Vượt Qua Giữ Gìn Hòa Bình: Liệu Các Lực Lượng Gìn Giữ Hòa Bình Có Thể Giảm Sự Chia Rẽ Dân Tộc Sau Bạo Lực?

Political Behavior - Tập 42 - Trang 213-238 - 2018
Douglas Page1, Sam Whitt2
1Department of Political Science, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, USA
2High Point, USA

Tóm tắt

Nghiên cứu hiện có cho thấy rằng các lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình quốc tế góp phần giải quyết xung đột và giúp duy trì hòa bình, thường diễn ra tại những địa điểm có sự phân chia sắc tộc thù địch. Tuy nhiên, vẫn chưa rõ liệu sự hiện diện của các lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình có thực sự làm giảm những quan điểm sắc tộc và những hành vi địa phương duy trì những phân chia này hay không. Chúng tôi xem xét tác động của các cuộc triển khai lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình NATO đến chủ nghĩa sắc tộc ở Bosnia sau chiến tranh. Trong khi các lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình không được triển khai ngẫu nhiên tại Bosnia, chúng tôi phát hiện rằng những thái độ cực đoan về sắc tộc rất phổ biến ở Bosnia khi bắt đầu triển khai lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình, từ đó làm giảm bớt mối lo ngại về nội sinh. Để đo lường chủ nghĩa sắc tộc, chúng tôi sử dụng nhiều công cụ khảo sát khác nhau cũng như một thí nghiệm hành vi (trò chơi bạo chúa) với những điều trị sắc tộc qua thời gian. Chúng tôi nhận thấy rằng các vùng có lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình có mức độ chủ nghĩa sắc tộc thấp hơn so với các vùng không có lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình, và hiệu ứng này vẫn tồn tại ngay cả sau khi các lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình đã rời đi. Hiệu ứng gìn giữ hòa bình cũng bền vững đối với một mẫu phụ gồm người Serb Bosnia, cho thấy rằng các cuộc triển khai lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình có thể có tác động tích cực trong việc giảm bớt chủ nghĩa sắc tộc, ngay cả khi các cộng đồng địa phương đặc biệt thù địch với sự hiện diện của họ. Kết quả của chúng tôi đề cập đến vai trò tiềm năng lâu dài của lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình trong việc giảm bớt căng thẳng giữa các nhóm trong xung đột.

Từ khóa

#Lực lượng gìn giữ hòa bình #chủ nghĩa sắc tộc #Bosnia #xung đột #hòa bình quốc tế

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