Barrier Function of the Skin: “La Raison d'Être” of the Epidermis
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham, 1985, Linoleate-rich acylglucosylceramides of pig epidermis: Structure determination by proton magnetic resonance, J Lipid Res, 26, 761, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)34334-0
Abraham, 1987, Stratum corneum lipid liposomes: Calcium-induced transformation into lamellar sheets, J Invest Dermatol, 88, 212, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12525375
Adams, 1993, Effect of organic solvents on in vitro human skin water barrier function, J Invest Dermatol, 101, 609, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12366068
Arnold, 1988, Ichthosis congenita type III. Clinical and ultrastructural characteristics and distinction within the heterogeneous ichthyosis congenita group, Arch Dermatol Res, 280, 268, 10.1007/BF00440599
Attar, 1997, Inhibition of retinoid signaling in transgenic mice alters lipid processing and disrupts epidermal barrier function, Mol Endocrinol, 11, 792, 10.1210/mend.11.6.0010
Attenborough, 1980
Berenson, 1951, Studies of diffusion of water through dead human skin: The effect of different environmental states and of chemical alterations of the epidermis, Am J Trop Med, 31, 842, 10.4269/ajtmh.1951.s1-31.842
Blank, 1952, Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 18, 433, 10.1038/jid.1952.52
Blank, 1953, Further observations on factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 45, 249, 10.1038/jid.1965.125
Bouwstra, 1999, Cholesterol sulfate and calcium affect stratum corneum lipid organization over a wide temperature range, J Lipid Res, 40, 2303, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32105-2
Bouwstra, 2000, The lipid organization in the skin barrier, Acta Derm Venereol, 208, 23
Bouwstra, 2002, Phase behavior of stratum corneum lipid mixtures based on human ceramides: The role of natural and synthetic ceramide 1, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 606, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01706.x
Bouwstra, 2003, Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations, Prog Lipid Res, 42, 1, 10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00028-0
Brattsand, 1999, Purification, molecular cloning, and expression of a human stratum corneum trypsin-like serine protease with possible function in desquamation, J Biol Chem, 274, 30033, 10.1074/jbc.274.42.30033
Braverman, 1999, Mutations in the gene encoding 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-delta 8, delta 7-isomerase cause X-linked dominant Conradi–Hunermann syndrome, Nat Genet, 22, 291, 10.1038/10357
Breathnach, 1973, Freeze-fracture replication of cells in stratum corneum of human epidermis, J Anat, 114, 65
Cabral, 2001, SPRR4, a novel cornified envelope precursor: UV-dependent epidermal expression and selective incorporation into fragile envelopes, J Cell Sci, 114, 3837, 10.1242/jcs.114.21.3837
Chamlin, 2002, Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis. Changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity, J Am Acad Dermatol, 47, 198, 10.1067/mjd.2002.124617
Chavanas, 2000, Mutations in SPINK5, encoding a serine protease inhibitor, cause Netherton syndrome, Nat Genet, 25, 141, 10.1038/75977
Chilcott, 2002, Transepidermal water loss does not correlate with skin barrier function in vitro, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 871, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01760.x
De Laurenzi, 1996, Sjögren–Larsson syndrome is caused by mutations in the fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, Nat Genet, 12, 52, 10.1038/ng0196-52
Denda, 1998, Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: Implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflammatory dermatoses, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 873, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00364.x
Djian, 2000, Targeted ablation of the murine involucrin gene, J Cell Biol, 151, 381, 10.1083/jcb.151.2.381
Doering, 1999, Sphingolipid activator proteins are required for epidermal permeability barrier formation, J Biol Chem, 274, 11045, 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11038
Doering, 1999, Accumulation of protein-bound epidermal glucosylceramides in beta-glucocerebrosidase deficient type 2 Gaucher mice, FEBS Lett, 447, 167, 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00274-4
Doering, 2002, Sphingolipid metabolism during epidermal barrier development in mice, J Lipid Res, 43, 1727, 10.1194/jlr.M200208-JLR200
Downing, 1992, Lipid and protein structures in the permeability barrier of mammalian epidermis, J Lipid Res, 33, 301, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41520-2
Elias, 1975, The permeability barrier in mammalian epidermis, J Cell Biol, 65, 180, 10.1083/jcb.65.1.180
Elias, 1977, Membrane alterations during cornification of mammalian squamous epithelia: A freeze-fracture, tracer, and thin-section study, Anat Rec, 189, 577, 10.1002/ar.1091890404
Elias, 1998, The secretory granular cell: The outermost granular cell as a specialized secretory cell, J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 3, 87, 10.1038/jidsymp.1998.20
Elias, 2000, Permeability barrier homeostasis. The role of lipid processing, 59
Elias, 2002, Basis for the permeability barrier abnormality in lamellar ichthyosis, Exp Dermatol, 11, 248, 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2001.110308.x
Fartasch, 1999, Altered lamellar body secretion and stratum corneum membrane structure in Netherton syndrome: Differentiation from other infantile erythrodermas and pathogenic implications, Arch Dermatol, 135, 823, 10.1001/archderm.135.7.823
Feingold, 2000, The environmental interface. Regulation of permeability barrier homeostasis, 45
Fluhr, 1999, Glycerol accelerates recovery of barrier function in vivo, Acta Derm Venereol, 79, 418, 10.1080/000155599750009825
Forslind, 1994, A domain mosaic model of the skin barrier, Acta Derm Venereol, 74, 1, 10.2340/00015555741214
Freinkel, 1985, Lipid composition and acid hydrolase content of lamellar granules of fetal rat epidermis, J Invest Dermatol, 85, 295, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276831
Furuse, 2002, Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian permeability barrier: A lesson from claudin-1-deficient mice, J Cell Biol, 156, 1099, 10.1083/jcb.200110122
Ghadially, 1995, The aged epidermal permeability barrier: Structural, functional and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model, J Clin Invest, 95, 2281, 10.1172/JCI117919
Ghadially, 1992, Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function, J Am Acad Dermatol, 26, 387, 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70060-S
Ghadially, 1996, Decreased epidermal lipid synthesis accounts for altered barrier function in aged mice, J Invest Dermatol, 106, 1064, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12338692
Ghadially, 1996, Stratum corneum structure and function correlates with phenotype in psoriasis, J Invest Dermatol, 107, 558, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12582813
Grange, 2000, CHILD syndrome caused by deficiency of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid-delta 8, delta 7-isomerase, Am J Med Genet, 90, 328, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000214)90:4<328::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-F
Grayson, 1985, Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice. preparative techniques and partial characterization, J Invest Dermatol, 85, 289, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276826
Hamanaka, 2002, Human epidermal glucosylceramides are major precursors of stratum corneum ceramides, J Invest Dermatol, 119, 416, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01836.x
Hanley, 1999, Fetal epidermal differentiation and barrier development in vivo is accelerated by nuclear hormone receptor activators, J Invest Dermatol, 113, 788, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00743.x
Hansson, 1994, Cloning, expression, and characterization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, a skin-specific human serine proteinase, J Biol Chem, 269, 19420, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32185-3
Hansson, 2002, Epidermal overexpression of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme in mice: A model for chronic itchy dermatitis, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 444, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01684.x
Hara, 2000, High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 406, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00072.x
Harding, 2000, Effects of natural moisturizing factor and lactic acid isomers on skin function, 229
Hart, 1999, Mutations of the cathepsin C gene are responsible for Papillon–Lefevre syndrome, J Med Genet, 36, 881, 10.1136/jmg.36.12.881
Hedberg, 1988, The time course of lipid biosynthesis in pig epidermis, J Invest Dermatol, 91, 169, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12464438
Hirschberg, 1998, Kinetic analysis of secretory membrane traffic and characterization of Golgi to plasma membrane transport intermediates in living cells, J Cell Biol, 143, 1485, 10.1083/jcb.143.6.1485
Holleran, 1994, Consequences of beta-glucocerebrosidase deficiency in epidermis. Ultrastructure and permeability barrier alterations in Gaucher disease, J Clin Invest, 93, 1756, 10.1172/JCI117160
Horikoshi, 1998, Isoforms of cathepsin D and human epidermal differentiation, Biochimie, 80, 605, 10.1016/S0300-9084(98)80013-8
Imokawa, 1991, Stratum corneum lipids serve as a bound-water modulator, J Invest Dermatol, 96, 845, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12474562
Jain, 2000, Influence of antenatal steroids and sex on maturation of the epidermal barrier in the preterm infant, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 83, F112, 10.1136/fn.83.2.F112
Jansen, 1997, Refsum disease is caused by mutations in the phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase gene, Nat Genet, 17, 190, 10.1038/ng1097-190
Jarnik, 2002, Quasi-normal cornified cell envelopes in loricrin knockout mice imply the existence of a loricrin backup system, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 102, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01661.x
Jensen, 1999, Roles for tumor necrosis factor receptor p55 and sphingomyelinase in repairing the cutaneous permeability barrier, J Clin Invest, 104, 1761, 10.1172/JCI5307
Jetten, 1992, Increased cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol sulfotransferase activity in relation to the multi-step process of differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes, J Invest Dermatol, 92, 203, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276731
Jobard, 2002, Lipoxygenase-3 (ALOXE3) and 12 (R)-lipoxygenase (ALOX12B) are mutated in non-bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE) linked to chromosome 17p13.1, Hum Mol Genet, 11, 107, 10.1093/hmg/11.1.107
Kajava, 2000, Alpha-helical solenoid model for the human involucrin, FEBS Lett, 473, 127, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01502-7
Kali, 1998, Development of skin barrier function in premature infants, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 320, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00289.x
Kalinin, 2002, Epithelial barrier function: Assembly and structural features of the cornified cell envelope, Bioessays, 24, 789, 10.1002/bies.10144
Koch, 2000, Lessons from loricrin-deficient mice: Compensatory mechanisms maintaining skin barrier function in the absence of a major cornified envelope protein, J Cell Biol, 151, 389, 10.1083/jcb.151.2.389
Komatsu, 2002, Elevated stratum corneum hydrolytic activity in Netherton syndrome suggests an inhibitory regulation of desquamation by SPINK5-derived peptides, J Invest Dermatol, 118, 436, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01663.x
Konig, 2000, Mutations in the NSDHL gene, encoding a 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, cause CHILD syndrome, Am J Med Genet, 90, 339, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(20000214)90:4<339::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-5
Kuempel, 1998, In vitro reconstitution of stratum corneum lipid lamellae, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1372, 135, 10.1016/S0005-2736(98)00053-4
Landmann, 1986, Epidermal permeability barrier: Transformation of lamellar granule disks into intercellular sheets by a membrane fusion process, J Invest Dermatol, 87, 202, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12695343
Landmann, 1984, Acylglucosylceramide causes flattening and stacking of liposomes: An analogy for assembly of the epidermal permeability barrier, Biochim Biophys Acta, 778, 412, 10.1016/0005-2736(84)90388-2
Lavrijsen, 1995, Reduced skin barrier function parallels abnormal stratum corneum lipid organization in patients with lamellar ichthyosis, J Invest Dermatol, 105, 619, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12323752
Lazo, 1999, A mixture of alpha-helical and 310-helical conformations for involucrin in the human epidermal corneocyte envelope provides a scaffold for the attachment of both lipids and proteins, J Biol Chem, 274, 37340, 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37340
Le Fur, 2001, Analysis of circadian and ultradian rhythms of skin surface properties of face and forearm of healthy women, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 718, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01433.x
Lee, 1998, Iontophoresis itself on hairless mouse skin induces the loss of the epidermal calcium gradient without skin barrier impairment, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 39, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00226.x
Lefevre, 2001, Mutations in CGI-58, the gene encoding a new protein of the esterase/lipase/thioestserase subfamily, in Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome, Am J Hum Genet, 69, 1002, 10.1086/324121
Loden, 2000, Skin-identical lipids versus petrolatum in the treatment of tape-stripped and detergent-perturbed human skin, Acta Derm Venereol, 80, 412, 10.1080/000155500300012774
Long, 1985, Human stratum corneum polar lipids and desquamation, Arch Dermatol Res, 277, 284, 10.1007/BF00509081
Macheleidt, 2002, Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis, J Invest Dermatol, 119, 166, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01833.x
Madison, 1996, Ceramides are transported through the Golgi apparatus in keratinocytes in vitro, J Invest Dermatol, 106, 1030, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12338596
Madison, 1987, Presence of intact intercellular lipid lamellae in the upper layers of the stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 88, 714, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470386
Madison, 1988, Lamellar granule extrusion and stratum corneum intercellular lamellae in murine keratinocyte cultures, J Invest Dermatol, 90, 110, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12462065
Madison, 1989, Murine keratinocyte cultures grown at the air/medium interface synthesize stratum corneum lipids and “recycle” linoleate during differentiation, J Invest Dermatol, 93, 10, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277335
Madison, 1990, Sphingolipid metabolism in organotypic mouse keratinocyte cultures, J Invest Dermatol, 96, 657, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514333
Madison, 1998, Lamellar granule biogenesis. A role for ceramide glucosyltransferase, lysosomal enzyme transport, and the Golgi, J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 3, 80, 10.1038/jidsymp.1998.19
Mancini, 1994, Semipermeable dressings improve epidermal barrier function in premature infants, Pediatr Res, 36, 306, 10.1203/00006450-199409000-00007
Mao-Quiang, 1995, Exogenous nonphysiologic vs physiologic lipids. Divergent mechanisms for correction of permeability barrier dysfunction, Arch Dermatol, 131, 809, 10.1001/archderm.1995.01690190063012
Mao-Quiang, 1996, Optimization of physiological lipid mixtures for barrier repair, J Invest Dermatol, 106, 1096, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12340135
Marekov, 1998, Ceramides are bound to structural proteins of the human foreskin epidermal cornified cell envelope, J Biol Chem, 273, 17760, 10.1074/jbc.273.28.17763
Marshall, 2001, Differentially expressed late constituents of the epidermal cornified envelope, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98, 13031, 10.1073/pnas.231489198
Matoltsy, 1968, Studies of the epidermal water barrier. Part II. Investigation of the chemical nature of the water barrier, J Invest Dermatol, 50, 19, 10.1038/jid.1968.3
McCallion, 1995, In vivo evaluation of the effects of moisturisers on transepidermal water loss using factorial designs, Int J Pharmaceutics, 113, 247, 10.1016/0378-5173(94)00207-L
Melton, 1987, Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on O-acylsphingolipids and transepidermal water loss in young pigs, Biochim Biophys Acta, 921, 191, 10.1016/0005-2760(87)90018-X
Menon, 1986, Cytochemical and biochemical localization of lipase and sphingomyelinase activity in mammalian epidermis, J Invest Dermatol, 86, 591, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12355263
Menon, 1992, Lamellar body secretory response to barrier disruption, J Invest Dermatol, 98, 279, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12497866
Milner, 1992, Abnormal lamellar granules in harlequin ichthyosis, J Invest Dermatol, 99, 824, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12614791
Mironov, 1998, Constitutive transport between the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane according to the maturation model. A hypothesis, FEBS Lett, 440, 99, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01439-2
Morita, 1998, Subcellular distribution of tight junction-associated proteins, occludin, ZO-1 and ZO-2, in rodent skin and its developmental changes, J Invest Dermatol, 110, 862, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00209.x
Morrison, 1992, ServoMed evaporimeter: Precautions when evaluating the effect of skin care products on barrier function, J Soc Cosmet Chem, 43, 161
Motta, 1993, Ceramide composition of the psoriatic scale, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1182, 145
Motta, 1994, Abnormality of water barrier function in psoriasis: Role of ceramide fractions, Arch Dermatol, 130, 452, 10.1001/archderm.1994.01690040056007
Nemes, 2000, Cholesterol 3-sulfate interferes with cornified envelope assembly by diverting transglutaminase 1 activity from the formation of cross-links and esters to the hydrolysis of glutamine, J Biol Chem, 275, 2636, 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2636
Nemes, 1999, A novel function for transglutaminase 1. Attachment of long-chain omega-hydroxyceramides to involucrin by ester bond formation, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 8402, 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8402
Norlen, 2001, Skin barrier formation: The membrane folding model, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 823, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01445.x
Norlen, 2001, Skin barrier structure and function: The single gel phase model, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 830, 10.1038/jid.2001.1
Onken, 1963, The water barrier in human epidermis, Arch Dermatol, 87, 584, 10.1001/archderm.1963.01590170042007
Orth, 2000, Glycerine: A natural ingredient for moisturizing skin, 213
Pilgram, 2001, Aberrant lipid organization in stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis and lamellar ichthyosis, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 710, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01455.x
Ponec, 1997, The formation of competent barrier lipids in reconstructed human epidermis requires the presence of vitamin C, J Invest Dermatol, 109, 348, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12336024
Ponec, 2003, New acylceramide in native and reconstructed epidermis, J Invest Dermatol, 120, 581, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12103.x
Rigg, 1990, Shed snake skin and hairless mouse skin as model membranes for human skin during permeation studies, J Invest Dermatol, 94, 235, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12874561
Robson, 1994, 6-Hydroxy-4-sphingenine in human epidermal ceramides, J Lipid Res, 35, 2060, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39952-1
Sando, 1996, Induction of ceramide glucosyltransferase in cultured keratinocytes: Correlation with culture differentiation, J Biol Chem, 271, 22044, 10.1074/jbc.271.36.22044
Sato, 1998, Cholesterol sulfate inhibits proteases that are involved in desquamation of stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 111, 189, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00244.x
Scheuplein, 1970, Effects of surfactants and solvents on the permeability of epidermis, J Soc Cosmet Chem, 21, 853
Schmuth, 2000, Permeability barrier disorder in Niemann-Pick disease: Sphingomyelin-ceramide processing required for normal permeability barrier homeostasis, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 459, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00081.x
Schmuth, 2001, Pathogenesis of the permeability barrier abnormality in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 837, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01471.x
Schmuth, 2002, Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in epidermal development in utero, J Invest Dermatol, 119, 1298, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19605.x
Schreiner, 2000, Barrier characteristics of different human skin types investigated with X-ray diffraction, lipid analysis, and electron microscopy imaging, J Invest Dermatol, 114, 654, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00941.x
Segre, 1999, Klf4 is a transcription factor required for establishing the barrier function of skin, Nature Genet, 22, 356, 10.1038/11926
Shapiro, 1978, X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid sulfatase deficiency, Lancet, i, 70, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)90005-3
Sidransky, 1992, Gaucher disease in the neonate. A distinct Gaucher phenotype is analogous to a mouse model created by targeted disruption of the beta-glucocerebrosidase gene, Pediatr Res, 32, 494, 10.1203/00006450-199210000-00023
Silverman, 1989, Effects of occlusive and semiocclusive dressings on the return of barrier function to transepidermal water loss in standardized human wounds, J Am Acad Dermatol, 20, 755, 10.1016/S0190-9622(89)70086-4
Simon, 2001, Refined characterization of corneodesmosin proteolysis during terminal differentiation of human epidermis and its relationship to desquamation, J Biol Chem, 276, 20292, 10.1074/jbc.M100201200
Sondell, 1995, Evidence that stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is transported to the stratum corneum extracellular space via lamellar bodies, J Invest Dermatol, 104, 819, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12607007
Stachowitz, 2002, Permeability barrier disruption increases the level of serine palmitoyltransferase in human epidermis, J Invest Dermatol, 119, 1048, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19524.x
Steinert, 2000, The complexity and redundancy of epithelial barrier function, J Cell Biol, 151, F5, 10.1083/jcb.151.2.F5
Stewart, 1999, A new 6-hydroxy-4-sphingenine-containing ceramide in human skin, J Lipid Res, 40, 1434, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)33385-X
Stewart, 2001, The omega-hydroxyceramides of pig epidermis are attached to corneocytes solely through omega-hydroxyl groups, J Lipid Res, 42, 1105, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31600-X
Swartzendruber, 1987, Evidence that the corneocyte has a chemically bound lipid envelope, J Invest Dermatol, 88, 709, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470383
Swartzendruber, 1989, Molecular models of the intercellular lipid lamellae in mammalian stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 92, 251, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276794
Swartzendruber, 1995, Osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide are complementary reagents for the preparation of epidermal samples for transmission electron microscopy, J Invest Dermatol, 104, 417, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12665909
Sweeny, 1970, The role of lipids in the epidermal barrier to water diffusion, J Invest Dermatol, 55, 135
Sybert, 1985, Ichthyosis vulgaris: Identification of a defect in filaggrin synthesis correlated with an absence of keratohyalin granules, J Invest Dermatol, 84, 191, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12264813
Van de Kerkhof, 1995, Epidermal regeneration and occlusion, Acta Derm Venereol, 75, 6, 10.2340/000155557568
Virolainen, 2001, Ultrastructural features resembling those of harlequin ichthyosis in patients with severe congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, Br J Dermatol, 145, 480, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04401.x
Walley, 2001, Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease, Nat Genet, 29, 175, 10.1038/ng728
Watanabe, 1998, Up-regulation of glucosylceramide synthase expression and activity during human keratinocyte differentiation, J Biol Chem, 273, 9651, 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9651
Welzel, 1995, Occlusion does not influence the repair of the permeability barrier in human skin, Vol. 23, 180
Welzel, 1996, Skin permeability barrier and occlusion: No delay of repair in irritated human skin, Contact Dermatitis, 35, 163, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02335.x
Wertz, 1996, The nature of the epidermal barrier: Biochemical aspects, Adv Drug Del Rev, 18, 283, 10.1016/0169-409X(95)00077-K
Wertz, 1982, Glycolipids in mammalian epidermis. Structure and function in the water barrier, Science, 217, 1261, 10.1126/science.7112128
Wertz, 1983, Ceramides of pig epidermis: Structure determination, J Lipid Res, 24, 759, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37950-5
Wertz, 1987, Covalently bound omega-hydroxylacylsphingosine in the stratum corneum, Biochim Biophys Acta, 917, 108, 10.1016/0005-2760(87)90290-6
Wertz, 1990, Metabolism of linoleic acid in porcine epidermis, J Lipid Res, 31, 1839, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)42327-2
Wertz, 1987, Essential fatty acids and epidermal integrity, Arch Dermatol, 123, 1381, 10.1001/archderm.1987.01660340149038
Wertz, 1989, The role of the corneocyte lipid envelopes in cohesion of the stratum corneum, J Invest Dermatol, 93, 169, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277394
Williams, 2000, Ichthyosis: Where we have been; Disorders of cornification: Where we are going, Curr Probl Dermatol, 12, 171, 10.1016/S1040-0486(00)90011-5
Williams, 1998, Ontogeny of the epidermal permeability barrier, J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 3, 75, 10.1038/jidsymp.1998.18
Winsor, 1944, Differential roles of layers of human epigastric skin on diffusion rate of water, Arch Intern Med, 74, 428, 10.1001/archinte.1944.00210240018004
Yardley, 1981, Lipid composition and metabolism in normal and diseased epidermis, Pharmacol Ther, 13, 357, 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90006-1