Beyond Implications and Applications: the Story of ‘Safety by Design’

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 3 - Trang 79-96 - 2009
Christopher M. Kelty1
1Department of Information Studies, Center for Society and Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA

Tóm tắt

Using long-term anthropological observations at the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology in Houston, Texas, the article demonstrates in detail the creation of new objects, new venues and new modes of veridiction which have reoriented the disciplines of materials chemistry and nanotoxicology. Beginning with the confusion surrounding the meaning of ‘implications’ and ‘applications’ the article explores the creation of new venues (CBEN and its offshoot the International Council on Nanotechnology); it then demonstrates how the demands for a responsible, safe or ethical science were translated into new research and experiment in and through these venues. Finally it shows how ‘safety by design’ emerged as a way to go beyond implications and applications, even as it introduced a whole new array of controversies concerning its viability, validity and legitimacy.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Bensaude-Vincent B (2009) Self-assembly, self-organization: nanotechnology and vitalism. NanoEthics 3:31–42 Brant JA, Labille J, Bottero J-V, Wiesner MR (2006) Characterizing the impact of preparation method on fullerene cluster structure and chemistry. Langmuir 22(8):3878–3885 Colvin V (2003a) Nanotechnology research and development act of 2003. Testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science, April 9, 2003 Colvin V (2003b) The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nat Biotechnol 21(10):1166–1170 Colvin V, Schlamp M, Alivisatos PA (1994) Light-emitting diodes made from Cadmium Selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer. Nature 370(6488):354–357 de S Cameron NM, Mitchell E (2007) Nanoscale: issues and perspectives for the nano century. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken Dunphy Guzman KA, Taylor MR, Banfield JF (2006) Environmental risks of nanotechnology: national nanotechnology initiative funding, 2000–2004. Environ Sci Technol 40:1401–1407 Ebbesen M (2008) The role of the humanities and social sciences in nanotechnology research and development. NanoEthics 2:1–13 Fagan MB (2007) The search for the hematopoietic stem cell: social interaction and epistemic success in immunology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C 38:217–237 Fagan MB (2009) Stems and standards: social interaction in the search for blood stem cells. Journal of the History of Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10739-008-9174-8 (Accessed July 22, 2009) Fortner J, Lyon D, Sayes C, Boyd A, Falkner J, Hotze E, Alemany L, Tao Y, Guo W, Ausman K et al (2005) C60 in water: nanocrystal formation and microbial response. Environ Sci Technol 39(11):4307–4316 Fortun K (2009) Figuring out ethnography. In: Marcus G, Faubion J (eds) Fieldwork isn’t what it used to be. Cornell University Press, Ithaca Galison P (1997) Image and logic: a material culture of microphysics. University Of Chicago Press Gorman M (2002) Levels of expertise and trading zones. Soc Stud Sci 32(6):933–38 Groves C (2009) Nanotechnology, contingency and finitude. NanoEthics 3(1):1–16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-009-0057-z (Accessed April 3, 2009) Guston D (2001) Boundary organizations in environmental policy and science: an introduction. Sci Technol Human Values 26(4):399–408 Hansch C (1969) Quantitative approach to biochemical structure-activity relationships. Acc Chem Res 2:232–239 Hansch C, Fujita T (1964) p-σ-π Analysis. A method for the correlation of biological activity and chemical structure. J Am Chem Soc 86:1616–1626 Johnson A (2009) Modeling molecules: computational nanotechnology as a knowledge community. Perspect Sci 17:144–173 Kearnes M (2007) (Re)making matter: design and selection. Area 39:143–155 Kelty CM (2008) Allotropes of fieldwork in nanotechnology. Emerging conceptual, ethical and policy issues in bionanotechnology. Fabrice Jotterand (ed) 157–180, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8649-6_10 (Accessed April 3, 2009) Kubinyi H (2002) From narcosis to hyperspace: the history of QSAR. Quant Struct-Act Relatsh 21:348–356 Kulinowski K (2004) Nanotechnology: from ‘Wow’ to ‘Yuck’? Bull Sci Technol Soc 24(1):13–20 Kulinowski K (2007) ICON: a new model of engagement. In: de S Cameron NM, Mitchell E (eds) Nanoscale: issues and perspectives for the nano century. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 393–412 Kurath M, Maasen S (2006) Toxicology as a nanoscience?—Disciplinary identities reconsidered. Part Fibre Toxicol 3:6 Latour B (1987) Science in action: how to follow scientists and engineers through society. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Lounsbury M, Kelty C, Yavuz C, Colvin V (2009) Towards open source nano: arsenic removal and alternative models of technology transfer. JAI Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth 19:51–78 McCarthy E, Kelty CM (2009) Responsibility and nanotechnology. Social Studies of Science, in press. Mody CCM (2009) Introduction. Perspect Sci 17(2):111–122 Nordmann A (2009) Invisible origins of nanotechnology: Herbert Gleiter, materials science, and questions of prestige. Perspect Sci 17(2):123–143 Oberdoerster E (2004) Manufactured nanomaterials (Fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass. Environ Health Perspect 112(10):1058 Oberdoerster G, Oberdoerster E, Oberdoerster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113(7):823–839 Ostrowski A, Martin T, Conti J, Hurt I, Harthorn B (2009) Nanotoxicology: characterizing the scientific literature, 2000–2007. J Nanopart Res 11:251–257 Rabinow P, Bennett G (2009) Ars Synthetica: designs for human practice. Rice University Press, Houston URL: http://cnx.org/content/col10612/latest/ Rip A (2006) Folk theories of nanotechnologists. Sci Cult 15(4):349–65 Sayes C, Fortner J, Guo W, Lyon D, Boyd A, Ausman K, Tao Y, Sitharaman B, Wilson L, Hughes J et al (2004) The differential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerenes. Nano Lett 4(10):1881–1887 Sayes C, Gobin A, Ausman K, Mendez J, West J, Colvin V (2005) Nano-C60 cytotoxicity is due to lipid peroxidation. Biomaterials 26(36):7587–7595 Sayes C, Liang F, Hudson J, Mendez J, Guo W, Beach J, Moore V, Doyle C, West J, Billups W et al (2006) Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 161(2):135–142 Sayes C, Wahi R, Kurian P, Liu Y, West J, Ausman K, Warheit D, Colvin V (2006) Correlating nanoscale Titania structure with toxicity: a cytotoxicity and inflammatory response study with human dermal fibroblasts and human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Sci 92(1):174–185 Star S, Griesemer J (1989) Institutional ecology, translations’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s museum of vertebrate zoology, 1907–39. Soc Stud Sci 19(3):387 Warheit D, Webb T, Sayes C, Colvin V, Reed K (2006) Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats: toxicity is not dependent upon particle size and surface area. Toxicol Sci 91(1):227–236 VC#1: Vicki Colvin, Interview #1, May 2007 VC#2: Vicki Colvin, Interview #2, July 2007 EO#1: Eva Oberdoerster Interview #1, April 2008