Behavior Analysis of Psychotic Disorders: Scientific Dead End or Casualty of the Mental Health Political Economy?

Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Abraham, J. (1995). Science, politics, and the pharmaceutical industry: Controversy and bias in drug regulation. London: University College London (UCL) Press. Allen, D. J., & Magaro, P. A. (1971). Measures of change in token-economy programs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(71)90043-X American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.-rev.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association. (2003, September 25). American Psychiatric Association statement on diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders (Release No. 03–39). Washington, DC: Author. Anderson, L. T., & Alpert, M. (1974). Operant analysis of hallucination frequency in a hospitalized schizophrenic. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(74)90007-X Andreasen, N., & Flaum, M. (1994). Characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, M. B. First, R. Ross, & W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV sourcebook: Volume 1 (pp. 351–379). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Andreasen, N., Flaum, M., & Arndt, S. (1992). The comprehensive assessment of symptoms and history (CASH): An instrument for assessing diagnosis and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 615–623. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080023004 Angell, M. (2004). The truth about the drug companies: How they deceive us and what to do about it. New York: Random House. Antonuccio, D. O., Danton, W. G., & McClanahan, T. M. (2003). Psychology in the prescription era: Building a firewall between marketing and science. American Psychologist, 58, 1028–1043. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.12.1028 Attowe, J. M., & Krasner, L. (1968). Preliminary report on the application of contingent reinforcement procedures (token economy) on a “chronic” psychiatric ward. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025439 Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. H. (1965). The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1965.8-357 Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. (1968). The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Ayllon, T., & Haughton, E. (1964). Modification of symptomatic verbal behaviour of mental patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(64)90001-4 Ayllon, T., & Michael, J. (1959). The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1959.2-323 Barton, R. (1999). Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems: A review of outcomes and policy recommendation. Psychiatric Services, 50, 525–534. Bellack, A. S. (1986). Schizophrenia: Behavior therapy’s forgotten child. Behavior Therapy, 17, 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(86)80051-X Bero, L. A., & Rennie, D. (1996). Influences on the quality of published drug studies. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 12(2), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462300009582 Blashfield, R. K., & Fuller, A. K. (1996). Predicting the DSM-V. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(1), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199601000-00002 Bodenheimer, T. (2000). Uneasy alliance: Clinical investigators and the pharmaceutical industry. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342(20), 1539–1544. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200005183422024 Boudewyns, P. A., Fry, T. J., & Nightingale, E. J. (1986). Token economy programs in VA Medical Centers: Where are they today? the Behavior Therapist, 6, 126–127. Boyle, M. (1990). Schizophrenia: A scientific delusion? New York: Routledge. Braslow, J. (1997). Mental ills and bodily cures: Psychiatric treatment in the first half of the twentieth century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Breggin, P. R. (1991). Toxic psychiatry. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Breggin, P. R. (1997). Brain disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the role of the FDA. New York: Springer. Brown, P., & Funk, S. C. (1986). Tardive dyskinesia: Barriers to the professional recognition of an iatrogenic disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 116–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136311 Carlson, C. G., Hersen, M., & Eisler, R. M. (1972). Token economy programs in the treatment of hospitalized adult psychiatric patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 155(3), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-197209000-00006 Cauchon, D. (2000, September 25). FDA advisors tied to industry. USA Today, pp. 1A, 10A. Cohen, C. I. (1993). The biomedicalization of psychiatry: A critical overview. Community Health Journal, 29, 509–521. Cohen, D. (1988). Social work and the psychotropic drug treatments. Social Service Review, 62, 576–599. https://doi.org/10.1086/644576 Cohen, D. (Ed.) (1990). Challenging the therapeutic state: Critical perspectives on psychiatry and The mental health system. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11(3/4), 247–574. Cohen, D. (Ed.) (1994a). Challenging the therapeutic state, Part two: Further disquisitions on the mental health system. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 15(3/4), 1–198. Cohen, D. (1994b). Neuroleptic drug treatment of schizophrenia: The state of confusion. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 15(1/2), 139–156. Cohen, D. (1997). A critique of the use of neuroleptic drugs in psychiatry. In S. Fisher & R. P. Greenberg (Eds.), From placebo to panacea: Putting psychiatric drugs to the test (pp. 173– 228). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cohen, D. (2002). Research on the drug treatment of schizophrenia: A critical appraisal and implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 38, 217–239. Cohen, D., & McCubbin, M. (1990). The political economy of tardive dyskinesia: Asymmetries in power and responsibility. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11(3/4), 219–242. Cohen, D., McCubbin, M., Collin, J., & Perodeau, G. (2001). Medications as social phenomena. Health, 5(4), 441–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/136345930100500403 Cohen, J. S. (2001). Overdose: The case against the drug companies. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. Conrad, P. (2001). Genetic optimism: Framing genes and mental illness in the news. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 25, 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010690427114 Miracle drugs or media drugs? (1992, March). Consumer Reports, pp. 142–146. Cooksey, E. C. & Brown, P. (1998). Spinning on its axes: DSM and the social construction of psychiatric diagnoses. International Journal of Health Services, 28(3), 525–554. https://doi.org/10.2190/1C4D-B7XT-BLLY-WH4X Corrigan, P. W., Kwartarini, W. Y., & Pramana, W. (1992). Staff perceptions of barriers to behavior therapy at a psychiatric hospital. Behavior Modification, 16(1), 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455920161007 Corrigan, P. W., Liberman, R. P., & Wong, S. E. (1993). Recreational therapy and behavior management on inpatient units: Is recreational therapy therapeutic? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 644–646. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199310000-00012 Corrigan, P. W., Williams, O. B., McCracken, S. G., Kommana, S., Edwards, M., & Brunner, J. (1998). Staff attitudes that impede the implementation of behavioral treatment programs. Behavior Modification, 22, 548–562. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455980224006 de Girolamo, G. (1996). WHO studies on schizophrenia: An overview of the results and their implications for the understanding of the disorder. In P. R. Breggin & E. M. Stern (Eds.), Psychosocial approaches to deeply disturbed persons. New York: Haworth Press. De Grandpre, R. (1999). Ritalin nation: Rapid-fire culture and the transformation of human consciousness. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Dickersin, K., Chan, S., Chalmers, T. C., Sacks, H. S., & Smith, H. (1987). Publication bias and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 8(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3 Eli Lilly and Company Annual Report, Notice of Annual Meeting, and Proxy Statement. (2003). Retrieved April 17, 2004, from https://doi.org/www.lilly.com/investor/annualreport/lillyar2003complete.pdf. Geddes, J., Freemantle, N., Harrison, P., & Bebbington, P. (2000). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: Systematic overview and meta-regression analysis. British Journal of Medicine (BMJ), 321, 1371–1376. 10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1371 Gelman, S. (1999). Medicating schizophrenia: A history. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Glynn, S. M. (1990). Token economy approaches for psychiatric patients: Progress and pitfalls over 25 years. Behavior Modification, 14, 383–407. 10.1177/01454455900144002 Glynn, S. M., & Mueser, K. T. (1986). Social learning for chronic mental patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12(4), 648–668. 10.1093/schbul/12.4.648 Goode, E. (2003, December 16). British ignite debate in U.S. on drugs and suicide. The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2003 from nytimes.com database. Gosden, R., & Beder, S. (2001). Pharmaceutical industry agenda setting in mental health policies. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 3(3), 147–159. Hall, J., & Baker, R. (1973). Token economy systems: Breakdown and control. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 253–263. 10.1016/0005-7967(73)90001-6 Hall, J. N., Baker, R. D., & Hutchison, K. (1977). A controlled evaluation of token economy procedures with chronic schizophrenic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 261–283. 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90023-7 Harris, G. (2004, September 14). F.D.A. links drugs to being suicidal. The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2004 from the nytimes.com database. Henderson, J. D., & Scoles, P. E. (1970). Conditioning techniques in a community-based operant environment for psychotic men. Behavior Therapy, 1, 245–251. 10.1016/S0005-7894(70)80037-5 Hersen, M., & Bellack, A. S. (1976). A multiple-baseline analysis of social-skills training in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 9, 239–245. 10.1901/jaba.1976.9-239 Hersen, M., Eisler, R. M., Smith, B. S., & Agras, W. S. (1972). A token reinforcement ward for young psychiatric patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129(2), 142–233. Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R., & Bertelsen, A. (1992). Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence, and course in different cultures: A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychological Medicine, Monograph Supplement 20, 1–97. 10.1017/S0264180100000904 Johnson, A. B. (1990). Out of bedlam: The truth about deinstitutionalization. New York: Basic Books. Johnston, J. M., & Shook, G. (1987). Developing behavior analysis at the state level. The Behavior Analyst, 10, 199–233. Kale, R. J., Kaye, J. H., Whelan, P. A., & Hopkins, B. L. (1968). The effects of reinforcement on the modification, maintenance, and generalization of social responses of mental patients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1, 307–314. 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-307 Kazdin, A. E. (1974). A review of token economy treatment modalities. In D. Harshbarger & R. F. Maley (Eds.), Behavior analysis and system analysis: An integrative approach to mental health programs. Kalamazoo, MI: Behaviordelia, Inc. Kazdin, A. E. (1977). The token economy (pp. 85–93). New York: Plenum Press. Kazdin, A. E. (1983). Failure of persons to respond to the token economy. In E. B. Foa & P. Emmelkamp (Eds.), Failures in behavior therapy (pp. 335–354). New York: Wiley. Kirk, S. A., & Kutchins, H. (1992). The selling of the DSM: The rhetoric of science in psychiatry. New York: Aldine De Gruyter. Kirk, S. A., & Kutchins, H. (1994). The myth of the reliability of the DSM. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 15 (1/2),71–86. Kirsch, I., Moore, T. J., Scoboria, A., & Nicholls, S. S. (2002). The emperor’s new drugs: An analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Prevention & Treatment, 5, Article 23, Retrieved December 9, 2003 from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume5/pre0050023a.html Krimsky, S. (2003). Science in the private interest: Has the lure of profits corrupted biomedical research? Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. A. (1997). Making us crazy -- DSM: The psychiatric bible and the creation of mental disorders. New York: Free Press. Layng, T. V., & Andronis, P. T. (1984). Toward a functional analysis of delusional speech and hallucinatory behavior. The Behavior Analyst, 7(2), 139–156. Lauriello, J., Bustillo, J., & Keith, S. J. (1999). A critical review of research on psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 46(10), 1409–1417. 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00100-6 Leucht, S., Wahlbeck, K., Hamann, J., & Kissling, W. (2003). New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 361, 1581–1589. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13306-5 Liberman, R. P. (1980). A review of Paul and Lentz’s psychological treatment for chronic mental patients: Milieu versus social-learning programs. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 367–371. 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-367 Liberman, R. P., King, L. W., & De Risi, W. J. (1976). Behavior analysis and therapy in community mental health. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy (pp. 566–603). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Liberman, R. P., Teigen, J., Patterson, R., & Baker, V. (1973). Reducing delusional speech in chronic paranoid schizophrenics. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 57–64. 10.1901/jaba.1973.6-57 Liberman, R. P., Wallace, C., Teigen, J., & Davis, J. (1974). Interventions with psychotic behavior. In K. S. Calhoun, H. E. Adams, & K. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Innovative treatment methods in psychopathology (pp. 323–412.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Lindsley, O. R. (1960). Characteristics of the behavior of chronic psychotics as revealed by freeoperant conditioning methods. Diseases of the Nervous System (Monograph Supplement), 21, 66–78. Lindsley, O. R., & Skinner, B. F. (1954). A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of psychotic patients. American Psychologist, 9, 419–420. Little, S. (2001, September/October). The other drug war – Companies spent $177 million on lobbying in 1999–2000. Public Citizen News, 21(5), 5. Lloyd, K. E., & Garlington, W. K. (1968). Weekly variations in performance on a token economy ward. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 407–410. 10.1016/0005-7967(68)90020-X Mace, F. C., Webb, M. E., Sharkey, R. W., Mattson, D. M., & Rosen, H. S. (1988). Functional analysis and treatment of bizarre speech. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19(4), 289–296. 10.1016/0005-7916(88)90060-2 Mace, F. C., & Lalli, J. S. (1991). Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 553–562. 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-553 Massel, H. K., Corrigan, P. W., Liberman, R. P., & Milan, M. A. (1991). Conversational skills training of thought-disordered schizophrenic patients through attention focusing. Psychiatry Research, 38, 51–61. 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90052-Q Miracle drugs or media drugs? (1992, March). Consumer Reports, 142–146. Mosher, L., & Burti, L. (1994). Community mental health: A practical guide (pp. 28–31). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Mosk, M. D., Kuehnel, T. G., Friedman, D. S., Collier, R., & Turley, F. (1988). Behavior therapy in a state hospital: Overcoming obstacles to implementation. the Behavior Therapist, 11, 119–122. Moss, G. R. (1983). Behavioral technology and hospital psychiatry: Considerations from the private sector. Analysis and Interventions in Developmental Disabilities, 3, 205–214. 10.1016/0270-4684(83)90015-0 Moss, G. R. (1993). A commentary on the status of the behavioral approach in the healthcare marketplace. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 24 (4), 311–319. 10.1016/0005-7916(93)90055-2 Moss, G. R., & Liberman, R. P. (1975). Empiricism in psychotherapy: Behavioral specification and measurement. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 73–80. 10.1192/bjp.126.1.73 Mueser, K. T., Torrey, W. C., Lynde, D., Singer, P., & Drake, R. E. (2003). Implementing evidence-based practices for people with severe mental illness. Behavior Modification, 27(3), 387–411. 10.1177/0145445503027003007 National Institute of Mental Health. (2001) NIMH research grants to colleges and universities by academic department fiscal years 1976–2000. (Graph) Retrieved August 31, 2001, from https://doi.org/www.nimh.nih.gov/srcbook/2000/FY200019.jpg National Institute of Mental Health. (2002). Schizophrenia. Retrieved July 3, 2003, from https://doi.org/www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/schizoph.cfm Nelson, G. L., & Cone, J. D. (1979). Multiple-baseline analysis of a token economy for psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 255–271. 10.1901/jaba.1979.12-255 O’Brien, F., & Azrin, N. H. (1972). Symptom reduction by functional displacement in a token economy: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 205–207. 10.1016/0005-7916(72)90075-4 Pam, A. (1990). A critique of the scientific status of biological psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82 (Supplement 362), 1–35. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06868.x Patterson, R. L., & Teigen, J. R. (1973). Conditioning and post-hospital generalization of nondelusional responses in a chronic psychotic patient. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 65–70 10.1901/jaba.1973.6-65 Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients: Milieu versus social-learning programs. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Paul, G. L., & Menditto, A. A. (1992). Effectiveness of inpatient treatment programs for mentally ill adults in public psychiatric facilities. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 1, 41–63. 10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80133-7 Penn, D. L., & Mueser, K. T. (1996). Research update on the psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 607–617. Peterson, M. (2004, February 1). Making drugs, shaping the rules. The New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2004 from the nytimes.com database. Pinkston, E. M., & Herbert-Jackson, E. W. (1975). Modification of irrelevant and bizarre verbal behavior using parents as therapists. Social Service Review, 49, 46–63. 10.1086/643209 Public Citizen Health Research Group. (2001, April). High drug prices for research or profit? Health Letter, 17(4), 8. Washington, DC: Author. Ross, C. A., & Pam, A. (1995). Pseudoscience in biological psychiatry: Blaming the body. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Rutherford, A. (2003). Skinner boxes for psychotics: Operant conditioning at Metropolitan State Hospital. The Behavior Analyst, 26, 267–279. Safer, D. J. (2002). Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(9), 583–592. 10.1097/00005053-200209000-00002 Salzinger, K. (1973). Schizophrenia: Behavioral aspects. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Salzinger, K., & Pisoni, S. (1958). Reinforcement of affect responses of schizophrenics during the clinical interview. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57(1), 84–90. 10.1037/h0040304 Salzinger, K., & Pisoni, S. (1960). Reinforcement of verbal affect responses of normal subjects during the interview. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 127–130. 10.1037/h0044056 Salzinger, K., & Pisoni, S. (1961). Some parameters of verbal affect responses in schizophrenic subjects. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 511–516. 10.1037/h0042648 Salzinger, K., Portnoy, S., & Feldman, R. S. (1966). Verbal behavior in schizophrenics and some comments toward a theory of schizophrenia. In P. H. Hoch, & Zubin, J. (Eds.), Psychopathology of schizophrenia (pp. 98–128). New York: Grune & Stratton. Salzinger, K., Portnoy, S., Pisoni, D. B., & Feldman, R. S. (1970). The immediacy hypothesis and response-produced stimuli in schizophrenic speech. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76(2), 258–264. 10.1037/h0029887 Schock, K., Clay, C., & Cipani, E. (1998). Making sense of schizophrenic symptoms; delusional statements and behavior may be functional in purpose. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29(2), 131–141. 10.1016/S0005-7916(98)00010-X Scott, J. E. & Dixon, L. B. (1995). Psychological interventions for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21(4), 621–630. 10.1093/schbul/21.4.621 Scotti, J. R., McMorrow, M. J., & Trawitzki, A. L. (1993). Behavioral treatment of chronic psychiatric disorders: Publication trends and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 24, 527–550. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80316-8 Siebert, A. (1999). Brain disease hypothesis for schizophrenia disconfirmed by all evidence. Ethical Human Sciences and Services, 1(2), 179–189. Siegel, M. (2001, July 16). Needed: Rx for Drug Costs. The Nation, 273(3), 6–7. Schafer, H. H., & Martin, P. L. (1966). Behavioral therapy for “apathy” of hospitalized schizophrenics. Psychological Reports, 19, 1147–1158. 10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1147 Silverstein, K. (1999, November/December). Prozac.org: An influential mental health nonprofit finds its ‘grassroots’ watered by pharmaceutical millions. Retrieved April 4, 2004, from http://motherjones.com/news/feature/1999/11/nami.html. Skinner, B. F., Solomon, H. C., & Lindsley, O. R. (1954). A new method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of psychotic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 120, 403–406. Stahl, J. R., & Leitenberg, H. (1976). Behavioral treatment of the chronic mental hospital patient. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of behavior modification and therapy (pp. 211–241). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Swazey, J. P. (1974). Chlorpromazine in psychiatry: A study in innovation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Turner, S. M., & Luber, R. F. (1980). The token economy in day hospital settings: Contingency management or information feedback. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 11, 89–94. 10.1016/0005-7916(80)90002-6 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Chapter 2, Overview of etiology. In Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved January 26, 2004, from https://doi.org/www.mentalhealth.org/features/surgeongeneralreport/chapter2/sec3.asp#biosocial U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2004). FDA’s Mission Statement. Retrieved March 23, 2004, from https://doi.org/www.fda.gov/opacom/morechoices/mission.html Valenstein, E. S. (1999). Blaming the brain: The truth about drugs and mental health. New York: The Free Press. Vergano, D. (2001, May 17). Filed under F (for forgotten): Drug companies send unfavorable research to the nether regions. USA Today, D8. Whitaker, R. (1998, November 17). Lure of riches fuels testing. The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 23, 2003 from the Boston.com database. Whitaker, R. (2002). Mad in America: Bad science, bad medicine, and the enduring mistreatment of the mentally ill. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. Wilder, D. A., Masuda, A., O’Connor, C., & Baham, M. (2001). Brief functional analysis and treatment of bizarre vocalizations in an adult with schizophrenia. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 34, 65–68. 10.1901/jaba.2001.34-65 Wilder, D. A., White, H., Yu, M. (2003). Functional analysis and intervention for bizarre speech exhibited by an adult with schizophrenia: A replication and extension. Behavioral Interventions, 18, 43–52. 10.1002/bin.128 Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Davies, M., Borus, J., Howes, M. J., Kane, J., Pope, H. G., Rounsaville, B., & Wittchen, H. (1992). The structured clinical interview for the DSM-III-R (SCID): II. Multisite Test-Retest Reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 630–636. 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006 Winkler, R. C. (1970). Management of chronic psychiatric patients by a token reinforcement system. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 47–55. 10.1901/jaba.1970.3-47 Wincze, J. P., Leitenberg, H., & Agras, W. S. (1972). The effects of token reinforcement and feedback on the delusional verbal behavior of chronic paranoid schizophrenics. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 247–262. 10.1901/jaba.1972.5-247 Wolfe, S. M. (2002). Direct-to-consumer advertising – Education or emotion promotion? New England Journal of Medicine, 346(7), 524–526. 10.1056/NEJM200202143460713 Wong, S. E. (1996). Psychosis. In M. Mattaini & B. A. Thyer (Eds.), Finding solutions to social problems: Behavioral strategies for change (pp. 319–343). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Wong, S. E., Flanagan, S. G, Kuehnel, T. G., Liberman, R. P., Hunnicutt, R., & Adams-Badgett, J. (1988). Training chronic mental patients to independently practice personal grooming skills. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39, 874–879. Wong, S. E., Terranova, M. D., Bowen, L., Zarate, R., Massel, H. K., & Liberman, R. P. (1987). Providing independent recreational activities to reduce sterotypic vocalizations in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 77–81. 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-77 Wong, S. E., Martinez-Diaz, J. A., Massel, H. K., Edelstein, B. A., Wiegand, W., Bowen, L., & Liberman, R. P. (1993). Conversational skills training with schizophrenic inpatients: A study of generalization across settings and conversants. Behavior Therapy, 24, 285–304. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80270-9 Wong, S. E., & Woolsey, J. E. (1989). Re-establishing conversational skills in overtly psychotic, chronic schizophrenic patients: Discrete trials training on the psychiatric ward. Behavior Modification, 13, 415–430. 10.1177/01454455890134002 Wong, S. E., Wright, J., Terranova, M. D., Bowen, L., & Zarate, R. (1988). Effects of structured ward activities on appropriate and psychotic behavior of chronic psychiatric patients. Behavioral Residential Treatment, 3, 41–50.