Between a Rock and a Hard place: a Trauma-Informed Approach to Documenting the Traumatic Experiences of Tamil Refugees

Allotey, P. (1998). Traveling with “excess baggage”: health problems of refugee women in Western Australia. Women and Health, 28, 63–81.

Barrington, A. J., & Shakespeare-Finch, J. (2013). Working with refugee survivors of torture and trauma: an opportunity for vicarious post-traumatic growth. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 26(1), 89–105.

Beiser, M., Goodwill, A. M., Albanese, P., McShane, K., & Kanthasamy, P. (2015). Predictors of the integration of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in Canada: pre-migration adversity, mental health, personal attributes, and post-migration experience. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 11(1), 29–44.

Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H., & Birman, D. (2012). Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 682–690.

Bentley, J. A., Thoburn, J. W., Stewart, D. G., & Boynton, L. D. (2012). Post-migration stress as a moderator between traumatic exposure and self-reported mental health symptoms in a sample of Somali refugees. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 17, 452–469.

Canadian Council for Refugees (2000). Immigration and Refugee Board, Convention Refugee Determination Division. 1999: Top Source Countries. www.web.net/~ccr/crdd99.htm . Accessed 11 June 2001.

Carlozzi, N. E., Reese-Melancon, C., & Thomas, D. G. (2011). Memory functioning in post-traumatic stress disorder: objective findings versus subjective complaints. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 27(3), 287–293.

Cleveland, J., & Rousseau, C. (2013). Psychiatric symptoms associated with brief detention of adult asylum seekers in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(7), 409–416.

Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Individuals granted asylum affirmatively y region and country of origin: Fiscal years 1997 to 2006. www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Table17D_O.xls . Accessed 14 Jan 2016.

Fallot, R. D., & Harris, M. (2001). Using trauma theory to design service systems: new directions for mental health services. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

George, M. (2013). Sri Lankan Tamil refugee experiences: a qualitative analysis. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 6(3), 170–180.

Gorman, W. (2001). Refugee survivors of torture: trauma and treatment. Professional psychology: Research and Practice, 32(5), 443–451.

Harding, S., & Libal, K. (2012). Iraqi refugees and the humanitarian costs of the Iraq war: what role for social work? International Journal of Social Welfare, 21(1), 94–104.

Hollifield, M., Verbillis-Kolp, S., Farmer, B., Toolson, E. C., Woldehaimanot, T., Yamazaki, J., Holland, A., St. Clair, J., & Soo Hoo, J. (2013). The Refugee Health Screener 15 (RHS-15): development and validation of an instrument for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in refugees. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35, 202–209.

Hollifield, M., Warner, T., Lian, N., Krakow, B., Jenkins, J., Kesler, J., Stevenson, J., & Westermeyer, J. (2002). Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: a critical review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(5), 611–621.

Koch, D.G. (2011). Once, we welcomed Tamil refugees: twenty-five years later, Canada jails “boat people”. The Dominion, 77, June 24. http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4000 .

Martin, D.C. & Yankay, J.E. (2014). Refugees and Asylees: 2013. Office of Immigration Statistics, US Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov . Accessed 24 Nov 14.

Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 1–19.

Pope, K. S. (2012). Psychological assessment of torture survivors: essential steps, avoidable errors, and helpful resources. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35, 418–426.

Slewa-Younan, S., Mond, J. M., Bussion, E., Melkonian, M., Mohammad, Y., Dover, H., Smith, M., Milosevic, D., & Jorm, A. (2015). Psychological trauma and help seeking behaviour amongst resettled Iraqi refugees in attending English tuition classes in Australia. International Journalof Mental Health Systems, 9(5), 1–14.

Tay, A. K., Rees, S., Chen, J., Kareth, M., Lahe, S., Kitau, R., David, K., Sonoling, J., & Silove, D. (2015). Associations of conflict-related trauma and ongoing stressors with the mental health and functioning of West Papuan refugees in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PNG). PLoS One, 10(4), 1–19.

Thiranagama, S. (2013). The self at a time of war in Northern Sri Lanka. Journal of Historical Sociology, 26(1), 19–40.

United Nations. (1984). Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. http://www.hrweb.org/legal/cat.html . Accessed 22 Jan 2016.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2014). Figures at a Glance. http://www.unhcr.org . Accessed 24 Nov 2014.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1999). The 1951 Convention relating to the status of refugees: its relevance in contemporary context. http://www.refworld.org . Accessed 14 Jan 2016.

Weaver, H. N., & Burns, B. J. (2001). “I shout with fear at night”: understanding the traumatic experiences of refugees. Journal of Social Work, 1(2), 147–164.

Weaver, H. N., Hunt-Jackson, J., & Burns, B. J. (2003). Asylum-seekers along the U.S.-Canada border: challenges of a vulnerable population. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Services, 1(3/4), 81–98.

Wyshak, G. (1994). The relation between change in reports of traumatic events and symptoms of psychological distress. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16(4), 290–297.