BOFFFFs: về tầm quan trọng của việc bảo tồn cấu trúc tuổi trưởng thành trong quần thể thủy sản

ICES Journal of Marine Science - Tập 71 Số 8 - Trang 2171-2185 - 2014
Mark A. Hixon1, Darren W. Johnson2, Susan M. Sogard3
1Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, HI, USA
22Department of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
33Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Tóm tắt

Tóm tắt

Giá trị của những cá cái lớn, béo, sinh sản nhiều (BOFFFFs) trong việc thúc đẩy năng suất và độ ổn định của quần thể lâu nay chưa được đánh giá cao bởi khoa học và quản lý thủy sản truyền thống, mặc dù Hjort (1914) đã gián tiếp đề cập đến tầm quan trọng của các tác động mẹ. So với các cá cái trưởng thành nhỏ hơn, BOFFFFs trong một loạt các loài cá xương biển và nước ngọt sinh ra nhiều trứng hơn và thường là trứng lớn hơn, có khả năng phát triển thành ấu trùng lớn hơn và chịu đói tốt hơn. Quan trọng không kém, BOFFFFs trong các loài đẻ trứng theo đợt có xu hướng có mùa sinh sản sớm và dài hơn, và có thể đẻ trứng ở những địa điểm khác nhau so với các cá cái nhỏ hơn. Những đặc điểm này cho thấy rằng BOFFFFs là những tác nhân chính của các chiến lược rải rác (bet-hedging) giúp đảm bảo thành công sinh sản cá nhân trong những môi trường có sự biến động mạnh mẽ về thời gian và không gian. Ngay cả khi mọi thứ đều như nhau, BOFFFFs có thể sống sót qua những khoảng thời gian không thuận lợi cho sự sinh sản thành công và sẵn sàng sinh sản nhiều hơn khi điều kiện thuận lợi trở lại (hiệu ứng lưu trữ). Việc đánh bắt cá xóa bỏ BOFFFFs một cách khác biệt, thường dẫn đến sự cắt ngắn nghiêm trọng về kích thước và cấu trúc tuổi tác của quần thể. Trong những trường hợp xấu nhất, tỷ lệ tử vong do đánh bắt hoạt động như một yếu tố chọn lọc mạnh mẽ ngăn cản sự đảo ngược cắt ngắn kích thước và tuổi tác, ngay cả khi cường độ đánh bắt được giảm xuống sau đó. Cắt ngắn tuổi đã được biết đến là làm mất ổn định các quần thể bị đánh bắt, làm tăng khả năng chúng bị sụp đổ. Mặc dù một số mô hình thủy sản bắt đầu đưa vào các hiệu ứng mẹ và các hiệu ứng tuổi lớn khác, hầu hết vẫn tiếp tục coi tất cả sinh khối đẻ trứng là giống nhau: nhiều cá cái nhỏ tuổi được cho là góp phần giống như một khối lượng tương đương của BOFFFFs vào năng suất quần thể. Một khối lượng kiến thức đang gia tăng cho thấy năng suất và độ ổn định của thủy sản sẽ được cải thiện nếu việc quản lý bảo tồn cấu trúc tuổi lớn trong các quần thể bị đánh bắt, thông qua việc hạn chế tỷ lệ khai thác, thực hiện giới hạn kích thước hoặc thiết lập các khu bảo tồn biển, hiện đã được biết đến là cung cấp nguồn giống cho các khu vực xung quanh vào thông qua sự phân tán ấu trùng. Mạng lưới các khu bảo tồn biển có khả năng là biện pháp hiệu quả nhất để đảm bảo rằng các khu vực còn sót lại của cấu trúc tuổi lớn sống sót trên toàn khu vực địa lý của các loài đáy.

Từ khóa


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