Background concentrations and fluxes of atmospheric ammonia over a deciduous forest
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ammann, 2002, Stability dependence of the relaxed eddy accumulation coefficient for various scalar quantities, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000649
Berner, 1980, Mass size distributions of traffic aerosols at Vienna, J. Phys. Chem., 84, 2079, 10.1021/j100453a016
Bobbink, 2010, Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis, Ecol. Appl., 20, 30, 10.1890/08-1140.1
Brost, 1988, Numerical modeling of concentrations and fluxes of HNO3 NH3, and NH4NO3 near the surface, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7137, 10.1029/JD093iD06p07137
Businger, 1990, Flux measurement with conditional sampling, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 7, 349, 10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0349:FMWCS>2.0.CO;2
Chen, 2014, Seasonal ambient ammonia and ammonium concentrations in a pilot IMPROVE NHx monitoring network in the western United States, Atmos. Environ., 91, 118, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.058
Draxler, 2013
Duyzer, 1994, The dry deposition of ammonia onto a Douglas fir forest in the Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 28, 1241, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90271-2
Ehman, 2002, An initial intercomparison of micrometeorological and ecological inventory estimates of carbon exchange in a mid-latitude deciduous forest, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 575, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00492.x
Ferm, 1998, Atmospheric ammonia and ammonium transport in Europe and critical loads: a review, Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst., 51, 5, 10.1023/A:1009780030477
Flechard, 2013, Advances in understanding, models and parameterizations of biosphere-atmosphere ammonia exchange, Biogeosciences, 10, 5183, 10.5194/bg-10-5183-2013
Flechard, 2011, Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to European ecosystems: a comparison of inferential models across the NitroEurope network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2703, 10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011
Gao, 1995, The vertical change of coefficient b, used in the relaxed eddy accumulation method for flux measurement above and within a forest canopy, Atmos. Environ., 29, 2339, 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00147-Q
Grönholm, 2008, The dependence of the beta coefficient of REA system with dynamic deadband on atmospheric conditions, Environ. Pollut., 152, 597, 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.071
Hansen, 2013, Ammonia emissions from deciduous forest after leaf fall, Biogeosciences, 10, 4577, 10.5194/bg-10-4577-2013
Hensen, 2009, Inter-comparison of ammonia fluxes obtained using the Relaxed Eddy Accumulation technique, Biogeosciences, 6, 2575, 10.5194/bg-6-2575-2009
Hertel, 2006, Modelling nitrogen deposition on a local scale – a review of the current state of the art, Environ. Chem., 3, 317, 10.1071/EN06038
Hertel, 2012, Governing processes for reactive nitrogen compounds in the European atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 9, 4921, 10.5194/bg-9-4921-2012
Howell, 1998, A field intercomparison of three cascade impactors, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 475, 10.1080/02786829808965585
Huber, 2002, Three years of continuous measurements of atmospheric ammonia concentrations over a forest stand at the Hoglwald site in southern Bavaria, Plant Soil, 240, 13, 10.1023/A:1015874726467
Kramm, 1994, Modeling of the vertical fluxes of nitric acid, ammonia, and ammonium nitrate, J. Atmos. Chem., 18, 319, 10.1007/BF00712450
Levine, 1982, In-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of nitric acid vapor, Atmos. Environ., 16, 1725, 10.1016/0004-6981(82)90266-9
Massad, 2010, Review and parameterisation of bi-directional ammonia exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10359, 10.5194/acp-10-10359-2010
Mauder, 2008, Quality control of CarboEurope flux data? Part 2: Inter-comparison of eddy-covariance software, Biogeosciences, 5, 451, 10.5194/bg-5-451-2008
Nakai, 2014, An inter-comparison between Gill and Campbell sonic anemometers, Agric. For. Meteorol., 195–196, 123, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.05.005
Neirynck, 2005, Driving forces for ammonia fluxes over mixed forest subjected to high deposition loads, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5013, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.05.027
Nemitz, 2004, Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: III. Modelling the influence of the NH3-HNO3-NH4NO3 equilibrium on size-segregated particle fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1025, 10.5194/acp-4-1025-2004
Nemitz, 2004, Gas-particle interactions above a Dutch heathland: I. Surface exchange fluxes of NH3, SO2 HNO3 and HCl, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 989, 10.5194/acp-4-989-2004
Nemitz, 2000, Resistance modelling of ammonia exchange over oilseed rape, Agric. For. Meteorol., 105, 405, 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00206-9
Neususs, 2000, Size-segregated chemical, gravimetric and number distribution-derived mass closure of the aerosol in Sagres, Portugal during ACE-2, Tellus Ser. B, 52, 169, 10.3402/tellusb.v52i2.16091
Pilegaard, 2011, Increasing net CO2 uptake by a Danish beech forest during the period from 1996 to 2009, Agric. For. Meteorol., 151, 934, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.02.013
Pinder, 2011, Quantifying spatial and seasonal variability in atmospheric ammonia with in situ and space-based observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04802, 10.1029/2010GL046146
Pryor, 1999, Speciated particle dry deposition to the sea surface: results from ASEPS‘97, Atmos. Environ., 33, 2045, 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00413-0
Pryor, 1999, Nitrogen dry deposition at an AmeriFlux site in a hardwood forest in the MidWest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 691, 10.1029/1999GL900066
Pryor, 2002, HNO3 fluxes to a deciduous forest derived using gradient and REA methods, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5993, 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00765-3
Pryor, 2001, Ammonia concentrations and fluxes over a forest in the midwestern USA, Atmos. Environ., 35, 5645, 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00259-X
Pryor, 2011, Spatial and vertical extent of nucleation events in the Midwestern USA: insights from the Nucleation In ForesTs (NIFTy) experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1641, 10.5194/acp-11-1641-2011
Pryor, 2014, Forest canopy interactions with nucleation mode particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 11985, 10.5194/acp-14-11985-2014
Reis, 2009, Reactive nitrogen in atmospheric emission inventories, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7657, 10.5194/acp-9-7657-2009
Ren, 2011, A relaxed eddy accumulation system for measuring vertical fluxes of nitrous acid, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2093, 10.5194/amt-4-2093-2011
Schjoerring, 1998, Physiological parameters controlling plant–atmosphere ammonia exchange, Atmos. Environ., 32, 491, 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00006-X
Schjoerring, 2000, Physiological regulation of plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange, Plant Soil, 221, 95, 10.1023/A:1004761931558
Schwab, 2007, A laboratory intercomparison of real-time gaseous ammonia measurement methods, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 8412, 10.1021/es070354r
Skjøth, 2013, The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 117, 10.5194/acp-13-117-2013
Sørensen, 1994, Diffusion scrubber technique used for measurements of atmospheric ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3637, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00189-R
Sørensen, 2003, Fluxes of ammonia in the coastal marine boundary layer, Atmos. Environ., 37, S167, 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00247-4
Sutton, 1997, Vertical distribution and fluxes of ammonia at Great Dun Fell, Atmos. Environ., 31, 2615, 10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00180-X
Sutton, 2013, Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 368, 10.1098/rstb.2013.0166
Wang, 2011, Seasonal variation in ammonia compensation point and nitrogen pools in beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica), Plant Soil, 343, 51, 10.1007/s11104-010-0693-7
Wentworth, 2014, Soil-atmosphere exchange of ammonia in a non-fertilized grassland: measured emission potentials and inferred fluxes, Biogeosciences, 11, 5675, 10.5194/bg-11-5675-2014
Whitehead, 2008, Evaluation of laser absorption spectroscopic techniques for eddy covariance flux measurements of ammonia, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 2041, 10.1021/es071596u
Wyers, 1998, Ammonia exchange over coniferous forest, Atmos. Environ., 32, 441, 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00275-6
Wyers, 1993, A continuous-flow denuder for the measurement of ambient concentrations and surface-exchange fluxes of ammonia, Atmos. Environ. Part A, 27, 2085, 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90280-C
Zhang, 1995, The influence of ammonium nitrate equilibrium on the measurement of exchange fluxes of ammonia and nitric acid, Stud. Environ. Sci., 64, 103, 10.1016/S0166-1116(06)80277-3