BREAST CANCER AND AGING

Akhtar, 1991, A 10-year experience of tamoxifen as primary treatment of breast cancer in 100 elderly and frail patients, Eur J Surg Oncol, 17, 30

Allan, 1985, Tamoxifen as primary treatment of breast cancer in elderly or frail patients: A practical management, British Medical Journal-Clinical Research Edition, 290, 358, 10.1136/bmj.290.6465.358

Anonymous, 1986, A randomized trial in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer comparing endocrine and cytotoxic therapy given sequentially or in combination. The Australian and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group, Clinical Oncological Society of Australia, J Clin Oncol, 4, 186, 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.2.186

Anonymous, 1995, Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer. An overview of the randomized trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, N Engl J Med, 333, 1444, 10.1056/NEJM199511303332202

Anonymous, 1998, Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomized trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, Lancet, 352, 930, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03301-7

Anonymous, 1992, Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomized trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, Lancet, 339, 1

Anonymous, 1998, Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group, Lancet, 351, 1451, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11423-4

Bajetta, 1998, Oral doxifluridine plus levoleucovorin in elderly patients with advanced breast cancer, Cancer, 83, 1136, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980915)83:6<1136::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-6

Balducci, 1998, Breast cancer: An oncological perspective–Part I, 629

Bates, 1991, Breast cancer in elderly women: A Cancer Research Campaign trial comparing treatment with tamoxifen and optimal surgery with tamoxifen alone. The Elderly Breast Cancer Working Party, Br J Surg, 78, 591, 10.1002/bjs.1800780523

Baynes, 1998, Selective oestrogen receptor modulators: A new paradigm for HRT, Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 10, 189, 10.1097/00001703-199806000-00002

Begg, 1980, Are the elderly predisposed to toxicity from cancer chemotherapy? An investigation using data from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Cancer Clinical Trials, 3, 369

Begg, 1989, A study of excess hematologic toxicity in elderly patients treated on chemotherapy protocols, 149

Benjamin, 1995, Rationale for the use of mitoxantrone in the older patient: Cardiac toxicity, Semin Oncol, 22, 11

Bergman, 1995, Should tamoxifen be a primary treatment choice for elderly breast cancer patients with locoregional disease?, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 34, 77, 10.1007/BF00666494

Bloomfield, 1998, Should bisphosphonates be part of the standard therapy of patients with multiple myeloma or bone metastases from other cancers? An evidence-based review, J Clin Oncol, 16, 1218, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.3.1218

Blum, 1998, A multicenter phase II trial of XelodaTM (capecitabine) in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer [abstract], Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 17, 125a

Boer, 1995, In search of the best upper age limit for breast cancer screening, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 2040, 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00457-2

Bradbeer, 1983, Primary treatment of breast cancer in elderly women with tamoxifen, Clin Oncol, 9, 31

Buzdar, 1998, Tamoxifen and toremifene in breast cancer: Comparison of safety and efficacy, J Clin Oncol, 16, 348, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.1.348

Cabanes, 1992, Value of axillary dissection in addition to lumpectomy and radiotherapy in early breast cancer, Lancet, 339, 1245, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91591-U

Chevallier, 1990, Phase II study of oral idarubicin in elderly patients with advanced breast cancer, Am J Clin Oncol, 13, 4396, 10.1097/00000421-199010000-00015

Christman, 1992, Chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer in the elderly. The Piedmont Oncology Association experience, JAMA, 268, 57, 10.1001/jama.268.1.57

Ciatto, 1991, Response of primary breast cancer to tamoxifen alone in elderly women, Tumori, 77, 328, 10.1177/030089169107700407

Ciatto, 1996, Tamoxifen as primary treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients, Neoplasma, 43, 43

Cobleigh, 1998, Efficacy and safety of HerceptinTM (humanized anti-HER2 antibody) as a single agent in 222 women with HER2 overexpression who relapsed following chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer [abstract], Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 17, 97a

Cooke, 1995, Tamoxifen with and without radiation after partial mastectomy in patients with involved nodes, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 31, 777, 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00499-4

Costanza, 1992, Breast cancer screening in older women. Synopsis of a forum, Cancer, 69, 1925, 10.1002/1097-0142(19920401)69:7+<1925::AID-CNCR2820691709>3.0.CO;2-U

Costanza, 1994, Issues in breast cancer screening in older women, Cancer, 74, 2009, 10.1002/1097-0142(19941001)74:7+<2009::AID-CNCR2820741704>3.0.CO;2-E

Cummings, 1998, Raloxifene reduces the risk of breast cancer and may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women. Two-year findings from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Trial [abstract], Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 17, 2a

Desch, 1993, Should the elderly receive chemotherapy for node-negative breast cancer? A cost-effectiveness analysis examining total and active life-expectancy outcomes, J Clin Oncol, 11, 777, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.4.777

Dunser, 1993, Tumorectomy plus tamoxifen for the treatment of breast cancer in the elderly, Eur J Surg Oncol, 19, 529

Extermann, 1998, What threshold for adjuvant therapy in older breast cancer patients [abstract]?, Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 17, 102a

Faulk, 1995, Clinical efficacy of mammographic screening in the elderly, Radiology, 194, 193, 10.1148/radiology.194.1.7997552

Feigelson, 1996, T1 breast carcinoma in women 70 years of age and older may not require axillary lymph node dissection, Am J Surg, 172, 487, 10.1016/S0002-9610(96)00249-8

Field, 1998, Mammographic screening in women more than 64 years old: A comparison of 1- and 2-year intervals, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 4, 961, 10.2214/ajr.170.4.9530044

Fish, 1998, Competing causes of death for primary breast cancer, Ann Surg Oncol, 5, 368, 10.1007/BF02303502

Fisher, 1998, Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study, J Natl Cancer Inst, 90, 1371, 10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371

Fisher, 1985, Ten-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing radical mastectomy and total mastectomy with or without radiation, N Engl J Med, 312, 674, 10.1056/NEJM198503143121102

Gazet, 1994, Prospective randomized trial of tamoxifen vs surgery in elderly patients with breast cancer, Eur J Surg Oncol, 20, 207

Gazet, 1988, Prospective randomized trial of tamoxifen versus surgery in elderly patients with breast cancer, Lancet, 1, 679, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91478-X

Gelman, 1984, Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in women more than 65 years old with advanced breast cancer: The elimination of age trends in toxicity by using doses based on creatinine clearance, J Clin Oncol, 2, 1404, 10.1200/JCO.1984.2.12.1404

Giovanazzi-Bannon, 1994, Treatment tolerance of elderly cancer patients entered into phase II clinical trials: An Illinois Cancer Center study, J Clin Oncol, 12, 2447, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.11.2447

Glick, 1992, Meeting highlights: Adjuvant therapy for primary breast cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 84, 1479, 10.1093/jnci/84.19.1479

Goldhirsch, 1998, Meeting highlights: International consensus panel on the treatment of primary breast cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 90, 1601, 10.1093/jnci/90.21.1601

Herbsman, 1981, Survival following breast cancer surgery in the elderly, Cancer, 47, 2358, 10.1002/1097-0142(19810515)47:10<2358::AID-CNCR2820471006>3.0.CO;2-K

Hochster, 1995, Cardiotoxicity and cardioprotection during chemotherapy, Curr Opin Oncol, 7, 304, 10.1097/00001622-199507000-00002

Holli, 1998, Adjuvant trials of toremifene vs tamoxifen: The European experience, Oncology, 12, 23

Horobin, 1991, Long-term follow-up of elderly patients with locoregional breast cancer treated with tamoxifen only, Br J Surg, 78, 213, 10.1002/bjs.1800780228

Hortobagyi, 1996, Single-agent paclitaxel for the treatment of breast cancer: An overview, Semin Oncol, 23, 4

Hortobagyi, 1998, Long-term prevention of skeletal complications of metastatic breast cancer with pamidronate. Protocol 19 Aredia Breast Cancer Study Group, J Clin Oncol, 16, 2038, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.6.2038

Hwang, 1998, Does the proven benefit of mammography extend to breast cancer patients over age 70?, South Med J, 91, 522, 10.1097/00007611-199806000-00003

Ibrahim, 1996, Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer. Tolerance and outcome, Arch Intern Med, 156, 882, 10.1001/archinte.156.8.882

Kantorowitz, 1988, Treatment of breast cancer among elderly women with segmental mastectomy or segmental mastectomy plus postoperative radiotherapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 15, 263, 10.1016/S0360-3016(98)90003-7

Kerlikowske, 1995, Efficacy of screening mammography. A meta-analysis, JAMA, 273, 149, 10.1001/jama.273.2.149

Kessler, 1992, The relationship between age and incidence of breast cancer. Population and screening program data, Cancer, 69, 1896, 10.1002/1097-0142(19920401)69:7+<1896::AID-CNCR2820691704>3.0.CO;2-1

Kimmick, 1997, Cancer chemotherapy in older adults–A tolerability perspective, Drugs Aging, 10, 34, 10.2165/00002512-199710010-00004

Kurtz, 1990, Why are local recurrences after breast-conserving therapy more frequent in younger patients?, J Clin Oncol, 10, 141

Lyman, 1996, Age and the risk of breast cancer recurrence, Cancer Control, 3, 421

Maher, 1995, Breast cancer in elderly women: A retrospective analysis of combined treatment with tamoxifen and once-weekly irradiation, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 31, 783, 10.1016/0360-3016(94)00564-8

Mandelblatt, 1992, Breast cancer screening for elderly women with and without comorbid conditions. A decision analysis model, Ann Intern Med, 116, 722, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-9-722

Margolese, 1989, Tamoxifen as an alternative to surgical resection for selected geriatric patients with primary breast cancer [discussion], Arch Surg, 124, 548, 10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410050038006

Martelli, 1995, Long-term follow-up of elderly patients with operable breast cancer treated with surgery without axillary dissection plus adjuvant tamoxifen, Br J Cancer, 72, 1251, 10.1038/bjc.1995.495

Martelli, 1993, Surgical resection plus tamoxifen as treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients: A retrospective study, Eur J Cancer, 29A, 2080, 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90037-G

Masetti, 1996, Breast cancer in women 70 years of age or older, J Clin Oncol, 13, 2722

McCarty, 1983, Relationship of age and menopausal status to estrogen receptor content in primary carcinoma of the breast, Ann Surg, 197, 123, 10.1097/00000658-198302000-00001

Miller, 1992

Mustacchi, 1994, Tamoxifen or surgery plus tamoxifen as primary treatment for elderly patients with operable breast cancer: The G.R.E.T.A. Trial. Group for Research on Endocrine Therapy in the Elderly, Anticancer Res, 14, 2197

Naslund, 1996, Breast cancer in women over 75 years: Is axillary dissection always necessary?, Eur J Surg, 162, 867

Nerenz, 1986, Psychosocial consequences of cancer chemotherapy for elderly patients, Health Serv Res, 20, 961

Nixon, 1994, Relationship of patient age to pathologic features of the tumor and prognosis for patients with stage I and II breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 12, 888, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.5.888

Peer, 1994, Age-specific effectiveness of the Nijmegen population-based breast cancer-screening program: Assessment of early indicators of screening effectiveness, J Natl Cancer Inst, 86, 436, 10.1093/jnci/86.6.436

Powles, 1998, Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention trial, Lancet, 352, 98, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05071-5

Preece, 1982, Tamoxifen as initial sole treatment of localized breast cancer in elderly women: A pilot study, British Medical Journal-Clinical Research Edition, 284, 869, 10.1136/bmj.284.6319.869-a

Ranson, 1997, Treatment of advanced breast cancer with sterically stabilized liposomal doxorubicin: Results of a multicenter phase II trial, J Clin Oncol, 15, 3185, 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.10.3185

Ravdin, 1995, Review of docetaxel (Taxotere), a highly active new agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, Semin Oncol, 22, 17

Reed, 1989, Wide local excision as the sole primary treatment in elderly patients with carcinoma of the breast, Br J Surg, 76, 898, 10.1002/bjs.1800760908

Repetto, 1995, Mitoxantrone in elderly women with advanced breast cancer: A phase II study, Anticancer Res, 15, 2297

Robertson, 1988, Comparison of mastectomy with tamoxifen for treating elderly patients with operable breast cancer, BMJ, 297, 511, 10.1136/bmj.297.6647.511

Robinson, 1996, Tamoxifen in postmenopausal women: A safety perspective, Drugs Aging, 8, 329, 10.2165/00002512-199608050-00002

Rostom, 1987, Once weekly irradiation in breast cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 13, 551, 10.1016/0360-3016(87)90070-8

Satariano, 1992, Comorbidity and functional status in older women with breast cancer: Implications for screening, treatment, and prognosis, Journal of Gerontology, 47, 24

Satariano, 1993, Aging, comorbidity, and breast cancer survival: An epidemiologic view, Adv Exp Med Biol, 330, 1, 10.1007/978-1-4615-2926-2_1

Satariano, 1989, Comorbidity in older women with breast cancer: An epidemiologic approach, 71

Satariano, 1994, The effect of comorbidity on 3-year survival of women with primary breast cancer, Ann Intern Med, 120, 104, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-2-199401150-00002

Serafini, 1994, Current status of systemic intravenous radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of painful metastatic bone disease, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 30, 1187, 10.1016/0360-3016(94)90327-1

Serafini, 1998, Palliation of pain associated with metastatic bone cancer using samarium-153 lexidronam: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, J Clin Oncol, 16, 1574, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.4.1574

Sorio, 1997, Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of vinorelbine in elderly patients with metastatic breast cancer, Eur J Cancer, 33, 301, 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00426-1

Swain, 1997, Cardioprotection with dexrazoxane for doxorubicin-containing therapy in advanced breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 15, 1318, 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.4.1318

Taylor, 1986, Combination chemotherapy compared to tamoxifen as initial therapy for stage IV breast cancer in elderly women, Ann Intern Med, 104, 455, 10.7326/0003-4819-104-4-455

1997

van Dalsen, 1995, Treatment of breast cancer in elderly patients, J Surg Oncol, 60, 80, 10.1002/jso.2930600203

van Dijck JA, Verbeek AL, Beex LV, et al: Mammographic screening after the age of 65 years: Evidence for a reduction in breast cancer mortality. Int J Cancer 66:727

Venturini, 1996, Multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate cardioprotection of dexrazoxane versus no cardioprotection in women receiving epirubicin chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer, J Clin Oncol, 14, 3112, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.12.3112

Veronesi, 1993, Radiotherapy after breast-preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast, N Engl J Med, 328, 1587, 10.1056/NEJM199306033282202

Veronesi U, Maisonneuve P, Costa A, et al: Prevention of breast cancer with tamoxifen: Preliminary findings from the Italian randomised trial among hysterectomised women. Italian Tamoxifen Prevention Study. Lancet 352:93

Von Hoff, 1979, Risk factors for doxorubicin-induced congestive heart failure, Ann Intern Med, 91, 710, 10.7326/0003-4819-91-5-710

von Rosen, 1987, Assessment of malignancy potential in mammary carcinoma in elderly patients, Am J Clin Oncol, 10, 61, 10.1097/00000421-198702000-00014

von Rueden, 1994, Alternative therapy for elderly patients with breast cancer, Am Surg, 60, 72

Wazer, 1994, Breast conservation in elderly women for clinically negative axillary lymph nodes without axillary dissection, Cancer, 74, 878, 10.1002/1097-0142(19940801)74:3<878::AID-CNCR2820740314>3.0.CO;2-4

Wilson, 1994, Breast cancer in the elderly patient: Early detection with mammography, Radiology, 190, 203, 10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259405

Wolmark, 1998, The addition of tamoxifen to lumpectomy and radiotherapy in the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): Preliminary results of NSABP protocol B-24 [abstract], Breast Cancer Res Treat, 50, 227

Yancik, 1989, Breast cancer in aging women. A population-based study of contrasts in stage, surgery, and survival, Cancer, 63, 976, 10.1002/1097-0142(19890301)63:5<976::AID-CNCR2820630532>3.0.CO;2-A

Yeh, 1997, Segmental mastectomy and tamoxifen alone provide adequate locoregional control of breast cancer in elderly women, Am Surg, 63, 854