Benefits and challenges of newborn hearing screening for developing countries

UNICEF. The state of the world’s children 2003.

Finitzo, 1999, The role of the pediatrician in hearing loss: From detection to connection, Pediatr. Clin. North Am., 46, 15, 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70078-X

Ramkalawan, 1992, The effects of hearing loss and age of intervention on some language metrics in young hearing-impaired children, Br. J. Audiol., 26, 97, 10.3109/03005369209077877

Robinshaw, 1996, The pattern of development from non-communicative behaviour of language by hearing impaired infants, Br. J. Audiol., 30, 177, 10.3109/03005369609079039

Mohr, 2000, The societal costs of severe to profound hearing loss in the United States, Int. J. Technol. Assess, 16, 1120, 10.1017/S0266462300103162

Culbertson, 1986, Children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: cognitive, academic, and social development, Ear Hear, 7, 38, 10.1097/00003446-198602000-00007

Davis, 1986, Effects of mild and moderate hearing impairments on language, educational, and psychosocial behaviour of children, J. Speech Hear Dis., 51, 53, 10.1044/jshd.5101.53

Bess, 1998, Children with minimal sensorineural hearing loss: prevalence, Ear Hear, 19, 339, 10.1097/00003446-199810000-00001

Carney, 1998, Treatment efficacy: hearing loss in children, J. Speech Hear Res., 41, S61, 10.1044/jslhr.4101.s61

Yoshinaga-Itano, 1998, Language of early and later-identified children with hearing loss, Pediatrics, 102, 1161, 10.1542/peds.102.5.1161

American Academy of Paediatrics. Task force on newborn and infant hearing: newborn and infant hearing loss. Detection and intervention. Pediatrics 103 (1999):527–530.

Kountakis, 2002, Risk factors for hearing loss in neonates: a prospective study, Am. J. Otolaryngol., 23, 133, 10.1053/ajot.2002.123453

Davis, 1997, A critical review of the role of neonatal hearing screening in the detection of congenital hearing impairment, Health Technol. Assess, 1, 1, 10.3310/hta1100

Mencher, 2001, Universal newborn screening: a dream realized or a nightmare in the making?, Scand. Audiol., 30, 15, 10.1080/010503901750166547

Olusanya, 2001, Early detection of hearing impairment in a developing country: what options?, Audiology, 40, 141, 10.3109/00206090109073109

Alberti, 1999, Paediatric ear nose throat services’ demands and resources: a global perspective, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 49, 51

Stephens, 2000, Attitudes toward hearing impaired children in less developed countries: a pilot study, Audiology, 39, 184, 10.3109/00206090009073076

Wilson, 1990, Hearing impairment in developing countries, J. Otolaryngol., 19, 368

World Bank. Selected world development indicators. World Development Report 2002, Oxford University Press, London, pp 229–241.

Chapchap, 2001, Universal newborn hearing screening and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions: new concepts in Brazil, Scand. Audiol., 30, 33, 10.1080/010503901750166600

Lin, 2002, A Universal newborn hearing screening program in Taiwan, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 63, 209, 10.1016/S0165-5876(02)00011-3

Jakubikova, 2003, Identification of hearing loss in newborns by transient otoacoustic emissions, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 67, 15, 10.1016/S0165-5876(02)00285-9

Maisoun, 2003, Hearing screening of neonates at risk, Saudi Med. J., 24, 55

Zeng, 1995, Cochlear implants in China, Audiology, 34, 61, 10.3109/00206099509071899

Berruecos, 2000, Cochlear implants an international perspective—Latin American Countries and Spain, Audiology, 39, 221, 10.3109/00206090009073082

Olusanya, 2000, Hearing impairment prevention in developing countries: making things happen, Int. J. Pediatr. Otolaryngol., 55, 167, 10.1016/S0165-5876(00)00392-X

Smith, 2001, WHO activities for prevention of deafness and hearing impairment in children, Scand. Audiol. Suppl., 53, 93, 10.1080/010503901750166808

Davis A., Mencher G., Epidemiology of permanent childhood hearing impairment. In: V. Newton (Ed.), Paediatric Audiological Medicine. Whurr Publishers, London, 2002.

Swart, 1995, A survey of ear and hearing disorders amongst a representative sample of Grad 1 School Children in Swaziland, Int. J. Pediatr. Otolaryngol., 32, 23, 10.1016/0165-5876(94)01109-B

Olusanya, 2000, The hearing profile of Nigerian school children, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 55, 173, 10.1016/S0165-5876(00)00393-1

Newton, 2001, Evaluation of a questionnaire to detect hearing loss in Kenyan pre-school children, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 57, 229, 10.1016/S0165-5876(00)00453-5

National Ear Care Programme. Unpublished preliminary report on the prevalence and causes of hearing impairment in Nigeria using WHO Protocol on ear and hearing disorders. National Ear Care Centre, 2002.

Mcpherson, 1985, A study of deafness in West Africa: the Gambian hearing health project, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 10, 115, 10.1016/S0165-5876(85)80024-0

Seely, 1995, Hearing loss prevalence and risk factors among Sierra Leonean children, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 121, 853, 10.1001/archotol.1995.01890080023004

Mcpherson, 1997, Childhood hearing loss in sub-Saharan Africa: a review and recommendations, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 40, 1, 10.1016/S0165-5876(97)01508-5

Bafaqeeh, 1994, Relevant demographic factors and hearing impaiment in Saudi children: epidemiological study, J. Laryngol. Otol., 108, 294, 10.1017/S0022215100126581

Mourad, 1993, Hearing impairment: is it a public health problem among school pupils in Alexandria, J. Egypt Public Health Assoc., 68, 703

Hadjikakou, 2000, Prevalence and age of identification of permanent childhood hearing impairment in Cyprus, Audiology, 39, 198, 10.3109/00206090009073078

Jacob, 1997, Hearing impairment and otitis media in rural primary school in south India, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 39, 133, 10.1016/S0165-5876(96)01479-6

Elahi, 1998, Paediatric hearing loss in rural Pakistan, J. Otolaryngol., 27, 348

Datta, 1995, Screening a unique way of better health care delivery for ENT patients, Med. Res. Counc. Bull., 21, 99

Little, 1993, Hearing impairment and ear pathology in Nepal, J. Laryngol. Otol., 107, 395, 10.1017/S0022215100123278

Liu, 1993, Prevalence and aetiology of profound deafness in the general population of Sichuan, China. J. Laryngol. Otol., 107, 990, 10.1017/S0022215100125071

Elango, 1991, Hearing loss and ear disorders in Malaysian school children, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 22, 75, 10.1016/0165-5876(91)90098-V

Prasansuk, 2000, Incidence/prevalence of sensorineural hearing impairment in Thailand and South Asia, Audiology, 39, 207, 10.3109/00206090009073080

Lyn C, 1998, Hearing screening in Jamaica: prevalence of otitis media with effusion, Laryngoscope, 108, 288, 10.1097/00005537-199802000-00024

Mencher, 2000, Prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss in children in Costa Rica, Audiology, 39, 278, 10.3109/00206090009073092

Uus, 2000, Epidemiology of permanent childhood hearing impairment in Estonia, 1985–1990, Audiology, 39, 192, 10.3109/00206090009073077

Derekroy, 2000, Etiology of deafness in Afyon school for the deaf in Turkey, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 55, 125, 10.1016/S0165-5876(00)00390-6

Obiako, 1987, Profound deafness in Nigeria: a three year survey, Ear Hear, 8, 74, 10.1097/00003446-198704000-00003

Minja, 1998, Aetiology of deafness among Children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Int. J Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 42, 225, 10.1016/S0165-5876(97)00137-7

Sellars, 1983, Childhood deafness in southern Africa. An aetiological survey of 3064 deaf children, J. Laryngol. Otol., 97, 885, 10.1017/S0022215100095736

Zakzouk, 2002, Sensorineural hearing impaired children with unknown causes: a comprehensive etiological study, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 64, 17, 10.1016/S0165-5876(02)00029-0

D’Mello, 1995, High-risk register: an economical tool for early identification, Indian J. Pediatr., 62, 731, 10.1007/BF02825129

Elango, 1992, Childhood deafness in Malaysia, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 24, 11, 10.1016/0165-5876(92)90061-S

Russo, 2000, Overview of audiology in Brazil: state of the art, Audiology, 39, 202, 10.3109/00206090009073079

Barbi, 2003, A wider role for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in sensorineural hearing loss, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 22, 39, 10.1097/00006454-200301000-00012

Andrews, 2000, Group B streptococci causing neonatal bloodstream infection: antimicrobial susceptibility and serotyping results from SEN centers in the Western Hemisphere, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 183, 859, 10.1067/mob.2000.108839

Reef, 2002, The changing epidemiology of rubella in the 1990s: on the verge elimination and new challenges for control and prevention, JAMA, 287, 464, 10.1001/jama.287.4.464

Zakzouk, 1997, Epidemiology and etiology of hearing impairment among infants and children in a developing country: Part I, J. Otolaryngol., 26, 335

Zakzouk, 1997, Epidemiology and etiology of hearing impairment among infants and children in a developing country: Part II, J. Otolaryngol., 26, 402

G.O. Okoji, R.S. Oruamabo, Survival in very low birth-weight infants at the University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med. 11 (1) (1992) 1–6, 40.

Daghistani, 2002, Hearing impairment in low birth-weight children, Saudi Med. J., 23, 311

Ampofo, 1990, Epidemology of vesico–vagina fistulas in Northern Nigeria, West Afr. J. Med., 9, 98

Asindi, 1980, Prolonged rupture of membrane and neonatal morbidity, East Afr. Med. J., 57, 707

Owa, 1990, The risk of neonatal septicaemia after prolonged rupture of membranes in Nigeria, Trop Geogr. Med., 42, 217

Akindele, 1997, Outbreak of neonatal klebsiella septicaemia: a review of antimicrobial sensitivities, Afr. J. Med. Sci., 26, 51

Owa, 1990, Neonatal jaundice among Nigerian pre-term infants, West Afr. J. Med., 9, 252

Olowe, 1981, Exchange transfusion using G6-PD deficient or Hgb-AS blood in icteric neonates, J. Nat. Med. Ass., 71, 811

Ahmed, 1995, Neonatal jaundice with reference to aflatoxins: an aetiological study in Zaria, northern Nigeria, Ann. Trop Paediatr., 15, 11, 10.1080/02724936.1995.11747743

Sodeinde, 1995, Neonatal jaundice, aflatoxins and naphthols; report of a study in Ibadan, Nigeria, Ann. Trop Paediatr., 15, 107, 10.1080/02724936.1995.11747757

Egwunyenga, 1996, Malaria infection of the cord and birthweights in Nigerians, Central Afr. J. Med., 42, 265

Olanrewaju, 1999, Malaria in the neonates: Report of 2 Cases, West Afr. J. Med., 18, 139

Ibhanesebor, 1995, Clinical characteristics of neonatal malaria, J. Trop Pediatr., 41, 330, 10.1093/tropej/41.6.330

Ibekwe, 1998, Febrile illness a major cause of profound deafness in Enugu, West J. Med., 17, 15

Omene, 1981, Seizures in the Nigerian neonate: perinatal factors, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 19, 295, 10.1016/0020-7292(81)90078-3

Airede, 1991, Neonatal seizures and a 2-year neurological outcome, J. Trop Pediatr., 37, 313, 10.1093/tropej/37.6.313

Gopal, 2001, Identification and follow-up of children with hearing loss in Mauritius, Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 57, 99, 10.1016/S0165-5876(00)00434-1

Obiako, 1985, Chloroquine ototoxicity: an iatrogenic problem, Mater Med. Pol., 17, 195

Hinchcliffe, 1972, Hearing levels in Nigeria ataxic neuropathy, Audiology, 11, 218, 10.3109/00206097209089300

Adeyokunnu, 1982, The incidence of Down’s syndrome in Nigeria, J Med. Genet, 19, 277, 10.1136/jmg.19.4.277

Mcmoli, 1981, Usher’s syndrome in the Nigerian child, East Afr. Med. J., 68, 967

Adeyemo, 1997, Major congenital malformations among neonatal referrals to a Nigerian University Hospital, East Afr. Med. J., 74, 699

Chiong, 2002, Neonatal hearing screening in a neonatal intensive care unit using distortion product otoacoustic emissions, Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 123, 215, 10.1080/00016480310000331

Paul, 1998, Neurodevelopmental outcome of ‘at risk’ nursery graduates, Indian J. Pediatr., 65, 857, 10.1007/BF02831347

Oysu, 2002, Incidence of cochlear involvement in hyperbilirubinaemic deafness, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol., 1111, 1021, 10.1177/000348940211101113

Pruszewicz, 2001, Low birth-weight as a risk factor of hearing loss, Scand. Audiol. Suppl., 52, 194, 10.1080/010503901300007506

Singh, 1996, Auditory profile in children recovering from bacterial meningitis, Indian J. Pediatr., 163, 210, 10.1007/BF02845246

Boo, 1994, Risk factors associated with hearing loss in term neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia, J. Trop Pediatr., 40, 194, 10.1093/tropej/40.4.194

Conde-Agudelo, 2000, Epidemiology of fetal death in Latin America, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 79, 371, 10.1080/j.1600-0412.2000.079005371.x

Olusanya, 2001, Permanent childhood hearing loss in Nigeria: age of Identification and intervention, Aust. NZ Aud., 23, 130

Prendergast, 2002, Ages of diagnosis, amplification, and early intervention of infants and young children with hearing loss: Findings from parent interviews, Am. Ann. Deaf., 147, 24, 10.1353/aad.2012.0198

Hudgson, 1969, Misdiagnosis of children with hearing loss, J. Sch. Health, 39, 570, 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1969.tb07055.x

Watkin, 1990, Parental suspicion and identification of hearing impairment, Arch. Dis. Child, 65, 846, 10.1136/adc.65.8.846

Williamson, 1992, Progressive hearing loss in infants with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Pediatrics, 90, 862, 10.1542/peds.90.6.862

Fowler, 1999, Newborn hearing screening: will children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection be missed?, J. Pediatr., 135, 60, 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70328-8

Hutchin, 2000, Delayed-onset sensorineural hearing loss in a 3-year-old survivor of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, Arch Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 126, 1014, 10.1001/archotol.126.8.1014

Mann, 1998, Sensorineural hearing loss in ECMO survivors, J. Am. Acad. Audio., 9, 367

Robertson, 2002, Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss after severe neonatal respiratory failure, Otol. Neurotol., 23, 353, 10.1097/00129492-200205000-00022

Kennedy, 2000, False positives in universal neonatal screening for hearing impairment, Lancet, 356, 1903, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03267-0

Watkin, 1998, Maternal anxiety and attitude to universal neonatal hearing screening, Br. J. Audiol., 32, 27, 10.3109/03005364000000048

Hergils, 2000, Universal neonatal hearing screening- parental attitudes and concern, Br. J. Audiol., 34, 321, 10.3109/03005364000000147

WHO Ear and Hearing Disorders Survey: Protocol. World Health Organization, Geneva, July 1999, WHO/PBD/PDH/99.8.

B.O. Olusanya, Childhood deafness in a developing country: is parental suspicion early enough? Unpublished paper, presented at the IX International Congress of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, September 2002. Oxford, United Kingdom.

Stuart, 2000, An investigation of maternal stress after neonatal hearing screening, Am. J. Audiol., 9, 135, 10.1044/1059-0889(2000/016)

Watkin, 1995, The views of parents of hearing impaired children on the need for neonatal hearing screening, Br. J. Audiol., 29, 259, 10.3109/03005369509076740

Schellenberg, 2001, Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 357, 1471, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04643-2

Edmunds, 2000, The cost of integrating hepatitis B virus vaccine into national immunisation programmes: a case study from Addis Ababa, Health Policy Plan, 15, 408, 10.1093/heapol/15.4.408

Bantock, 1998, Universal hearing screening using transient otoacoustic emissions in a community health clinic, Arch Dis. Child, 78, 249, 10.1136/adc.78.3.249

Shah, 1999, Evaluation of the WHO/UNICEF algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness between the age of 2 months to 5 years, Indian Pediatr., 36, 767

Madriz, 2000, Hearing impairment in Latin America: an inventory of limited options and resources, Audiology, 39, 212, 10.3109/00206090009073081

Joint Committee on Infant Hearing. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing Year 2000 Position Statement: Principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics 106 (4) (2000) 798–817.

Vohr, 2000, Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: characteristics of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and well-baby nursery, Ear Hear, 21, 373, 10.1097/00003446-200010000-00005

Paradise, 1999, Universal newborn hearing screening: should we leap before we look?, Pediatrics, 103, 670, 10.1542/peds.103.3.670

Boshuizen, 2001, Costs of different strategies for neonatal hearing screening: a modeling approach, Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed., 85, F177, 10.1136/fn.85.3.F177

Huynh, 1996, Universal newborn hearing screening: feasibility in a community hospital, J. Fam. Pract., 42, 487

Kennedy, 2000, Neonatal screening for hearing impairment, Arch. Dis. Child, 83, 377, 10.1136/adc.83.5.377

Luxon, 2000, Editorial: Audiological Medicine in the twenty-first Century, J. Audiol. Med., 9, v

Wirz, 1998, The use of non-specialist personnel in providing a service for children disabled by hearing impairment, Disabil. Rehabil., 20, 189, 10.3109/09638289809166080

Kumar, 2001, WHO tackles hearing disabilities in developing world, Lancet, 358, 219, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05460-5

Kanne, 1999, Potential pitfalls of initiating a newborn hearing screening program, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 125, 28, 10.1001/archotol.125.1.28

Simmons, 1978, Identification of hearing loss in infants and young children, Otolaryngologic Clin. North Am., 11, 19, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)32565-2

Turmusani, 2002, Some ethical issues in community-based rehabilitation initiatives in developing countries, Dis. Rehabil., 24, 558, 10.1080/09638280110113449

UNICEF. UNICEF’s priorities for children 2002–2005 in UNICEF’s Medium-term strategic plan (MTSP) for the period 2002–2005.

World Health Organisation. Prevention of hearing impairment. Resolution of the 48th World Health Assembly, 12 May 1995, WHA 48.9.