Auditor changes and tendering

Emerald - Tập 11 Số 1 - Trang 72-98 - 1998
VivienBeattie1, StellaFearnley2
1Department of Accountancy and Finance, University of Stirling, UK
2Department of Accounting and Management Science, University of Portsmouth, UK

Tóm tắt

Competitive pressures in the audit market have led to aggressive fee renegotiation and tendering by companies. This paper reviews microeconomic tender theory and finds it to be of limited value in the audit context. Content analysis of semi‐structured interviews conducted with the finance directors of 12 UK listed companies which had recently tendered and/or changed auditor are used to investigate the tender/change process. Contrary to popular belief, fee levels do not necessarily dominate the decision to change auditors, rather changes within the client company, audit staffing, and auditor’s professionalism and competency issues dominate. Nor is the selection of a tender “winner” generally based solely on price, as predicted by tender theory and as would be expected when the consequences of audit failure do not fall on the directors. However, consistent with economic theory, the winning bid appears frequently to be too low, resulting in attempts by auditors to subsequently increase fees and resentment by the finance director. Directors generally appear to view the audit tender as relating to not only the attest function per se, but to a larger package of services concerning the financial reporting function. The relative importance of price versus non‐price competition in auditor choice is found to vary across companies. Auditor choice is influenced strongly by both economic and behavioural factors, in particular, by directors’ assessment of the quality of non‐attest services and the expected quality of working relationships, in addition to price and audit quality.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

AARF (1992, Audit Independence, Auditing Standards Board, Statement of Auditing Practice AUP 32, Australian Accounting Research Foundation.

Accountancy (1992), “No growth from top hundred 100 companies”, Vol. 110, pp. 14‐15.

Accountancy Age(1994a), “Audit commission hazy on market testing policy”, 28 April.

Accountancy Age(1994b), “How the add‐ons are added up”, 26 May.

AICPA (1992, Professional Standards, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

APB (1994, The Audit Agenda, Auditing Practices Board.

Beattie, V.A. and Fearnley, S. (1993, “Auditor changes by UK listed companies: causes and the impact of tendering”, Paper presented at the Financial Accounting and Auditing Research Conference, London Business School, July.

Beattie, V.A. and Fearnley, S. (1994, “The changing structure of the market for audit services in the UK: a descriptive study”, British Accounting Review, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 301‐22.

Beattie, V.A. and Fearnley, S. (1995, “The importance of audit firm characteristics and the drivers of auditor change in UK listed companies”, Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 25 No. 100, pp. 227‐39.

Brindle, I. (1995, “Auditing in the real world”, Letter to theFinancial Times, 25 May.

Cadbury Committee (1992, Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, Draft Report.

CAJEC (1992, Predatory Pricing, Discussion Paper, Chartered Accountants’ Joint Ethics Committee, London.

CAJEC (1993, Statement: Fees, Chartered Accountants’ Joint Ethics Committee, London.

CAJEC (1995, Integrity, Objectivity and Independence, Chartered Accountants’ Joint Ethics Committee, London.

Cripps, M. and Ireland, N. (1994, “The design of auctions and tenders with quality thresholds: the symmetric case”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 104, pp. 316‐26.

DeAngelo, L.E. (1981a, “Auditor size and audit quality”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 183‐99.

DeAngelo, L.E. (1981b, “Auditor independence, ‘low balling’, and disclosure regulation”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 113‐27.

Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989, “Building theories from case study research”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 532‐50.

Financial Times (1995), “Stoys fails to stop change of RAC auditor”, 18 May.

Francis, J.R. and Wilson, E.R. (1988, “Auditor changes: a joint test of theories relating to agency costs and auditor differentiation”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 63 No. 4, pp. 663‐82.

FRC (1991, The State of Financial Reporting ‐ A Review, Financial Reporting Council, London.

Hancock, C. (1993a, “Recession, realignments and reform”, International Accounting Bulletin, 19 March, pp. 8‐11.

Hancock, C. (1993b, “Predatory pricing haunts market”, International Accounting Bulletin, 21 April, pp. 8‐11.

Hussey, R. and Jack, A. (1994, The Finance Director and the Auditor, University of the West of England, Bristol.

IAB (1993a, “Price cuts hit Italy’s auditors”, International Accounting Bulletin, 5 April, p. 5.

IAB (1993b, “Caught in a conflict”, International Accounting Bulletin, 5 April, pp. 8‐11.

ICAEW (1994, Members’ Handbook Volume 1: Constitutional, Legal, Ethical, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.

ICAS (1993, Auditing into the Twenty‐First Century, (McInnes, W.M. (Ed.)), Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, Edinburgh.

ICAW (1995, Report to the Council of the ICAEW of the Working Group on Competitive Pricing, Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, London.

Johnson, G. (1994, “Pricing for growth”, Charter, July, pp. 42‐3.

Johnson, W.B. and Lys, T. (1990, “The market for audit services: evidence from voluntary auditor changes”, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 12, pp. 281‐308.

Jones, S. (1985, “Depth interviewing”, in Walker, R. (Ed.), Applied Qualitative Research, Gower, pp.45‐55.

Laffont, J. and Tirole, J. (1991, “Auction design and favouritism”, International Journal of Industrial Organisation, Vol. 9, pp. 9‐42.

LaFrentere, T. and Carr, M. (1991a, “With their economy in a shambles, Australians look ahead to 1993”, International Accounting Bulletin, June, pp. 10‐13.

LaFrentere, T. and Carr, M. (1991b, “Canada’s changing landscape”, International Accounting Bulletin, May, pp. 11‐14.

Lawson, M. (1993, “Australia’s Westpac Bank puts its $4.9m audit out to tender”, International Accounting Bulletin, 22 January, p. 13.

McAfee, R.P. and McMillan, J. (1987, “Auctions and bidding”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 25, pp. 699‐738.

Maher, M.W., Tiessen, P., Colson, R. and Broman, A.J. (1992, “Competition and audit fees”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 67 No. 1, pp. 199‐211.

MIA (1993, Audit Fees, Malaysian Institute of Accountants..

Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994, Qualitative Data Analysis, 2nd edition, Sage Publications.

Milgrom, P. (1989, “Auctions and bidding: a primer”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 3‐22.

Moizer, P. (1994, “Review of recognised supervisory bodies: a report to the Department of Trade and Industry on the audit monitoring process”, Department of Trade and Industry, London.

Peel, M. and Brinn, T. (1993, “Consultancy and audit fees in the UK listed market”, Accountancy, August, pp. 61‐2.

Pong, C.K.M. and Whittington, G. (1994, “The determinants of audit fees: some empirical models’, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, Vol. 21 No. 8, pp. 1071‐95.

Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.

Thiel, S.E. (1988, “Some evidence on the winner’s curse”, American Economic Review, Vol. 78 No. 5, pp. 884‐95.

von Ungern‐Sternberg, T. (1994, “Quality incentives in auctions for construction contracts”, International Journal of Organization, Vol. 12, pp. 89‐104.

Wallace, W.A. (1980, “The economic role of the audit in free and regulated markets”, The Touche Ross and Co. Aid to Education Program (reprinted in Auditing Monographs, Macmillan Publishing Co., 1985).

Walsh, K. (1991, Competitive Tendering for Local Authority Services: Initial Experiences, HMSO, London.

Yardley, J.A., Kauffman, N.L., Cairney, T.D. and Albrecht, W.D. (1992, “Supplier behavior in the US audit market”, Journal of Accounting Literature, Vol. 11, pp. 151‐84.