Bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems

Journal of Hospital Infection - Tập 43 - Trang S57-S68 - 1999
A. D. Russell1
1Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff.

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Kabara, 1984, Preface, vii

Allured, 1984, Foreword, v

Chapman, 1998, Preservative tolerance and resistance, Int J Cosmet Sci, 20, 31, 10.1046/j.1467-2494.1998.171733.x

Hammond, 1987, Comparative susceptibility of hospital isolates of Gram-negative bacteria to antiseptics and disinfectants, J Hosp Infect, 9, 255, 10.1016/0195-6701(87)90122-8

Russell, 1986, Bacterial resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants, J Hosp Infect, 7, 213, 10.1016/0195-6701(86)90071-X

Dance, 1987, A hospital outbreak caused by a chlorhexidine and antibiotic resistant Proteus mirabilis, J Hosp Infect, 10, 10, 10.1016/0195-6701(87)90027-2

Russell, 1997, Microbial susceptibility and resistance to biocides, ASM News, 63, 481

Rutala, 1996, APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants, Am J Infect Control, 24, 313, 10.1016/S0196-6553(96)90066-8

Favero, 1993, The use of liquid chemical germicides, 309

Taylor, 1999, Transmissible degenerative encephalopathies. Inactivation of the unconventional causal agents, 222

McDonald, 1999, Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action and resistance, Clin Microbiol Rev, 12, 147, 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147

Russell, 1996

Russell, 1998, Microbial susceptibility and resistance to chemical and physical agents, vol. 2, 149

Russell, 1996, Biocides: mechanisms of antifungal action and fungal resistance, Sci Progr, 79, 27

Maillard, 1997, Viricidal activity and mechanisms of action of biocides, Sci Progr, 80, 287

Spaulding, 1968, Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials, 517

Brown, 1993, Sensitivity of biofilms to antimicrobial agents, 74, 87S

Hugo, 1999, Disinfection mechanisms, 258

Anderson, 1997, Susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci to environmental disinfectants, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18, 195, 10.1086/647587

Russell, 1996, Activity of biocides against mycobacteria, 81, 87S

Power, 1989, Glutaraldehyde: its uptake by sporing and non-sporing bacteria, rubber, plastic and an endoscope, J Appl Bacteriol, 67, 329, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02502.x

Russell, 1990, The bacterial spore and chemical sporicidal agents, Clin Microbiol Rev, 3, 99, 10.1128/CMR.3.2.99

Knott, 1995, Effects of chlorhexidine gluconate on the development of spores of Bacillus subtilis, Lett Appl Microbiol, 21, 117, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01021.x

Knott, 1995, Development of resistance to biocides during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis, J Appl Bacteriol, 79, 492, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03168.x

Russell, 1995, Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to biocides, Int Biodet Biodeg, 36, 247, 10.1016/0964-8305(95)00056-9

Russell, 1998, Assessment of sporicidal efficacy, Int Biodet Biodeg, 41, 281, 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00019-5

Bloomfield, 1994, Mechanisms of inactivation and resistance of spores to chemical biocides, 76, 91S

Bloomfield, 1999, Bacterial sensitivity and resistance. C. Resistance of bacterial spores to chemicals, 303

Rutala, 1995, Sporicidal activity of chemical sterilants used in hospitals, Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol, 14, 713, 10.1086/646674

Rutala, 1995, FDA labelling requirements for disinfection of endoscopes: a counterpoint, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 16, 231, 10.1086/647095

Rutala, 1993, Inactivation of Clostridium difficile spores by disinfectants, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 14, 36, 10.1086/646628

Dyas, 1985, The activity of glutaraldehyde against Clostridium difficile, J Hosp Infect, 6, 41, 10.1016/S0195-6701(85)80016-5

Russell, 1994, Glutaraldehyde: current status and uses, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 15, 724, 10.1086/646845

Broadley, 1991, Anti-mycobacterial activity of biocides, Lett Appl Microbiol, 13, 118, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00586.x

Broadley, 1995, Potentiation of the effects of chlorhexidine diacetate and cetylpyridinium chloride on mycobacteria by ethambutol, J Med Microbiol, 43, 458, 10.1099/00222615-43-6-458

van Klingeren, 1987, Comparative testing of disinfectants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium terrae in a quantitative suspension test, J Hosp Infect, 10, 292, 10.1016/0195-6701(87)90012-0

Griffiths, 1998, Mycobacterium terrae: a potential surrogate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a standard disinfectant test, J Hosp Infect, 38, 183, 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90273-0

van Klingeren, 1993, Glutaraldehyde-resistant mycobacteria from endoscope washers, J Hosp Infect, 25, 147, 10.1016/0195-6701(93)90107-B

Lynam, 1995, Comparison of the mycobactericidal activity of 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde and ‘Nu-Cidex’ (0.35% peracetic acid), J Hosp Infect, 30, 237, 10.1016/S0195-6701(95)90322-4

Griffiths, 1997, Glutaraldehyde-resistant Mycobacterium chelonae from endoscope washer disinfectors, J Appl Microbiol, 82, 519, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00171.x

Russell, 1995, Biocides: activity, action and resistance, 53, 327

Stickler, 1999, Bacterial sensitivity and resistance. A. Intrinsic resistance, 284

Ayres, 1993, A rapid method of evaluating permeabilizing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lett Appl Microbiol, 17, 149, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1993.tb00381.x

Martin, 1969, Sensitivity of the genus Proteus to chlorhexidine, J Med Microbiol, 2, 101, 10.1099/00222615-2-2-101

Cox, 1991, Ionising groups of lipopolysaccharides of Pseudomonas cepacia in relation to antibiotic resistance, Molec Microbiol, 5, 641, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00735.x

Vaara, 1992, Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane, Microbiol Rev, 56, 395, 10.1128/MMBR.56.3.395-411.1992

Stickler, 1983, Studies on the genetic basis of chlorhexidine resistance, 25, 23

Ismael, 1986, Resistance of Providencia stuartii to chlorhexidine: a consideration of the role of the inner membrane, J Appl Bacteriol, 60, 361, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1986.tb01744.x

Brown, 1985, The influence of environment on envelope properties affecting survival of bacteria in infections, Ann Rev Microbiol, 39, 527, 10.1146/annurev.mi.39.100185.002523

Costerton, 1987, Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease, Ann Rev Microbiol, 41, 435, 10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251

Wentland, 1996, Chlorine penetration into artificial biofilm is limited by a reaction-diffusion interaction, Environ Sci Technol, 30, 2078, 10.1021/es9509184

Olson, 1998, Biofilms in the pipeline and in the patient, PDA J Pharm Sci Technol, 51, 252

Takeo, 1994, Efficacy of disinfectants against biofilm cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microbios, 78, 19

Brown, 1995, Relationship between glycocalyx and providoneiodine resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) biofilms, Appl Environ Microbiol, 61, 187, 10.1128/AEM.61.1.187-193.1995

Ayres, 1998, Effect of permeabilizing agents on antibacterial activity against a simple Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, Lett Appl Microbiol, 27, 79, 10.1046/j.1472-765X.1998.00397.x

Prince, 1978, Drug resistance with topical antiseptics, J Pharm Sci, 67, 1629, 10.1002/jps.2600671134

Chopra, 1987, Microbial resistance to veterinary disinfectants and antiseptics, 43

Nicoletti, 1993, The antimicrobial activity in vitro of chlorhexidine, a mixture of isolthiazolinones (‘Kathon’ CG), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), J Hosp Infect, 23, 87, 10.1016/0195-6701(93)90014-Q

Cookson, 1991, Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC?, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 35, 1997, 10.1128/AAC.35.10.1997

Fitzgerald, 1992, Sensitivity and resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to chlorhexidine, Lett Appl Microbiol, 14, 33, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1992.tb00641.x

Russell, 1998, Possible link between bacterial resistance and use of antibiotics and biocides, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 42, 2151, 10.1128/AAC.42.8.2151

Jones, 1989, Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to amphoteric and quaternary ammonium biocides, Microbios, 58, 49

Gandhi, 1993, Adaptation and growth of Serratia marcescens in contact lens disinfectant solutions containing chlorhexidine gluconate, Appl Environ Microbiol, 59, 183, 10.1128/AEM.59.1.183-188.1993

Russell, 1997, Plasmids and bacterial resistance to biocides, J Appl Microbiol, 82, 155, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00198.x

Mistra, 1992, Bacterial resistance to inorganic mercury salts and organomercurials, Plasmid, 27, 17

Russell, 1994, Antibacterial action and activity of silver, Progr Med Chem, 31, 351, 10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70024-9

Lyon, 1987, Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: genetic basis, Microbiol Rev, 51, 88, 10.1128/MMBR.51.1.88-134.1987

Paulsen, 1993, The 31 conserved segment of integrons contains a gene associated with multidrug resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 34, 761, 10.1128/AAC.37.4.761

Rouch, 1990, Efflux-mediated antiseptic gene qacA from Staphylococcus aureus: common ancestry with tetracycline- and sugartransport proteins, Mol Microbiol, 4, 2051, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00565.x

Behr, 1994, Relation entre le niveau des concentrations minimales inhibitrices de cinq antiseptiques et la presence du gene qacA chez Staphylococcus aureus, Pathol Biol, 42, 438

Leelaporn, 1994, Multidrug resistance to antiseptics and disinfectants in coagulasenegative staphylococci, J Med Microbiol, 40, 214, 10.1099/00222615-40-3-214

Nies, 1995, Ion efflux systems involved in bacterial metal resistances, J Indust Microbiol, 14, 186, 10.1007/BF01569902

Kaulfers, 1987, Plasmid-mediated formaldehyde resistance in Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli: alterations in the cell surface, Zentral Bakt, Parasit, Infektion, Hyg I. Abt Orig, 226, 239

Roussow, 1984, Effects of the resistance plasmid R124 on the level of OmpF outer membrane protein and on the response of Escherichia coli to environmental agents, J Appl Bacteriol, 56, 63, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb04697.x

Kummerle, 1996, Plasmid-mediated formaldehyde resistance in Escherichia coli: characterization of the resistance gene, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 40, 2276, 10.1128/AAC.40.10.2276

Kaulfers, 1991, Demonstration of formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in form-aldehyde-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 65, 335, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04551.x

George, 1996, Multidrug resistance in enteric and other Gram-negative bacteria, FEMS Microbiol Lett, 139, 1, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08172.x

Moken, 1997, Selection of multiple-antibiotic resistant (Mar) mutants of Escherichia coli by using the disinfectant pine oil: roles of the mar and acrAB loci, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 41, 2770, 10.1128/AAC.41.12.2770

Haines, 1997, Could antibiotic-resistant pathogens be cross-resistant to hard-surface disinfectants?, Am J Infect Control, 25, 439, 10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90096-1

Alqurashi, 1996, Susceptibility of some strains of enterococci and streptococci to antibiotics and biocides, J Antimicrob Chemother, 38, 745, 10.1093/jac/38.4.745

Anderson, 1998, Susceptibility of antibiotic-resistant microbes to chemical germicides, 241

Rutala, 1997, Susceptibility of antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria to disinfectants, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 18, 417, 10.1086/647641

Kampf, 1998, Limited effectiveness of chlorhexidine based hand disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococci aureus (MRSA), J Hosp Infect, 38, 297, 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90078-0

Russell, 1998, Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides, Progr Med Chem, 35, 133, 10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70036-5

Levy, 1992, Active efflux mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance, Antimicrob Ag Chemother, 36, 695, 10.1128/AAC.36.4.695

Chopra, 1992, Efflux-based antibiotic resistance mechanisms: the evidence for increasing prevalence, J Antimicrob Chemother, 30, 737, 10.1093/jac/30.6.737

Nikaido, 1994, Prevention of drug access to bacterial targets: permeability barriers and active efflux, Science, 264, 382, 10.1126/science.8153625

Baquero, 1991, Laboratory and in vitro testing of skin antiseptics: a prediction for in vitro activity, J Hosp Infect, 18, 5, 10.1016/0195-6701(91)90257-9

Spencer, 1995, The emergence of epidemic, multiple-antibiotic-resistant Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophilia and Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia, J Hosp Infect, 30, 453, 10.1016/0195-6701(95)90049-7

Rutala, 1997, Use of inorganic hypochlorite (bleach) in health-care facilities, Clin Microbiol Rev, 10, 597, 10.1128/CMR.10.4.597

Coates, 1996, Sporicidal activity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, peroxygen and glutaraldehyde disinfectants against Bacillus subtilis, J Hosp Infect, 32, 283, 10.1016/S0195-6701(96)90039-0

Alfa, 1994, In-hospital evaluation of ortho-phthalaldehyde as a high level disinfectant for flexible endoscopes, J Hosp Path, 26, 15

Walsh, 1997, Orthophthalaldehyde: a possible alternative to glutaraldehyde in endoscopy