Autoantibodies Neutralizing Type I Interferons in 20% of COVID-19 Deaths in a French Hospital

Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G. Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(12):1123–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1. O’Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, Cummings DAT, Azman AS, Paireau J, Fontanet A, Cauchemez S, Salje H. Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021;590(7844):140–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0. Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J, Ogishi M, Sabli IKD, Hodeib S, Korol C, Rosain J, Bilguvar K, Ye J, Bolze A, Bigio B, Yang R, Arias AA, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Onodi F, Korniotis S, Karpf L, Philippot Q, Chbihi M, Bonnet-Madin L, Dorgham K, Smith N, Schneider WM, Razooky BS, Hoffmann H-H, Michailidis E, Moens L, Han JE, Lorenzo L, Bizien L, Meade P, Neehus A-L, Ugurbil AC, Corneau A, Kerner G, Zhang P, Rapaport F, Seeleuthner Y, Manry J, Masson C, Schmitt Y, Schlüter A, Le Voyer T, Khan T, Li J, Fellay J, Roussel L, Shahrooei M, Alosaimi MF, Mansouri D, Al-Saud H, Al-Mulla F, Almourfi F, Al-Muhsen, S. Z.; Alsohime, F.; Al Turki, S.; Hasanato, R.; van de Beek, D.; Biondi, A.; Bettini, L. R.; D’Angio’, M.; Bonfanti, P.; Imberti, L.; Sottini, A.; Paghera, S.; Quiros-Roldan, E.; Rossi, C.; Oler, A. J.; Tompkins, M. F.; Alba, C.; Vandernoot, I.; Goffard, J.-C.; Smits, G.; Migeotte, I.; Haerynck, F.; Soler-Palacin, P.; Martin-Nalda, A.; Colobran, R.; Morange, P.-E.; Keles, S.; Çölkesen, F.; Ozcelik, T.; Yasar, K. K.; Senoglu, S.; Karabela, Ş. N.; Rodríguez-Gallego, C.; Novelli, G.; Hraiech, S.; Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y.; Duval, X.; Laouénan, C.; COVID-STORM Clinicians†; COVID Clinicians†; Imagine COVID Group†; French COVID Cohort Study Group†; CoV-Contact Cohort†; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank†; COVID Human Genetic Effort†; NIAID-USUHS/TAGC COVID Immunity Group†; Snow, A. L.; Dalgard, C. L.; Milner, J. D.; Vinh, D. C.; Mogensen, T. H.; Marr, N.; Spaan, A. N.; Boisson, B.; Boisson-Dupuis, S.; Bustamante, J.; Puel, A.; Ciancanelli, M. J.; Meyts, I.; Maniatis, T.; Soumelis, V.; Amara, A.; Nussenzweig, M.; García-Sastre, A.; Krammer, F.; Pujol, A.; Duffy, D.; Lifton, R. P.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Gorochov, G.; Béziat, V.; Jouanguy, E.; Sancho-Shimizu, V.; Rice, C. M.; Abel, L.; Notarangelo, L. D.; Cobat, A.; Su, H. C.; Casanova, J.-L. Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 2020; 370(6515), eabd4570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4570. Asano, T.; Boisson, B.; Onodi, F.; Matuozzo, D.; Moncada-Velez, M.; Maglorius Renkilaraj, M. R. L.; Zhang, P.; Meertens, L.; Bolze, A.; Materna, M.; Korniotis, S.; Gervais, A.; Talouarn, E.; Bigio, B.; Seeleuthner, Y.; Bilguvar, K.; Zhang, Y.; Neehus, A.-L.; Ogishi, M.; Pelham, S. J.; Le Voyer, T.; Rosain, J.; Philippot, Q.; Soler-Palacín, P.; Colobran, R.; Martin-Nalda, A.; Rivière, J. G.; Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y.; Chaïbi, K.; Shahrooei, M.; Darazam, I. A.; Olyaei, N. A.; Mansouri, D.; Hatipoğlu, N.; Palabiyik, F.; Ozcelik, T.; Novelli, G.; Novelli, A.; Casari, G.; Aiuti, A.; Carrera, P.; Bondesan, S.; Barzaghi, F.; Rovere-Querini, P.; Tresoldi, C.; Franco, J. L.; Rojas, J.; Reyes, L. F.; Bustos, I. G.; Arias, A. A.; Morelle, G.; Christèle, K.; Troya, J.; Planas-Serra, L.; Schlüter, A.; Gut, M.; Pujol, A.; Allende, L. M.; Rodriguez-Gallego, C.; Flores, C.; Cabrera-Marante, O.; Pleguezuelo, D. E.; de Diego, R. P.; Keles, S.; Aytekin, G.; Akcan, O. M.; Bryceson, Y. T.; Bergman, P.; Brodin, P.; Smole, D.; Smith, C. I. E.; Norlin, A.-C.; Campbell, T. M.; Covill, L. E.; Hammarström, L.; Pan-Hammarström, Q.; Abolhassani, H.; Mane, S.; Marr, N.; Ata, M.; Al Ali, F.; Khan, T.; Spaan, A. N.; Dalgard, C. L.; Bonfanti, P.; Biondi, A.; Tubiana, S.; Burdet, C.; Nussbaum, R.; Kahn-Kirby, A.; Snow, A. L.; COVID Human Genetic Effort†; COVID-STORM Clinicians†; COVID Clinicians†; Imagine COVID Group†; French COVID Cohort Study Group†; CoV-Contact Cohort†; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19; Biobank†; NIAID-USUHS COVID Study Group†; Bustamante, J.; Puel, A.; Boisson-Dupuis, S.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Béziat, V.; Lifton, R. P.; Bastard, P.; Notarangelo, L. D.; Abel, L.; Su, H. C.; Jouanguy, E.; Amara, A.; Soumelis, V.; Cobat, A.; Zhang, Q.; Casanova, J.-L. X-linked recessive TLR7 deficiency in ~1% of men under 60 years old with life-threatening COVID-19. Sci. Immunol. 2021, 6 (62), eabl4348. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4348. Bastard, P.; Rosen, L. B.; Zhang, Q.; Michailidis, E.; Hoffmann, H.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Dorgham, K.; Philippot, Q.; Rosain, J.; Béziat, V.; Manry, J.; Shaw, E.; Haljasmägi, L.; Peterson, P.; Lorenzo, L.; Bizien, L.; Trouillet-Assant, S.; Dobbs, K.; de Jesus, A. A.; Belot, A.; Kallaste, A.; Catherinot, E.; Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y.; Le Pen, J.; Kerner, G.; Bigio, B.; Seeleuthner, Y.; Yang, R.; Bolze, A.; Spaan, A. N.; Delmonte, O. M.; Abers, M. S.; Aiuti, A.; Casari, G.; Lampasona, V.; Piemonti, L.; Ciceri, F.; Bilguvar, K.; Lifton, R. P.; Vasse, M.; Smadja, D. M.; Migaud, M.; Hadjadj, J.; Terrier, B.; Duffy, D.; Quintana-Murci, L.; van de Beek, D.; Roussel, L.; Vinh, D. C.; Tangye, S. G.; Haerynck, F.; Dalmau, D.; Martinez-Picado, J.; Brodin, P.; Nussenzweig, M. C.; Boisson-Dupuis, S.; Rodríguez-Gallego, C.; Vogt, G.; Mogensen, T. H.; Oler, A. J.; Gu, J.; Burbelo, P. D.; Cohen, J. I.; Biondi, A.; Bettini, L. R.; D’Angio, M.; Bonfanti, P.; Rossignol, P.; Mayaux, J.; Rieux-Laucat, F.; Husebye, E. S.; Fusco, F.; Ursini, M. V.; Imberti, L.; Sottini, A.; Paghera, S.; Quiros-Roldan, E.; Rossi, C.; Castagnoli, R.; Montagna, D.; Licari, A.; Marseglia, G. L.; Duval, X.; Ghosn, J.; HGID Lab§; NIAID-USUHS Immune Response to COVID Group§; COVID Clinicians§; COVID-STORM Clinicians§; Imagine COVID Group§; French COVID Cohort Study Group§; The Milieu Intérieur Consortium§; CoV-Contact Cohort§; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank§; COVID Human Genetic Effort§; Tsang, J. S.; Goldbach-Mansky, R.; Kisand, K.; Lionakis, M. S.; Puel, A.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Holland, S. M.; Gorochov, G.; Jouanguy, E.; Rice, C. M.; Cobat, A.; Notarangelo, L. D.; Abel, L.; Su, H. C.; Casanova, J.-L. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 2020, 370 (6515), eabd4585. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4585. Koning, R.; Bastard, P.; Casanova, J.-L.; Brouwer, M. C.; van de Beek, D.; with the Amsterdam U.M.C. COVID-19 Biobank Investigators; van Agtmael, M.; Algera, A. G.; Appelman, B.; van Baarle, F.; Bax, D.; Beudel, M.; Bogaard, H. J.; Bomers, M.; Bonta, P.; Bos, L.; Botta, M.; de Brabander, J.; Bree, G.; de Bruin, S.; Bugiani, M.; Bulle, E.; Chekrouni, N.; Chouchane, O.; Cloherty, A.; Dongelmans, D. A.; Dujardin, R. W. G.; Elbers, P.; Fleuren, L.; Geerlings, S.; Geijtenbeek, T.; Girbes, A.; Goorhuis, B.; Grobusch, M. P.; Hafkamp, F.; Hagens, L.; Hamann, J.; Harris, V.; Hemke, R.; Hermans, S. M.; Heunks, L.; Hollmann, M.; Horn, J.; Hovius, J. W.; de Jong, M. D.; Koning, R.; Lim, E. H. T.; van Mourik, N.; Nellen, J.; Nossent, E. J.; Olie, S.; Paulus, F.; Peters, E.; van der Poll, T.; Preckel, B.; Prins, J. M.; Raasveld, J.; Reijnders, T.; Schinkel, M.; Schultz, M. J.; Schuurmans, A.; Schuurmans, J.; Sigaloff, K.; Slim, M. A.; Smit, M.; Stijnis, C. S.; Stilma, W.; Teunissen, C.; Thoral, P.; Tsonas, A. M.; van der Valk, M.; Veelo, D.; de Vries, H.; Vught, L. A.; van Vugt, M.; Wouters, D.; Zwinderman, A. H.; Brouwer, M. C.; Wiersinga, W. J.; Vlaar, A. P. J.; van de Beek, D. Autoantibodies against type I interferons are associated with multi-organ failure in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2021, 47 (6), 704–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06392-4. Troya J, Bastard P, Planas-Serra L, Ryan P, Ruiz M, de Carranza M, Torres J, Martínez A, Abel L, Casanova J-L, Pujol A. Neutralizing autoantibodies to type I IFNs in > 10% of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia hospitalized in Madrid, Spain. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(5):914–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01036-0. Vazquez SE, Bastard P, Kelly K, Gervais A, Norris PJ, Dumont LJ, Casanova J-L, Anderson MS, DeRisi JL. Neutralizing autoantibodies to type I interferons in COVID-19 convalescent donor plasma. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(6):1169–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01060-0. Goncalves, D.; Mezidi, M.; Bastard, P.; Perret, M.; Saker, K.; Fabien, N.; Pescarmona, R.; Lombard, C.; Walzer, T.; Casanova, J.; Belot, A.; Richard, J.; Trouillet‐Assant, S. Antibodies against type I interferon: detection and association with severe clinical outcome in COVID‐19 patients. Clin. Transl. Immunol. 2021, 10 (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1327. Wang, E. Y.; Mao, T.; Klein, J.; Dai, Y.; Huck, J. D.; Liu, F.; Zheng, N. S.; Zhou, T.; Israelow, B.; Wong, P.; Lucas, C.; Silva, J.; Oh, J. E.; Song, E.; Perotti, E. S.; Fischer, S.; Campbell, M.; Fournier, J. B.; Wyllie, A. L.; Vogels, C. B. F.; Ott, I. M.; Kalinich, C. C.; Petrone, M. E.; Watkins, A. E.; Yale IMPACT Team; Cruz, C. D.; Farhadian, S. F.; Schulz, W. L.; Grubaugh, N. D.; Ko, A. I.; Iwasaki, A.; Ring, A. M. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19; preprint; Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.10.20247205. van der Wijst, M. G. P.; Vazquez, S. E.; Hartoularos, G. C.; Bastard, P.; Grant, T.; Bueno, R.; Lee, D. S.; Greenland, J. R.; Sun, Y.; Perez, R.; Ogorodnikov, A.; Ward, A.; Mann, S. A.; Lynch, K. L.; Yun, C.; Havlir, D. V.; Chamie, G.; Marquez, C.; Greenhouse, B.; Lionakis, M. S.; Norris, P. J.; Dumont, L. J.; Kelly, K.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Q.; Gervais, A.; Le Voyer, T.; Whatley, A.; Si, Y.; Byrne, A.; Combes, A. J.; Rao, A. A.; Song, Y. S.; Fragiadakis, G. K.; Kangelaris, K.; Calfee, C. S.; Erle, D. J.; Hendrickson, C.; Krummel, M. F.; Woodruff, P. G.; Langelier, C. R.; Casanova, J.-L.; Derisi, J. L.; Anderson, M. S.; Ye, C. J.; on behalf of the UCSF COMET consortium. Type I interferon autoantibodies are associated with systemic immune alterations in patients with COVID-19. Sci. Transl. Med. 2021, eabh2624. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abh2624. Lopez J, Mommert M, Mouton W, Pizzorno A, Brengel-Pesce K, Mezidi M, Villard M, Lina B, Richard J-C, Fassier J-B, Cheynet V, Padey B, Duliere V, Julien T, Paul S, Bastard P, Belot A, Bal A, Casanova J-L, Rosa-Calatrava M, Morfin F, Walzer T, Trouillet-Assant S. Early nasal type I IFN immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is compromised in patients with autoantibodies against type I IFNs. J Exp Med. 2021;218(10): e20211211. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20211211. Zhang Q, Bastard P, Bolze A, Jouanguy E, Zhang S-Y, Cobat A, Notarangelo LD, Su HC, Abel L, Casanova J-L. Life-threatening COVID-19: defective interferons unleash excessive inflammation. Med. 2020;1(1):14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.001. Bastard, P.; Gervais, A.; Le Voyer, T.; Rosain, J.; Philippot, Q.; Manry, J.; Michailidis, E.; Hoffmann, H.-H.; Eto, S.; Garcia-Prat, M.; Bizien, L.; Parra-Martínez, A.; Yang, R.; Haljasmägi, L.; Migaud, M.; Särekannu, K.; Maslovskaja, J.; de Prost, N.; Tandjaoui-Lambiotte, Y.; Luyt, C.-E.; Amador-Borrero, B.; Gaudet, A.; Poissy, J.; Morel, P.; Richard, P.; Cognasse, F.; Troya, J.; Trouillet-Assant, S.; Belot, A.; Saker, K.; Garçon, P.; Rivière, J. G.; Lagier, J.-C.; Gentile, S.; Rosen, L. B.; Shaw, E.; Morio, T.; Tanaka, J.; Dalmau, D.; Tharaux, P.-L.; Sene, D.; Stepanian, A.; Megarbane, B.; Triantafyllia, V.; Fekkar, A.; Heath, J. R.; Franco, J. L.; Anaya, J.-M.; Solé-Violán, J.; Imberti, L.; Biondi, A.; Bonfanti, P.; Castagnoli, R.; Delmonte, O. M.; Zhang, Y.; Snow, A. L.; Holland, S. M.; Biggs, C.; Moncada-Vélez, M.; Arias, A. A.; Lorenzo, L.; Boucherit, S.; Coulibaly, B.; Anglicheau, D.; Planas, A. M.; Haerynck, F.; Duvlis, S.; Nussbaum, R. L.; Ozcelik, T.; Keles, S.; Bousfiha, A. A.; El Bakkouri, J.; Ramirez-Santana, C.; Paul, S.; Pan-Hammarström, Q.; Hammarström, L.; Dupont, A.; Kurolap, A.; Metz, C. N.; Aiuti, A.; Casari, G.; Lampasona, V.; Ciceri, F.; Barreiros, L. A.; Dominguez-Garrido, E.; Vidigal, M.; Zatz, M.; van de Beek, D.; Sahanic, S.; Tancevski, I.; Stepanovskyy, Y.; Boyarchuk, O.; Nukui, Y.; Tsumura, M.; Vidaur, L.; Tangye, S. G.; Burrel, S.; Duffy, D.; Quintana-Murci, L.; Klocperk, A.; Kann, N. Y.; Shcherbina, A.; Lau, Y.-L.; Leung, D.; Coulongeat, M.; Marlet, J.; Koning, R.; Reyes, L. F.; Chauvineau-Grenier, A.; Venet, F.; Monneret, G.; Nussenzweig, M. C.; Arrestier, R.; Boudhabhay, I.; Baris-Feldman, H.; Hagin, D.; Wauters, J.; Meyts, I.; Dyer, A. H.; Kennelly, S. P.; Bourke, N. M.; Halwani, R.; Sharif-Askari, N. S.; Dorgham, K.; Sallette, J.; Sedkaoui, S. M.; AlKhater, S.; Rigo-Bonnin, R.; Morandeira, F.; Roussel, L.; Vinh, D. C.; Ostrowski, S. R.; Condino-Neto, A.; Prando, C.; Bonradenko, A.; Spaan, A. N.; Gilardin, L.; Fellay, J.; Lyonnet, S.; Bilguvar, K.; Lifton, R. P.; Mane, S.; HGID Lab§; COVID Clinicians§; COVID-STORM Clinicians§; NIAID Immune Response to COVID Group§; NH-COVAIR Study Group§; Danish CHGE§; Danish Blood Donor Study§; St. James’s Hospital; SARS CoV2 Interest group§; French COVID Cohort Study Group§; Imagine COVID-Group§; The Milieu Intérieur Consortium§; CoV-Contact Cohort§; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19; Biobank Investigators§; COVID Human Genetic Effort§; CONSTANCES cohort§; 3C-Dijon Study§; Cerba Health-Care§; Etablissement du Sang study group§; Anderson, M. S.; Boisson, B.; Béziat, V.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Vandreakos, E.; Hermine, O.; Pujol, A.; Peterson, P.; Mogensen, T. H.; Rowen, L.; Mond, J.; Debette, S.; de Lamballerie, X.; Duval, X.; Mentré, F.; Zins, M.; Soler-Palacin, P.; Colobran, R.; Gorochov, G.; Solanich, X.; Susen, S.; Martinez-Picado, J.; Raoult, D.; Vasse, M.; Gregersen, P. K.; Piemonti, L.; Rodríguez-Gallego, C.; Notarangelo, L. D.; Su, H. C.; Kisand, K.; Okada, S.; Puel, A.; Jouanguy, E.; Rice, C. M.; Tiberghien, P.; Zhang, Q.; Cobat, A.; Abel, L.; Casanova, J.-L. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths. Sci. Immunol. 2021, 6 (62), eabl4340. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4340. Region, L. P. La surmortalité durant l’épidémie de Covid-19 dans les départements franciliens https://www.ors-idf.org/nos-travaux/publications/la-surmortalite-durant-lepidemie-de-covid-19-dans-les-departements-franciliens/ (accessed 2021 -09 -09). Rossi B, Nguyen LS, Zimmermann P, Boucenna F, Dubret L, Baucher L, Guillot H, Bouldouyre M-A, Allenbach Y, Salem J-E, Barsoum P, Oufella A, Gros H. Effect of tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control cohort study. Pharmaceuticals. 2020;13(10):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13100317. Clinical Spectrum https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/ (accessed 2021 -09 -14). Meager A, Visvalingam K, Peterson P, Möll K, Murumägi A, Krohn K, Eskelin P, Perheentupa J, Husebye E, Kadota Y, Willcox N. Anti-interferon autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1. PLoS Med. 2006;3(7): e289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030289. Kärner J, Meager A, Laan M, Maslovskaja J, Pihlap M, Remm A, Juronen E, Wolff ASB, Husebye ES, Podkrajšek KT, Bratanic N, Battelino T, Willcox N, Peterson P, Kisand K. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies suggest pathogenetic links with autoimmune regulator deficiency in humans and mice: anti-cytokine autoantibodies in mice and humans. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171(3):263–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12024. Bastard P, Orlova E, Sozaeva L, Lévy R, James A, Schmitt MM, Ochoa S, Kareva M, Rodina Y, Gervais A, Le Voyer T, Rosain J, Philippot Q, Neehus A-L, Shaw E, Migaud M, Bizien L, Ekwall O, Berg S, Beccuti G, Ghizzoni L, Thiriez G, Pavot A, Goujard C, Frémond M-L, Carter E, Rothenbuhler A, Linglart A, Mignot B, Comte A, Cheikh N, Hermine O, Breivik L, Husebye ES, Humbert S, Rohrlich P, Coaquette A, Vuoto F, Faure K, Mahlaoui N, Kotnik P, Battelino T, Trebušak Podkrajšek K, Kisand K, Ferré EMN, DiMaggio T, Rosen LB, Burbelo PD, McIntyre M, Kann NY, Shcherbina A, Pavlova M, Kolodkina A, Holland SM, Zhang S-Y, Crow YJ, Notarangelo LD, Su HC, Abel L, Anderson MS, Jouanguy E, Neven B, Puel A, Casanova J-L, Lionakis MS. Preexisting autoantibodies to type I IFNs underlie critical COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with APS-1. J Exp Med. 2021;218(7): e20210554. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210554. Meager A, Wadhwa M, Dilger P, Bird C, Thorpe R, Newsom-Davis J, Willcox N. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in autoimmunity: preponderance of neutralizing autoantibodies against interferon-alpha, interferon-omega and interleukin-12 in patients with thymoma and/or myasthenia gravis: cytokine autoantibodies, thymoma and myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003;132(1):128–36. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02113.x. Howe HS, Leung BPL. Anti-cytokine autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cells. 2019;9(1):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010072. Morimoto AM, Flesher DT, Yang J, Wolslegel K, Wang X, Brady A, Abbas AR, Quarmby V, Wakshull E, Richardson B, Townsend MJ, Behrens TW. Association of endogenous anti-interferon-α autoantibodies with decreased interferon-pathway and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(8):2407–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30399. Gupta S, Tatouli IP, Rosen LB, Hasni S, Alevizos I, Manna ZG, Rivera J, Jiang C, Siegel RM, Holland SM, Moutsopoulos HM, Browne SK. Distinct functions of autoantibodies against interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive analysis of anticytokine autoantibodies in common rheumatic diseases: anti-interferon functions in SLE. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(7):1677–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39607. Bastard, P.; Michailidis, E.; Hoffmann, H.-H.; Chbihi, M.; Le Voyer, T.; Rosain, J.; Philippot, Q.; Seeleuthner, Y.; Gervais, A.; Materna, M.; de Oliveira, P. M. N.; Maia, M. de L. S.; Dinis Ano Bom, A. P.; Azamor, T.; Araújo da Conceição, D.; Goudouris, E.; Homma, A.; Slesak, G.; Schäfer, J.; Pulendran, B.; Miller, J. D.; Huits, R.; Yang, R.; Rosen, L. B.; Bizien, L.; Lorenzo, L.; Chrabieh, M.; Erazo, L. V.; Rozenberg, F.; Jeljeli, M. M.; Béziat, V.; Holland, S. M.; Cobat, A.; Notarangelo, L. D.; Su, H. C.; Ahmed, R.; Puel, A.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Abel, L.; Seligman, S. J.; Zhang, Q.; MacDonald, M. R.; Jouanguy, E.; Rice, C. M.; Casanova, J.-L. Auto-antibodies to type I IFNs can underlie adverse reactions to yellow fever live attenuated vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 2021, 218 (4), e20202486. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20202486.