylene terephthalate) film and its application to hepatocyte culture, Biomacromolecules, 4, 157, 10.1021/bm025676w Yin, 2003, High density of immobilized galactose ligand enhances hepatocyte attachment and function, J Biomed Mater Res A, 67A, 1093, 10.1002/jbm.a.10033 Ulbricht, 2005, Porous polypropylene membranes with different carboxyl polymer brush layers for reversible protein binding via surface initiated graft copolymerization, Chem Mater, 17, 2622, 10.1021/cm0485714 Dumont, 1996, Behavior of glucose oxidase immobilized in various electropolymerized thin films, Biotechnol Bioeng, 49, 544, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960305)49:5<544::AID-BIT7>3.3.CO;2-F Cen, 2003, Surface functionalization of polypyrrole film with glucose oxidase and viologen, Biosens Bioelectron, 18, 363, 10.1016/S0956-5663(02)00149-5 Nishiyama, 2002, Concentration of 17-estradiol using an immunoaffinity porous hollow-fiber membrane, Anal Chem, 74, 4933, 10.1021/ac020141e Arica, 2004, Characterisation of tyrosinase immobilised onto spacer-arm attached glycidyl methacrylate-based reactive microbeads, Process Biochem, 39, 2007, 10.1016/j.procbio.2003.09.030 Eckert, 2000, Surface-modification of polystyrene-microtitre plates via grafting of glycidylmethacrylate and coating of poly-glycidyl methacrylate, Biomaterials, 21, 441, 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00098-8 Yu, 2004, Controlled grafting of well-defined epoxide polymers on hydrogen-terminated silicon substrates by surface-initiated ATRP at ambient temperature, Langmuir, 20, 8294, 10.1021/la036089e Edmondson, 2004, Controlled growth and subsequent chemical modification of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes on silicon wafers, J Mater Chem, 14, 730, 10.1039/b312513k Sun, 2006, Tribological properties of chemically bonded polyimide films on silicon with polyglycidyl methacrylate brush as adhesive layer, Appl Surf Sci, 253, 1729, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.03.019 Raynor, 2007, Controlling cell adhesion to titanium: functionalization of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol)methacrylate] brushes with cell-adhesive peptides, Adv Mater, 19, 1724, 10.1002/adma.200602129 Xu, 2008, Spatially well-defined binary brushes of poly(ethylene glycol)s for micropatterning of active proteins on anti-fouling surfaces, Biosens Bioelectron, 24, 773, 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.055 Rostovtsev, 2002, A stepwise huisgen cycloaddition process: copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective “ligation” of azides and terminal alkynes, Angew Chem Int Ed, 41, 2596, 10.1002/1521-3773(20020715)41:14<2596::AID-ANIE2596>3.0.CO;2-4 Blawas, 1998, Protein patterning, Biomaterials, 19, 595, 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00218-4 Kane, 1999, Patterning proteins and cells using soft lithography, Biomaterials, 20, 2363, 10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00165-9 Veiseh, 2001, Two-dimensional protein micropatterning for sensor applications through chemical selectivity technique, Biomed Microdev, 3, 45, 10.1023/A:1011477319971 Veiseh, 2006, Effect of silicon oxidation on long-term cell selectivity of cell-patterned Au/SiO2 platforms, J Am Chem Soc, 128, 1197, 10.1021/ja055473q Shah, 2000, Using atom transfer radical polymerization to amplify monolayers of initiators patterned by microcontact printing into polymer brushes for pattern transfer, Macromolecules, 33, 597, 10.1021/ma991264c Tu, 2004, Patterned poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes on silica surfaces by microcontact printing followed by surface-initiated polymerization, Langmuir, 20, 8313, 10.1021/la049663a Zhou, 2006, Multicomponent polymer brushes, J Am Chem Soc, 128, 16253, 10.1021/ja0654377 Ahn, 2004, Surface-initiated polymerization on nanopatterned fabricated by electron-beam lithography, Adv Mater, 16, 2141, 10.1002/adma.200401055 He, 2007, Fabrication of thermosensitive polymer nanopatterns through chemical lithography and atom transfer radical polymerization, Langmuir, 23, 3981, 10.1021/la062793u Liu, 2006, To patterned binary polymer brushes via capillary force lithography and surface-initiated polymerization, J Am Chem Soc, 128, 8106, 10.1021/ja061646f Kaholek, 2004, Fabrication of stimulus-responsive nanopatterned polymer brushes by scanning-probe lithography, Nano Lett, 4, 373, 10.1021/nl035054w Xu, 2005, Controlled micropatterning of a Si(100) surface by combined nitroxide-mediated and atom transfer radical polymerizations, Macromolecules, 38, 6254, 10.1021/ma050581i Xu, 2006, Resist-free micropatterning of binary polymer brushes on Si(100) via surface-initiated living radical polymerizations, J Mater Chem, 16, 2948, 10.1039/b604410g Heredia, 2007, Synthesis of protein–polymer conjugates, Org Biomol Chem, 5, 45, 10.1039/B612355D Li, 2008, Cyclodextrin-based supramolecular architectures: syntheses, structures, and applications for drug and gene delivery, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 60, 1000, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.02.011 He, 2008, In situ gelling stimuli-sensitive block copolymer hydrogels for drug delivery, J Control Release, 127, 189, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.01.005 Xu, 2008, Thermo-responsive porous membranes of controllable porous morphology from triblock copolymers of polycaprolactone and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 9, 331, 10.1021/bm7008922 Riess, 2003, Micellization of block copolymers, Prog Polym Sci, 28, 1107, 10.1016/S0079-6700(03)00015-7 Gohy, 2005, Block copolymer micelles, Adv Polym Sci, 190, 65, 10.1007/12_048 Read, 2007, Recent advances in shell cross-linked micelles, Chem Commun, 3021, 10.1039/b701217a Jones, 2003, pH-sensitive unimolecular polymeric micelles: synthesis of a novel drug carrier, Bioconjugate Chem, 14, 774, 10.1021/bc020041f Sant, 2004, Novel pH-sensitive supramolecular assemblies for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs: preparation and characterization, J Control Release, 97, 301, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.03.026 Sant, 2005, Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(alkyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) self-assemblies, J Control Release, 104, 289, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.02.010 Satturwar, 2007, pH-responsive polymeric micelles of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(alkyl(meth)acrylate-co-methacrylic acid): influence of the copolymer composition on self-assembling properties and release of candesartan cilexetil, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 65, 379, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.09.012 Tian, 2007, Complexation and release of doxorubicin from its complexes with pluronic P85-b-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers, J Control Release, 121, 137, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.05.010 Tang, 2003, Solubilization and controlled release of a hydrophobic drug using novel micelle-forming ABC triblock copolymers, Biomacromolecules, 4, 1636, 10.1021/bm030026t Ma, 2003, Well-defined biocompatible block copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine in protic media, Macromolecules, 36, 3475, 10.1021/ma021762c Licciardi, 2005, Synthesis of novel folic acid-functionalized biocompatible block copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization for gene delivery and encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, Biomacromolecules, 6, 1085, 10.1021/bm049271i Ma, 2003, Synthesis of biocompatible, stimuli-responsive, physical gels based on ABA triblock copolymers, Biomacromolecules, 4, 864, 10.1021/bm034118u Chatterjee, 2005, The amphiphilic block copolymers of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate: synthesis by atom transfer radical polymerization and solution properties, Polymer, 46, 10699, 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.045 Karanikolopoulos, 2007, pH-responsive aggregates from double hydrophilic block copolymers carrying zwitterionic groups: encapsulation of antiparasitic compounds for the treatment of leishmaniasis, Langmuir, 23, 4214, 10.1021/la0628827 Yuan, 2007, Synthesis, characterization, and controllable drug release of dendritic star-block copolymer by ring-opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, Polymer, 48, 2585, 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.039 Liu, 2007, Aldehyde surface-functionalized shell cross-linked micelles with pH-tunable core swellability and their bioconjugation with lysozyme, Macromolecules, 40, 9074, 10.1021/ma071494o Dai, 2003, Novel pH responsive amphiphilic diblock copolymers with reversible micellization properties, Langmuir, 19, 5175, 10.1021/la0340652 Mao, 2005, Controlled one-pot synthesis of pH-sensitive self-assembled diblock copolymers and their aggregation behavior, Polymer, 46, 10045, 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.048 Bo, 2006, Double-hydrophilic block copolymer for encapsulation and two-way pH change-induced release of metalloporphyrins, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 44, 1734, 10.1002/pola.21287 Liu, 2002, Polymeric surfactants for the new millennium: a pH-responsive, zwitterionic, schizophrenic diblock copolymer, Angew Chem Int Ed, 41, 1413, 10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1413::AID-ANIE1413>3.0.CO;2-K Liu, 2003, Synthesis and aqueous solution behavior of a pH-responsive schizophrenic diblock copolymer, Langmuir, 19, 4432, 10.1021/la020951l Giacomelli, 2007, Nanocontainers formed by self-assembly of poly(ethyleneoxide)-b-poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)-drug conjugates, Macromolecules, 40, 2148, 10.1021/ma062562u Tang, 2008, Double hydrophilic block copolymers PEO-b-PGA: synthesis, application as potential drug carrier and drug release via pH-sensitive linkage, J Biomed Mater Res A, 86, 428, 10.1002/jbm.a.31515 Kim, 2005, Preparation of hydrogel nanoparticles by atom transfer radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide in aqueous media using PEG macro-initiator, Polymer, 46, 2836, 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.009 Hasan, 2004, Thermoassociative block copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(propylene oxide), J Macromol Sci A, 41, 467, 10.1081/MA-120030919 Li, 2005, Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible thermo-responsive gelators based on ABA triblock copolymers, Biomacromolecules, 6, 994, 10.1021/bm049331k Li, 2005, Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible, thermoresponsive ABC and ABA triblock copolymer gelators, Langmuir, 21, 11026, 10.1021/la0515672 Madsen, 2008, Biocompatible wound dressings based on chemically degradable triblock copolymer hydrogels, Biomacromolecules, 9, 2265, 10.1021/bm8005006 Li, 2006, Double-responsive core–shell–corona micelles from self-assembly of diblock copolymer of poly(t-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Polymer, 47, 4581, 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.04.041 Zhang, 2005, Micellization of thermo- and pH-responsive triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), Macromolecules, 38, 8850, 10.1021/ma050998o Jiang, 2007, Fabrication of multiresponsive shell cross-linked micelles possessing pH-controllable core swellability and thermo-tunable corona permeability, Biomacromolecules, 8, 3184, 10.1021/bm700743h Kim, 1992, Hydrogels—swelling, drug loading, and release, Pharm Res, 9, 283, 10.1023/A:1015887213431 Hoffman, 2002, Hydrogels for biomedical applications, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 43, 3, 10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00239-3 Xu, 2006, pH- and temperature-responsive hydrogels from crosslinked triblock copolymers prepared via consecutive atom transfer radical polymerizations, Biomaterials, 27, 2787, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.003 Jiang, 2001, Gel formation in atom transfer radical polymerization of 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 39, 3780, 10.1002/pola.10023 Mespouille, 2008, Novel biodegradable adaptive hydrogels: controlled synthesis and full characterization of the amphiphilic co-networks, Chem Eur J, 14, 6369, 10.1002/chem.200800088 Oh, 2006, Inverse miniemulsion ATRP: a new method for synthesis and functionalization of well-defined water-soluble/cross-linked polymeric particles, J Am Chem Soc, 128, 5578, 10.1021/ja060586a Oh, 2007, Biodegradable nanogels prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization as potential drug delivery carriers: synthesis, biodegradation, in vitro release, and bioconjugation, J Am Chem Soc, 129, 5939, 10.1021/ja069150l Oh, 2007, Synthesis and biodegradation of nanogels as delivery carriers for carbohydrate drugs, Biomacromolecules, 8, 3326, 10.1021/bm070381+ Anderson, 1998, Human gene therapy, Nature, 392, 25, 10.1038/32801 Wagner, 2006, Gene delivery using polymer therapeutics, Adv Polym Sci, 192, 135, 10.1007/12_023 Hunt, 2002, Gene therapy: hurdles and hopes for cancer treatment, Science, 297, 415, 10.1126/science.297.5580.415 De Smedt, 2000, Cationic polymer based gene delivery systems, Pharm Res, 17, 113, 10.1023/A:1007548826495 Agarwal, 2005, Novel cationic pentablock copolymers as non-viral vectors for gene therapy, J Control Release, 103, 245, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.11.022 Tan, 2007, Correlating transfection barriers and biophysical properties of cationic polymethacrylates, Biomacromolecules, 8, 448, 10.1021/bm060502q Lin, 2008, An acid-labile block copolymer of PDMAEMA and PEG as potential carrier for intelligent gene delivery systems, Biomacromolecules, 9, 109, 10.1021/bm7008747 Lam, 2004, Phosphorylcholine–polycation diblock copolymers as synthetic vectors for gene delivery, J Control Release, 100, 293, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.028 Jiang, 2007, Degradable-brushed pHEMA–pDMAEMA synthesized via ATRP and click chemistry for gene delivery, Bioconjugate Chem, 18, 2077, 10.1021/bc0701186 Xu, 2008, Pentablock copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol), poly((2-dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) from consecutive atom transfer radical polymerizations for non-viral gene delivery, Biomaterials, 29, 3023, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.041 Zhong, 2005, Low molecular weight linear polyethylenimine-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polyethylenimine triblock copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro gene transfer properties, Biomacromolecules, 6, 3440, 10.1021/bm050505n Mannisto, 2002, Structure–activity relationships of poly(l-lysines): effects of PEGylation and molecular shape on physicochemical and biological properties in gene delivery, J Control Release, 83, 169, 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00178-5 Rackstraw, 2001, Microscopic investigations into PEG-cationic polymer-induced DNA condensation, Langmuir, 17, 3185, 10.1021/la001456x Xu, 2009, Star-shaped cationic polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization from β-cyclodextrin cores for non-viral gene delivery, Biomacromolecules, 10, 285, 10.1021/bm8010165 Nicolas, 2007, Living radical polymerization as a tool for the synthesis of polymer–protein/peptide bioconjugates, Macromol Rapid Commun, 28, 1083, 10.1002/marc.200700112 Lecolley, 2004, A new approach to bioconjugates for proteins and peptides (“PEGylation”) utilising living radical polymerization, Chem Commun, 2026, 10.1039/B407712A Godwin, 2001, Narrow molecular weight distribution precursors for polymer–drug conjugates, Angew Chem Int Ed, 40, 594, 10.1002/1521-3773(20010202)40:3<594::AID-ANIE594>3.0.CO;2-P Tao, 2004, α-Aldehyde terminally functional methacrylic polymers from living radical polymerization: application in protein conjugation “PEGylation”, J Am Chem Soc, 126, 13220, 10.1021/ja0456454 Mantovani, 2005, Design and synthesis of N-maleimido-functionalized hydrophilic polymers via copper-mediated living radical polymerization: a suitable alternative to PEGylation chemistry, J Am Chem Soc, 127, 2966, 10.1021/ja0430999 Droumaguet, 2007, Formation of giant amphiphiles by post-functionalization of hydrophilic protein–polymer conjugates, J Mater Chem, 17, 1916, 10.1039/B618079E Bontempo, 2004, Cysteine-reactive polymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization for conjugation to proteins, J Am Chem Soc, 126, 15372, 10.1021/ja045063m Heredia, 2007, Aminooxy end-functionalized polymers synthesized by ATRP for chemoselective conjugation to proteins, Macromolecules, 40, 4772, 10.1021/ma070432v Maynard, 2007, Thermoresponsive biohybrid materials synthesized by ATRP, J Mater Chem, 17, 4015, 10.1039/b710513d Qi, 2004, Determination of the bioavailability of biotin conjugated onto shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles, J Am Chem Soc, 126, 6599, 10.1021/ja039647k Bontempo, 2005, One-step synthesis of low polydispersity, biotinylated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) by ATRP, Chem Commun, 4702, 10.1039/b507912h Vázquez-Dorbatt, 2006, Biotinylated glycopolymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, Biomacromolecules, 7, 2297, 10.1021/bm060105f Tan, 2005, Association behavior of biotinylated and non-biotinylated poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate), Biomacromolecules, 6, 498, 10.1021/bm049426m Joralemon, 2004, Synthesis, characterization, and bioavailability of mannosylated shell cross-linked nanoparticles, Biomacromolecules, 5, 903, 10.1021/bm0344710 Dai, 2008, Synthesis, self-assembly and recognition properties of biomimetic star-shaped poly(e-caprolactone)-b-glycopolymer block copolymers, J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem, 46, 817, 10.1002/pola.22426 Dai, 2008, Supramolecular and biomimetic polypseudorotaxane/glycopolymer biohybrids: synthesis, glucose-surfaced nanoparticles, and recognition with lectin, J Phys Chem B, 112, 3644, 10.1021/jp710698c Gupta, 2005, Virus–glycopolymer conjugates by copper(I) catalysis of atom transfer radical polymerization and azide–alkyne cycloaddition, Chem Commun, 4315, 10.1039/b502444g Dirks, 2005, Preparation of biohybrid amphiphiles via the copper catalysed Huisgen [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction, Chem Commun, 4172, 10.1039/b508428h Lutz, 2006, ATRP and “Click” chemistry: a promising platform toward functional biocompatible polymers and polymer bioconjugates, Macromolecules, 39, 6376, 10.1021/ma061557n Mei, 2004, Solid-phase ATRP synthesis of peptide–polymer hybrids, J Am Chem Soc, 126, 3472, 10.1021/ja039583d Becker, 2005, Functionalized micellar assemblies prepared via block copolymers synthesized by living free radical polymerization upon peptide-loaded resins, Biomacromolecules, 6, 220, 10.1021/bm049551y Lele, 2005, Synthesis of uniform protein–polymer conjugates, Biomacromolecules, 6, 3380, 10.1021/bm050428w Couet, 2006, Surface-initiated ATRP of N-isopropylacrylamide from initiator-modified self-assembled peptide nanotubes, Macromolecules, 39, 7258, 10.1021/ma061200j Loschonsky, 2008, Surface-attached PDMAA-GRGDSP hybrid polymer monolayers that promote the adhesion of living cells, Biomacromolecules, 9, 543, 10.1021/bm7010714 Heredia, 2005, In situ preparation of protein–“smart” polymer conjugates with retention of bioactivity, J Am Chem Soc, 127, 16955, 10.1021/ja054482w Bontempo, 2005, Streptavidin as a macroinitiator for polymerization: in situ protein–polymer conjugate formation, J Am Chem Soc, 127, 6508, 10.1021/ja042230+ Broyer, 2008, Designed amino acid ATRP initiators for the synthesis of biohybrid materials, J Am Chem Soc, 130, 1041, 10.1021/ja0772546 Förster, 2002, From self-organizing polymers to nanohybrid and biomaterials, Angew Chem Int Ed, 41, 688, 10.1002/1521-3773(20020301)41:5<688::AID-ANIE688>3.0.CO;2-3 Golas, 2007, Click chemistry and ATRP: a beneficial union for the preparation of functional materials, OSAR Comb Sci, 26, 1116, 10.1002/qsar.200740059