Basics in microbiology for the patient requiring intensive care

Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care - Tập 12 - Trang 6-17 - 2001
H.K.F. van Saene1, V. Damjanovic1, S.R. Alcock2
1Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA
2Department of Bacteriology, Western Infirmary Glasgow, Dumbarton Road, Glasgow, G11 6NT, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Stoutenbeek, 1987, The effect of oropharyngeal decontamination using topical nonabsorbable antibiotics of the incidence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in multiple trauma patients, J Trauma, 27, 357, 10.1097/00005373-198704000-00003 Ewig, 1999, Bacterial colonization patterns in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic and medical head injury, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 188, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9803097 Leeper, 1996, Severe community-acquired pneumonia, Semin Respir Infect, 11, 96 Fagon, 1989, Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of a protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 877, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.877 Bone, 1994, Gram-positive organisms and sepsis, Arch Intern Med, 154, 26, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420010044006 Rayner, 1988, Community-acquired bacteraemia; a prospective survey of 239 cases, Quarterly J Med, 69, 907 Opal, 1999, The microbial aspects of sepsis: does the organism and its treatment affect outcome?, Sepsis, 3, 51, 10.1023/A:1009874625268 Leonard, 1990, An intrinsic pathogenicity index for micro-organisms causing infection in a neonatal surgical unit, Microb Ecol Health Dis, 3, 151, 10.3109/08910609009140130 Mobbs, 1999, Oropharyngeal Gram-negative bacillary carriage. A survey of 120 healthy individuals, Chest, 115, 1570, 10.1378/chest.115.6.1570 Mobbs, 1999, Oropharyngeal Gram-negative bacillary carriage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relation to severity of disease, Respir Med, 93, 540, 10.1016/S0954-6111(99)90152-X Kever, 1988, Prevention of colonisation and infection in critically ill patients: a prospective randomized study, Crit Care Med, 16, 1087, 10.1097/00003246-198811000-00001 Sanchez-Garcia, 1998, Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill incubated patients, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 908, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9712079 Garrouste-Orgeas, 1996, Secondary carriage with multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult ICU population: relationship with nosocomial infection and mortality, J Hosp Infect, 34, 279, 10.1016/S0195-6701(96)90108-5 Ayats, 1997, Epidemiological significance of cutaneous, pharyngeal, and digestive tract colonization by multiresistantAcinetobacter baumannii in ICU-patients, J Hosp Infect, 37, 287, 10.1016/S0195-6701(97)90145-6 D'Agata, 1997, Colonization with broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units during a non-outbreak period: Prevalence, risk factors, and rate of infection, Crit Care Med, 27, 1090, 10.1097/00003246-199906000-00026 Mason, 1992, Pathophysiology of pulmonary defense mechanisms, J Crit Care, 7, 42, 10.1016/0883-9441(92)90007-T Kass, 1957, Entry of bacteria into the urinarytracts of patients with inlying catheters, N Engl J Med, 256, 556, 10.1056/NEJM195703212561206 Miles, 1957, The value and duration of defense reactions of the skin to the primary lodgement of bacteria, Br J Exp Pathol, 38, 79 Tami, 1986, The immune system, Am J Hosp Pharmacy, 43, 2483 Peters, 1999, Acquired immunoparalysis in a paediatric intensive care: prospective observational study, Br Med J, 319, 609, 10.1136/bmj.319.7210.609 Schinkel, 1998, Functional analysis of monocyte subsets in surgical sepsis, J Trauma, 44, 743, 10.1097/00005373-199805000-00001 Leonard, 1990, Pathogenesis of colonisation and infection in a neonatal surgical unit, Crit Care Med, 18, 264, 10.1097/00003246-199003000-00003 Valenti, 1978, Factors predisposing to oropharyngeal colonization with Gram-negative bacilli in the aged, N Engl J Med, 298, 1108, 10.1056/NEJM197805182982002 Thulig, B, van Saene, H, K F, Impact of anaesthetic procedures on the oropharyngeal and gastro-intestinal defence against carriage, Infection and the Anaesthetist, Stoutenbeek, C, Pvan Saene, H, K F, Bailliere's Clin Anaesthesiol, 1991, 5, 27, 38 Eickhoff, 1992, Antibiotics and nosocomial infections, 245 Marshall, 1988, Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth and systemic immuno-suppression in experimental peritonitis, Surgery, 104, 404 Billiar, 1988, Intestinal Gram-negative bacterial overgrowth in-vivo augments the in-vitro response of Kupffer cells to endotoxin, Ann Surg, 208, 532, 10.1097/00000658-198810000-00015 van Uffelen, 1984, Oropharyngeal flora as a source of bacteria colonizing the lower airways in patients on artificial ventilation, Intensive Care Med, 10, 233, 10.1007/BF00256259 Donnell, 1998, Nutritional implications of gut overgrowth and selective decontamination of the digestive tract, Proc Nutr Soc, 57, 381, 10.1079/PNS19980055 Bonten, 1994, Colonization of patients receiving and not receiving topical antimicrobial prophylaxis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 50, 1332, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952561 Modi, 1987, Outbreak of cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae infection in a neonatal intensive care unit, Arch Dis Child, 62, 148, 10.1136/adc.62.2.148 Potgieter, 1992, Etiology and diagnosisof pneumonia requiring ICU admission, Chest, 101, 199, 10.1378/chest.101.1.199 Murray, 1998, Infections in patients requiring ventilation in intensive care: application of a new classification, Clin Microbiol Infect, 4, 94, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00362.x Silvestri, 1999, Are most ICU infections really nosocomial? A prospective observational cohort study in mechanically ventilated patients, J Hosp Infect, 42, 125, 10.1053/jhin.1998.0550 Panigrahi, 2000, Value of surveillance in predicting and classifying ICU infections, J Hosp Infect, 44, 319, 10.1053/jhin.1999.0713 de la Cal, 2001, Pneumonia in severe burns: a classification according to the concept of the carrier state, Chest, 1160, 10.1378/chest.119.4.1160 Petros, 2001, Systemic antibiotics fail to clear multiresistant Klebsiella from a pediatric intensive care unit, Chest, 862, 10.1378/chest.119.3.862 Shankar, 2001, Classification and risk factor analysis of infections in a surgical neonatal unit, J Paediatr Surg, 36, 276, 10.1053/jpsu.2001.20688 Sarginson, 2000, Infection rates on a paediatric intensive care unit using the concept of the carrier state, Intensive Care Med Abstract 239, S276 Morar, 1998, The impact of a tracheotomy on colonization and infection of lower airways in children requiring long-term ventilation: a prospective two and a half year observational cohort study, Chest, 133, 77, 10.1378/chest.113.1.77 Hammond, 1995, Is there a role for selective decontamination of the digestive tract in primarily infected patients in the ICU?, Anaesth Intens Care, 23, 168, 10.1177/0310057X9502300240 Niederman, 1984, Respiratory infection complicating long-term tracheostomy. The implication of persistant Gram-negative tracheobronchial colonization, Chest, 1, 39, 10.1378/chest.85.1.39 Viviani, 2000, The impact of topical vancomycin on MRSA gut carriage and infections in ICU patients, Intensive Care Med Abstract 301, S292 van Saene, 1998, Broad- and narrow-spectrum antibiotics: a different approach, Clin Microbiol Infect, 4, 56, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00338.x Shek, 2000, The rise of Clostridium difficile: the effect of length of stay, patient age and antibiotic use, J Hosp Infect, 45, 235, 10.1053/jhin.2000.0770 Samonis, 1994, Prospective study of the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the yeast flora of the human gut, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 13, 665, 10.1007/BF01973996 Lacey, 1983, Double blind study to compare the selection of antibiotic resistance by amoxycillin or cephradine in the commensal flora, Lancet, 2, 529, 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90566-4 van Saene, 1999, Carriage, colonisation, and infection van Saene, 1991, Bowel micro-organisms, a traget for selective antimicrobial control, J Hosp Infect, 19, 19, 10.1016/0195-6701(91)90166-6 van Saene, 1992, Selective decontamination of the digestive tract contributes to the control of disseminated intravascular coagulation in severe liver impairment, J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr, 14, 436, 10.1097/00005176-199205000-00011 Toltzis, 1998, Antibiotic restriction does not alter endemic colonization with resistant Gram-negative rods in a pediatric intensive care unit, Crit Care Med, 26, 1893, 10.1097/00003246-199811000-00035 Silvestri, 2000, Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: a life saver, J Hosp Infect, 45, 185, 10.1053/jhin.2000.0737 Yao, 1997, Influence of selective decontamination of the digestive tract on cell-mediated immune function and bacterial/endotoxin translocation in thermally injured rats, J Trauma, 42, 1073, 10.1097/00005373-199706000-00015 Nardi, 1997, Antibiotic policy in the intensive care unit