Biases in Randomized Trials

Hernán, 2012, Beyond the intention-to-treat in comparative effectiveness research., Clin Trials, 9, 48, 10.1177/1740774511420743

Heitjan, 1999, Ignorability and bias in clinical trials., Stat Med, 18, 2421, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990915/30)18:17/18<2421::AID-SIM266>3.0.CO;2-R

Higgins, 2011, The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials., BMJ, 343, d5928, 10.1136/bmj.d5928

Greenland, 1999, Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research., Epidemiology, 10, 37, 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00008

Hernán, 2004, A structural approach to selection bias., Epidemiology, 15, 615, 10.1097/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43

Cole, 2002, Fallibility in estimating direct effects., Int J Epidemiol, 31, 163, 10.1093/ije/31.1.163

Hernán, 2009, Invited commentary: causal diagrams and measurement bias., Am J Epidemiol, 170, 959, 10.1093/aje/kwp293

Hernán, 2002, Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology., Am J Epidemiol, 155, 176, 10.1093/aje/155.2.176

Mansournia, 2013, Matched designs and causal diagrams., Int J Epidemiol, 42, 860, 10.1093/ije/dyt083

1998, International Conference on Harmonisation; Guidance on Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials., Federal Register, 63, 49583

Toh, 2008, Causal inference from longitudinal studies with baseline randomization., Int J Biostat, 4, Article, 10.2202/1557-4679.1117

Hernán, 2006, Instruments for causal inference: an epidemiologist’s dream?, Epidemiology, 17, 360, 10.1097/01.ede.0000222409.00878.37

Greenland, 2015, Limitations of individual causal models, causal graphs, and ignorability assumptions, as illustrated by random confounding and design unfaithfulness., Eur J Epidemiol, 30, 1101, 10.1007/s10654-015-9995-7

Steyerberg, 1999, Stepwise selection in small data sets: a simulation study of bias in logistic regression analysis., J Clin Epidemiol, 52, 935, 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00103-1

Maldonado, 1993, Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies., Am J Epidemiol, 138, 923, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813

Ioannidis, 2008, Why most discovered true associations are inflated., Epidemiology, 1, 640, 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131e7

Hernán, 2013, Randomized trials analyzed as observational studies., Ann Intern Med, 159, 560

Shrier, 2011, Structural approach to bias in meta-analyses., Res Synth Methods, 2, 223, 10.1002/jrsm.52

Mansournia, 2016, Inverse probability weighting., BMJ, 352, i189, 10.1136/bmj.i189