BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Fate and transport of bioaerosols associated with livestock operations and manures

Adams, 1982, Aerosol stability of infectious and potentially infectious reovirus particles., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44, 903, 10.1128/AEM.44.4.903-908.1982

Adhikari, 2004, Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed., Environ. Int., 29, 1071, 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00103-X

Akers, 1966, Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of airborne Columbia SK group viruses., Appl. Microbiol., 14, 361, 10.1128/AEM.14.3.361-364.1966

Akers, 1973, Airborne stability of Simian Virus 40., Appl. Microbiol., 26, 146, 10.1128/AEM.26.2.146-148.1973

Aller, 2005, The sea surface microlayer as a source of vira and bacterial enrichment in marine aerosols., Aerosol Sci., 36, 801, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.10.012

Bausum, 1982, Comparison of coliphage and bacterial aerosols at a wastewater spray irrigation site., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 43, 28, 10.1128/AEM.43.1.28-38.1982

Beebe, 1959, Stability of disseminated aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis subjected to simulated solar radiation and various humidities., J. Bacteriol., 78, 18, 10.1128/JB.78.1.18-24.1959

Boutin, 1988, Atmospheric bacterial contamination from landspreading of animal wastes: Evaluation of the respiratory risk for people nearby., J. Agric. Eng. Res., 39, 149, 10.1016/0021-8634(88)90092-3

Brenner, 1988, Animal viruses, coliphages, and bacteria in aerosols and wastewater at a spray irrigation site., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54, 409, 10.1128/AEM.54.2.409-415.1988

Brooks, 2004, Biological aerosol emission, fate, and transport from municipal and animal wastes., J. Resid. Sci. Technol., 1, 15

Brooks, 2005, Estimation of bioaerosol risk of infection to residents adjacent to a land applied biosolids site using an empirically derived transport model., J. Appl. Microbiol., 98, 397, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02484.x

Brooks, 2005, A national study on the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids., J. Appl. Microbiol., 99, 310, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02604.x

Brown, 2002, Aerial dispersal of pathogens on the global and continental scales and its impact on plant disease., Science, 297, 537, 10.1126/science.1072678

Camann, 1988, Microorganism levels in air near spray irrigation of municipal wastewater: The Lubbock infection surveillance study., J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 60, 1960

Cambra-López, 2010, Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems: A review of an air pollution problem., Environ. Pollut., 158, 1, 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.011

Cannon, 1999, Assessing the risk of wind-borne spread of foot-and-mouth disease in Australia., Environ. Int., 25, 713, 10.1016/S0160-4120(99)00049-5

Carducci, 1999, Assessment of microbial parameters as indicators of viral contamination of aerosol from urban sewage treatment plants., Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 28, 207, 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00503.x

Chang, 2001, Exposure assessment to airborne endotoxin, dust, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in open style swine houses., Ann. Occup. Hyg., 45, 457, 10.1016/S0003-4878(00)00081-8

Chang, 2001, Exposure of workers to airborne microorganisms in open-air swine houses., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67, 155, 10.1128/AEM.67.1.155-161.2001

Chinivasagam, 2005, Investigation and application of methods for enumerating heterotrophs and Escherichia coli in the air within piggery sheds., J. Appl. Microbiol., 98, 1137, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02560.x

Chinivasagam, 2009, Mechanically ventilated broiler sheds: A possible source of aerosolized Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 7417, 10.1128/AEM.01380-09

Cole, 2008, Auditing and assessing air quality in concentrated feeding operation., Prof. Anim. Sci., 24, 1, 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30804-4

Cox, 1966, The survival of Escherichia coli sprayed into air and into nitrogen from distilled water and from solutions protecting agents, as a function of relative humidity., J. Gen. Microbiol., 43, 383, 10.1099/00221287-43-3-383

Cox, 1976, Inactivation kinetics of some microorganisms subjected to a variety of stresses., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 836, 10.1128/AEM.31.6.836-846.1976

Cox, 1967, The toxic effect of oxygen upon the aerosol survival of Escherichia coli B., J. Gen. Microbiol., 49, 115, 10.1099/00221287-49-1-115

Cox, 1974, Aerosol survival of Serratia marcescens as a function of oxygen concentration, relative humidity, and time., Can. J. Microbiol., 20, 1529, 10.1139/m74-239

Cox, 1972, Aerosol survival of Pasteurella tularensis and the influence of relative humidity., Appl. Microbiol., 23, 1, 10.1128/AEM.23.1.1-3.1972

Cox, 1995, Bioaerosols Handbook.

Dimmock, 1967, Differences between the thermal inactivation of picornaviruses at “high” and “low” temperatures., Virology, 31, 338, 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90179-1

Douwes, 2003, Bioaerosol health effects and exposure assessment: Progress and prospects., Ann. Occup. Hyg., 47, 187

Dowd, 2000, Bioaerosol transport modeling and risk assessment in relation to biosolid placement., J. Environ. Qual., 29, 343, 10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010043x

Dowd, 1997, Thermotolerant Clostridia as an airborne pathogen indicator during land application of biosolids., J. Environ. Qual., 26, 194, 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010028x

Duan, 2009, Source identification of airborne Escherichia coli of swine house surroundings using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR., Environ. Res., 109, 511, 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.014

Dungan, 2009, Airborne endotoxin concentrations at a large open lot dairy in southern Idaho., J. Environ. Qual., 38, 1919, 10.2134/jeq2008.0504

Dungan, 2009, A concise review of methodologies used to collect and characterize bioaerosols and their application at concentrated animal feeding operations., World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25, 1505, 10.1007/s11274-009-0043-1

Dungan, 2009, The effect of extraction, storage, and analysis techniques on the measurement of airborne endotoxins from a large dairy., Aerobiologia, 25, 265, 10.1007/s10453-009-9131-9

Dungan, 2010, Year-long monitoring of airborne endotoxin at a concentrated dairy operation., Aerobiologia, 26, 141, 10.1007/s10453-009-9151-5

Dungan, 2010, Assessment of bioaerosols at a concentrated dairy operation., Aerobiologia, 26, 171, 10.1007/s10453-010-9154-2

Ehrlich, 1973, Survival of airborne Pasteurella tularensis at different atmospheric temperatures., Appl. Microbiol., 25, 369, 10.1128/AEM.25.3.369-372.1973

Ehrlich, 1970, Effects of atmospheric humidity and temperature on the survival of airborne Falvobacterium., Appl. Microbiol., 20, 884, 10.1128/AEM.20.6.884-887.1970

Ehrlich, 1970, Relationship between atmospheric temperature and survival of airborne bacteria., Appl. Microbiol., 19, 245, 10.1128/AEM.19.2.245-249.1970

Fallschissel, 2009, Direct detection of Salmonella cells in the air of livestock stable by real-time PCR., Ann. Occup. Hyg., 53, 859

Ganio, 1995, A comparison between computer modeled bioaerosol dispersion and a bioaerosol field spray event., Aerobiologia, 11, 183, 10.1007/BF02450037

Garner, 2006, An integrated modeling approach to assess the risk of wind-borne spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus from infected premises., Environ. Model. Assess., 11, 195, 10.1007/s10666-005-9023-5

Garten, 2003, Modeling the transport and dispersion of airborne contaminants: A review of techniques and approaches., Johns Hopkins, 24, 368

Gerba, 2005, Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application of wastes., J. Environ. Qual., 34, 42, 10.2134/jeq2005.0042a

Gloster, 2010, Airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease: Model intercomparison., Vet. J., 183, 278, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.011

Gloster, 1982, Long distance transport of foot-and-mouth disease virus over sea., Vet. Rec., 110, 47, 10.1136/vr.110.3.47

Goff, 1973, Emission of microbial aerosols from sewage treatment plants that use trickling filters., Health Serv. Rep., 88, 640, 10.2307/4594867

Green, 2006, Bacterial plume emanating from the air surrounding swine confinement operations., J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 3, 9, 10.1080/15459620500430615

Griffin, 2007, Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health., Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20, 459, 10.1128/CMR.00039-06

Grinshpun, 2007, Sampling for airborne microorganisms, Manual for Environmental Microbiology., 939, 10.1128/9781555815882.ch74

Haas, 1983, Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: A comparison of alternative methodologies., Am. J. Epidemiol., 118, 573, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113662

Harbaugh, 2006, Rapid aerosol transmission of Salmonella among turkeys in a simulated holding-shed environment., Poult. Sci., 85, 1693, 10.1093/ps/85.10.1693

Hardy, 2006, Technical background document: Microbial risk assessment and fate and transport modeling of aerosolized microorganisms at wastewater land application facilities in Idaho.

Hatch, 1966, Physiological responses of airborne bacteria to shifts in relative humidity., Bacteriol. Rev., 30, 597, 10.1128/MMBR.30.3.597-603.1966

Heederik, 2007, Health effects of airborne exposures from concentrated animal feeding operations., Environ. Health Perspec., 115, 298, 10.1289/ehp.8835

Hermann, 2009, A method to provide improved dose-response estimates for airborne pathogens in animals: An example using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus., Vet. Microbiol., 133, 297, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.07.002

Jensen, 1964, Inactivation of airborne viruses by ultraviolet radiation., Appl. Microbiol., 12, 418, 10.1128/AEM.12.5.418-420.1964

Jones, 2004, The effects of meteorological factors on atmospheric bioaerosol concentrations—A review., Sci. Total Environ., 326, 151, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021

Katzenelson, 1976, Dispersion of enteric bacteria by spray irrigation., J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 48, 710

Khaleel, 1991, Changes in soil physical properties due to organic waste applications: A review., J. Environ. Qual., 10, 133, 10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000020002x

Kim, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to predict bioaerosol transport behavior during center pivot wastewater irrigation.

Ko, 2000, Influence of relative humidity on particle size and UV sensitivity of Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis BCG aerosols., Tuber. Lung Dis., 80, 217, 10.1054/tuld.2000.0249

Kohl, 1987, Measurement of low pressure sprinkler evaporation loss., Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., 30, 1071, 10.13031/2013.30522

Kowalski, 2006, Aerobiological engineering handbook, Aerosol Science and Particle Dynamics., 119

Krauss, 2003, Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans., 3rd ed., 10.1128/9781555817787

Lighthart, 1973, Survival of airborne bacteria in high urban concentration of carbon monoxide., Appl. Microbiol., 25, 86, 10.1128/AEM.25.1.86-91.1973

Lighthart, 1994, Physics of microbial bioaerosols, Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols: Theory and Applications., 5, 10.1007/978-1-4684-6438-2_2

Lighthart, 2000, Mini-review of the concentration variations found in the alfresco atmospheric bacterial populations., Aerobiologia, 16, 7, 10.1023/A:1007694618888

Lighthart, 1976, Estimation of viable airborne microbes downwind from a point source., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31, 700, 10.1128/AEM.31.5.700-704.1976

Lighthart, 1989, Simulation of airborne microbial droplet transport., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55, 2349, 10.1128/AEM.55.9.2349-2355.1989

Lighthart, 1987, Estimating downwind concentrations of viable airborne microorganisms in dynamic atmospheric conditions., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, 1580, 10.1128/AEM.53.7.1580-1583.1987

Lighthart, 1994, Bacterial flux from chaparral into the atmosphere in mid-summer at a high desert location., Atmos. Environ., 28, 1267, 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90273-9

Low, 2007, Off-site exposure to respirable aerosols produced during the disk-incorporation of class B biosolids., J. Environ. Eng., 133, 987, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2007)133:10(987)

Madigan, 2006, Brock Biology of Microorganisms., 11th ed.

Marthi, 1990, Survival of bacteria during aerosolization., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 3463, 10.1128/AEM.56.11.3463-3467.1990

Marthi, 1990, Effects of betaine on enumeration of airborne bacteria., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56, 1286, 10.1128/AEM.56.5.1286-1289.1990

Matković, 2009, Airborne fungi in a dairy barn with emphasis on microclimate and emissions., Vet. Archiv., 79, 207

Mayer, 2008, A Lagrangian particle model to predict the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus., Atmos. Environ., 42, 466, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.069

Millner, 2009, Bioaerosols associated with animal production operations., Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5379, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.026

Mohr, 2007, Fate and transport of microorganisms in air, Manual for Environmental Microbiology., 952, 10.1128/9781555815882.ch76

Muilenberg, 1995, The outdoor aerosol, Bioaerosols., 163

Murayama, 2010, Molecular identification of airborne bacteria associated with aerial spraying of bovine slurry waste employing 16S rRNA gene PCR and gene sequencing techniques., Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 73, 443, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.003

Nehme, 2009, Culture-independent characterization of Archaeal biodiversity in swine confinement building aerosols., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 5445, 10.1128/AEM.00726-09

Nehme, 2008, Culture-independent approach of the bacterial bioaerosol diversity in the standard swine confinement buildings, and assessment of the seasonal effect., Environ. Microbiol., 10, 665, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01489.x

Oliveira, 2006, Experimental airborne transmission of Salmonella agona and Salmonella typhimurium in weaned pigs., Epidemiol. Infect., 134, 199, 10.1017/S0950268805004668

Paez-Rubio, 2007, Emission rates and characterization of aerosols produced during the spreading of dewatered class B biosolids., Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3537, 10.1021/es061786p

Paez-Rubio, 2005, Source bioaerosol concentration and rRNA gene-based identification of microorganisms aerosolized at a flood irrigation wastewater reuse site., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 804, 10.1128/AEM.71.2.804-810.2005

Parker, 1977, Microbial aerosols from food-processing waste spray fields., J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 49, 2359

Pasquill, 1961, The estimation of the dispersion of windborne material., Meteorol. Mag., 90, 33

Peacock, 2001, Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applications., Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 1011, 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00004-9

Peccia, 2007, Quantification of airborne biological contaminants associated with land applied biosolids.

Pedersen, 2008, Assessment tools in support of epidemiological investigations of airborne dispersion of pathogens., Am. J. Dis. Med., 3, 327

Peterson, 1977, Estimation of downwind viable airborne microbes from a wet cooling tower—Including settling., Microb. Ecol., 4, 67, 10.1007/BF02010430

Pfost, 2001, Land application equipment for livestock and poultry manure management.

Pillai, 2002, Bioaerosols from municipal and animal wastes: background and contemporary issues., Can. J. Microbiol., 48, 681, 10.1139/w02-070

Poon, 1966, Studies on the instantaneous death of airborne Escherichia coli., Am. J. Epidemiol., 84, 1, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120613

Power, 2000, Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products., 10.2136/sssabookser6

Predicala, 2002, Assessment of bioaerosols in swine barns by filtration and impaction., Curr. Microbiol., 44, 136, 10.1007/s00284-001-0064-y

Riley, 1972, Effect of relative humidity on the inactivation of airborne Serratia marcescens by ultraviolet radiation., Appl. Microbiol., 23, 1113, 10.1128/AEM.23.6.1113-1120.1972

Risse, 2006, Land application of manure for beneficial reuse, Animal Agriculture and the Environment, National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers., 283

Ritter, 2000, Potential impact of land application of by-products on ground and surface water quality, Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-Products., 263

Rubel, 2005, A decision-support system for real-time assessment of airborne spread of the foot-and-mouth disease virus., Methods Inf. Med., 44, 590, 10.1055/s-0038-1634013

Salem, 1994, Health aspects of bioaerosols, Atmospheric Microbial Aerosols: Theory and Applications., 304, 10.1007/978-1-4684-6438-2_10

Scarpino, 1998, Bioaerosol distribution patterns adjacent to two swine-growing-finishing housed confinement units in the American Midwest., J. Aerosol Sci., 29, S553, 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00289-4

Schierl, 2007, Endotoxin concentration in modern animal houses in southern Bavaria., Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 14, 129

Schulze, 2006, Ambient endotoxin level in an area with intensive livestock production., Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 13, 87

Seedorf, 1998, Concentrations and emissions of airborne endotoxins and microorganisms in livestock buildings in northern Europe., J. Agric. Eng. Res., 70, 97, 10.1006/jaer.1997.0281

Sobsey, 2006, Pathogen in animal wastes and the impacts of waste management practices on their survival, transport and fate, Animal Agriculture and the Environment, National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers., 609

Sobsey, 2003, Virus survival in the environment with special attention to survival in sewage droplets and other environmental media of fecal or respiratory origin., 70

Sommerfeldt, 1985, Changes in soil properties under annual applications of feedlot manure and different tillage practices., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 983, 10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040038x

Songer, 1967, Influence of relative humidity on the survival of some airborne viruses., Appl. Microbiol., 15, 35, 10.1128/AEM.15.1.35-42.1967

Sorber, 1975, Health and hygiene aspects of spray irrigation., Am. J. Public Health, 65, 47, 10.2105/AJPH.65.1.47

Sørensen, 1998, Sensitivity of the DERMA long-range Gaussian dispersion model to meteorological input and diffusion parameters., Atmos. Environ., 32, 4195, 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00178-2

Sørensen, 2001, Modelling the atmospheric dispersion of foot-and-mouth disease virus for emergency preparedness., Physics Chem. Earth Part B., 26, 93, 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00223-9

Sørensen, 2000, An integrated model to predict the atmospheric spread of FMD virus., Epidemiol. Infect., 124, 577, 10.1017/S095026889900401X

Spaan, 2006, Exposure to inhalable dust and endotoxins in agricultural industries., J. Environ. Monit., 8, 63, 10.1039/B509838F

Stetzenbach, 2007, Introduction to Aerobiology, Manual for Environmental Microbiology., 925, 10.1128/9781555815882.ch73

Taha, 2005, Estimating fugitive bioaerosol releases from static compost windrows: Feasibility of a portable wind tunnel approach., Waste Manag., 25, 445, 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.02.013

Tanner, 2008, Estimated occupational risk from bioaerosols generated during land application of class B biosolids., J. Environ. Qual., 37, 2311, 10.2134/jeq2007.0193

Tanner, 2005, Bioaerosol emission rate and plume characteristics during land application of liquid class B biosolids., Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 1584, 10.1021/es0404466

Teltsch, 1978, Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 35, 290, 10.1128/AEM.35.2.290-296.1978

Teltsch, 1980, Isolation and Identification of pathogenic microorganisms at wastewater-irrigated fields: Ratios in air and wastewater., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 39, 1183, 10.1128/AEM.39.6.1183-1190.1980

Teltsch, 1980, Die-away kinetics of aerosolized bacteria from sprinkler application of wastewater., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 39, 1191, 10.1128/AEM.39.6.1191-1197.1980

Theunissen, 1993, Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae in aerosols., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 2589, 10.1128/AEM.59.8.2589-2593.1993

US EPA, 1980, The Evaluation of Microbiological Aerosols Associated with the Application of Wastewater to Land: Pleasanton, California.

US EPA, 1982, Estimating Microorganism Densities in Aerosols from Spray Irrigation of Wastewater.

USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service 2009. Quick Stats 2.0 Beta. Accessed Mar. 18, 2010. http://www.nass.usda.gov/

Venglovsky, 2009, Pathogens and antibiotic residues in animal manures and hygienic and ecological risks related to subsequent land application., Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5386, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.068

Walter, 1990, Effect of aerosolization on subsequent bacterial survival., 56, 3468

Wathes, 1988, Aerosol infection of calves and mice with Salmonella typhimurium., Vet. Rec., 123, 590

Wilson, 2002, Airborne microbial flora in a cattle feedlot., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 3238, 10.1128/AEM.68.7.3238-3242.2002

Wright, 1998, Agricultural uses of municipal, animal, and industrial byproducts.

Zucker, 1998, Concentrations of airborne endotoxin in cow and calf stables., J. Aerosol Sci., 29, 217, 10.1016/S0021-8502(97)00461-8

Zucker, 2006, Determination of the inflammatory potential of bioaerosols from a duck-fattening unit by using a limulus amebocyte lysate assay and human whole blood cytokine response., J Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet Public Health, 53, 176, 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00934.x

Zucker, 2000, Airborne gram-negative bacterial flora in animal houses., J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet Public Health, 47, 37, 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00308.x