Behavior Analysts and Cultural Analysis: Troubles and Issues
Tóm tắt
Three strategic suggestions are offered to behavior analysts who are concerned with extending the interests of our discipline into domains traditionally assigned to the social sciences: (1) to expand our world-view perspectives beyond the boundaries commonly accepted by psychologists in general; (2) to build a cultural analytic framework upon the foundations we have developed for the study of individuals; and (3) to study the works of those social scientists whose views are generally compatible with, and complementary to, our own. Sociologist C. Wright Mills’ distinction between troubles and issues and anthropologist Marvin Harris’s principles of cultural materialism are related to topics raised by these three strategies. The pervasiveness of the “psychocentric” world view within psychology and the social sciences, and throughout our culture at large, is discussed from the points of view of Skinner, Mills, and Harris. It is suggested that a thorough commitment to radical behaviorism, and continuation of interaction between radical behaviorism and cultural materialism, are necessary for maintaining and extending an issues orientation within the discipline of behavior analysis and for guarding against dilutions and subversions of that orientation by “deviation-dampening” contingencies that exist in our profession and in our culture at large.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Azrin, N. (1978). Toward a solution: A critique. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 175.
Biglan, A. (1988). Behavior analysis and the larger context. Behavior Analysis, 23, 25–32.
Birnbrauer, J. S. (1978). Better living through behaviorism? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 176–177.
Branch, M. N., & Malagodi, E. F. (1980). Where have all the behaviorists gone? The Behavior Analyst, 3, 31–38.
Educational Testing Service (1985). Directory of Graduate Programs: 1986 & 1987. Princeton, NJ: Author.
Glenn, S. S. (1985a, October). Behavioral selection and cultural contingencies. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Association for Behavior Analysis, Charleston, SC.
Glenn, S. S. (1985b). Some reciprocal roles between behavior analysis and institutional economics in post-Darwinian science. The Behavior Analyst, 8, 15–27.
Glenn, S. S. (1986). Metacontingencies in Waiden Two. Behavior Analysis & Social Action, 5, 1–8.
Glenn, S. S. (1987, May). Social contingencies in Marvin Harris’s infrastructure, structure and superstructure. In H. S. Pennypacker (chair), Behavior analysis and cultural materialism: Toward integration. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.
Glenn, S. S. (1988). Contingencies and metacontingencies: Toward a synthesis of behavior analysis and cultural materialism. The Behavior Analyst, 11, 161–179.
Goldiamond, I. (1974). Toward a constructional approach to social problems: Ethical and Constitutional issues raised by applied behavior analysis. Behaviorism, 2, 1–84.
Goldiamond, I. (1978). The professional as a double-agent. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 178–184.
Goldstein, M. K. (1986). He has acted to save the world: Award to Marlin Schneider, Wisconsin State Representative. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 193–196.
Harris, M. (1974). Cows, pigs, wars, and witches. New York: Random House.
Harris, M. (1978). Cannibals and kings: The origins of cultures. New York: Random House.
Harris, M. (1980). Cultural materialism: The struggle for a science of culture. New York: Random House.
Harris, M. (1981). America now: The anthropology of a changing culture. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Hayes, S. C., & Brownstein, A. J. (1986). Mentalism, behavior-behavior relations, and a behavior-analytic view of the purposes of science. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 175–190.
Holland, J. G. (1978a). Behaviorism: Part of the problem or part of the solution? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 163–174.
Holland, J. G. (1978b). Toward a solution: A re-joinder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11, 185–187.
Kennedy, P. (1987). The rise and fall of the great powers. New York: Random House.
Lloyd, K. E. (1985). Behavioral anthropology: A review of Marvin Harris’ Cultural Materialism. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 279–287.
Lloyd, K. E. (1987, May). Emics and etics. In H. S. Pennypacker (chair), Behavior analysis and cultural materialism: Toward integration. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.
Maeterlinck, M. (1911). Our social duty. In The measure of the hours (A. T. DeMattos, Trans., pp. 85–105). New York: Dodd, Mead. (Original work published 1907)
Malagodi, E. F. (1986). On radicalizing behaviorism: A call for cultural analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 1–17.
Malagodi, E. F., & Jackson, K. (1987, May). Behavior analysts/cultural analysis: Troubles and issues. In H. S. Pennypacker (chair), Behavior analysis and cultural materialism: Toward integration. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.
Malott, R. W. (1987, May). Behavioral anthropology and rule-governed behavior. In H. S. Pennypacker (chair), Behavior analysis and cultural materialism: Toward integration. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.
Mills, C. W. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
National Science Foundation. (1986, October). Early release of summary statistics on academic science/engineering resources. Washington, DC: Author.
Pennypacker, H. S. (1986). The challenge of technology transfer: Buying in without selling out. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 147–156.
Sarason, S. S. (1981). Psychology misdirected. New York: Free Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Waiden two. New York: Free Press.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1969). Behaviorism at fifty. In Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis (pp. 221–268). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Skinner, B. F. (1978). Reflections on behaviorism and society. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213, 501–504.
Skinner, B. F. (1986). What is wrong with daily life in the Western World? American Psychologist, 41, 568–574.
Vargas, E. A. (1985). Cultural contingencies: A review of Marvin Harris’s Cannibals and Kings. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 43, 419–428.
Vargas, E. A. (1987, May). Cultural materialism, radical behaviorism, and evolutionary Darwinism: Feedback control. In H. S. Pennypacker (chair), Behavior analysis and cultural materialism: Toward integration. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Association for Behavior Analysis, Nashville, TN.