Attentional resources in timing: Interference effects in concurrent temporal and nontemporal working memory tasks
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Allen, D. A. (1980). Filling time versus affective response to the activity that fills the time: Independent effects on time judgment?Perceptual & Motor Skills,51, 723–727.
Ammons, R. B. (1951). Effect of distribution of practice on rotary pursuit “hits.”Journal of Experimental Psychology,41, 17–22.
Axel, R. (1924). Estimation of time.Archives of Psychology,12, 1–72.
Bacon, S. J. (1974). Arousal and the range of cue utilization.Journal of Experimental Psychology,102, 81–87.
Baddeley, A. D. (1986).Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
Baddeley, A. D. (1990).Human memory: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Baddeley, A. D. (1992a). Is working memory working? The fifteenth Bartlett lecture.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,44A, 1–31.
Baddeley, A. D. (1993). Working memory or working attention? In A. Baddeley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.),Attention: Selection, awareness, and control (pp. 152–170). New York: Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. D. (1994). Working memory: The interface between memory and cognition. In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.),Memory systems 1994 (pp. 351–367). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Baddeley, A. D., Grant, S., Wight, E., &Thomson, N. (1975). Im agery and visual working memory. In P. M. A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds.),Attention and performance V (pp. 205–217). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Baddeley, A. D., &Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.),The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.
Baddeley, A. D., Lewis, V., &Vallar, G. (1984). Exploring the articulatory loop.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,36A, 233–252.
Baddeley, A. D., &Lieberman, K. (1980). Spatial working memory. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.),Attention and performance VIII (pp. 521–539). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baddeley, A. D., Logie, R., Bressi, S., Della Sala, S., &Spinnler, H. (1986). Dementia and working memory.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,38A, 603–618.
Barton, A., Matthews, B., Farmer, E., &Belyavin, A. (1995). Revealing the basic properties of the visuospatial sketchpad: The use of complete spatial arrays.Acta Psychologica,89, 197–216.
Bathurst, K., &Kee, D. W. (1994). Finger-tapping interference as produced by concurrent verbal and nonverbal tasks: An analysis of individual differences in left-handers.Brain & Cognition,24, 123–136.
Bell, P. A. (1978). Effects of noise and heat stress on primary and subsidiary task performance.Human Factors,20, 749–752.
Block, R. A. (1979). Time and consciousness. In G. Underwood & R. Stevens (Eds.),Aspects of consciousness (Vol. 1, pp. 179–217). New York: Academic Press.
Block, R. A. (1990). Models of psychological time. In R. A. Block (Ed.),Cognitive models of psychological time (pp. 1–35). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Block, R. A. (1992). Prospective and retrospective duration judgment: The role of information processing and memory. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 141–152). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Bortolussi, M. R., Kantowitz, B. H., &Hart, S. G. (1986). Measuring pilot workload in a motion base trainer.Applied Ergonomics,17, 278–283.
Brown, S. W. (1985). Time perception and attention: The effects of prospective versus retrospective paradigms and task demands on perceived duration.Perception & Psychophysics,38, 115–124.
Brown, S. W., Newcomb, D. C., &Kahrl, K. G. (1995). Temporal-signal detection and individual differences in timing.Perception,24, 525–538.
Brown, S. W., &Stubbs, D. A. (1992). Attention and interference in prospective and retrospective timing.Perception,21, 545–557.
Brown, S. W., Stubbs, D. A., &West, A. N. (1992). Attention, multiple timing, and psychophysical scaling of temporal judgments. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 129–140). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Brown, S. W., &West, A. N. (1990). Multiple timing and the allocation of attention.Acta Psychologica,75, 103–121.
Burnside, W. (1971). Judgment of short time intervals while performing mathematical tasks.Perception & Psychophysics,9, 404–406.
Casali, J. G., &Wierwille, W. W. (1983). A comparison of rating scale, secondary-task, physiological, and primary-task workload estimation techniques in a simulated flight task emphasizing communications load.Human Factors,25, 623–641.
Casali, J. G., &Wierwille, W. W. (1984). On the measurement of pilot perceptual workload: A comparison of assessment techniques addressing sensitivity and intrusion issues.Ergonomics,27, 1033–1050.
Casini, L., Macar, F., &Grondin, S. (1992). Time estimation and attentional sharing. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 177–180). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Cheal, M., &Lyon, D. R. (1992). Attention in visual search: Multiple search classes.Perception & Psychophysics,52, 113–138.
Cohen, S. (1971). Effects of task, interval and order of presentation on time estimations.Perceptual & Motor Skills,33, 101–102.
Corcoran, D. W. J., &Jackson, A. (1977). Basic processes and strategies in visual search. In S. Dornic (Ed.),Attention and performance VI (pp. 387–411). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Czerwinski, M., Lightfoot, N., &Shiffrin, R. M. (1992). Automatization and training in visual search.American Journal of Psychology,105, 271–315.
DeWolfe, R. K. S., &Duncan, C. P. (1959). Time estimation as a function of level of behavior of successive tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology,58, 153–158.
Doob, L. W. (1971).Patterning of time. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Duncan, J., &Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity.Psychological Review,96, 433–458.
Duncan, J., &Humphreys, G. (1992). Beyond the search surface: Visual search and attentional engagement.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,18, 578–588.
Eggemeier, F. T., &Wilson, G. F. (1991). Performance-based and subjective assessment of workload in multi-task environments. In D. L. Damos (Ed.),Multiple-task performance (pp. 217–278). London: Taylor & Francis.
Eriksen, C. W., &Yeh, Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,11, 583–597.
Eson, M. E., &Kafka, J. S. (1952). Diagnostic implications of a study in time perception.Journal of General Psychology,46, 169–183.
Falk, J. L., &Bindra, D. (1954). Judgment of time as a function of serial position and stress.Journal of Experimental Psychology,47, 279–282.
Fisher, D. L., Duffy, S. A., Young, C., &Pollatsek, A. (1988). Understanding the central processing limit in consistent-mapping visual search tasks.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,14, 253–266.
Fortin, C., &Breton, R. (1995). Temporal interval production and processing in working memory.Perception & Psychophysics,57, 203–215.
Fortin, C., &Rousseau, R. (1987). Time estimation as an index of processing demand in memory search.Perception & Psychophysics,42, 377–382.
Fortin, C., Rousseau, R., Bourque, P., &Kirouac, E. (1993). Time estimation and concurrent nontemporal processing: Specific interference from short-term-memory demands.Perception & Psychophysics,53, 536–548.
Fraisse, P. (1978). Time and rhythm perception. In E. C. Carterette & M. P. Friedman (Eds.),Handbook of perception: Vol. VIII. Perceptual coding (pp. 203–254). New York: Academic Press.
Frith, C. D. (1971). Strategies in rotary pursuit tracking.British Journal of Psychology,62, 187–197.
Goldstone, S. (1975). The variability of temporal judgment in psychopathology. In M. L. Kietzman, S. Sutton, & J. Zubin (Eds.),Experimental approaches to psychopathology (pp. 393–419). New York: Academic Press.
Gopher, D. (1986). In defence of resources: On structures, energies, pools and the allocation of attention. In G. R. J. Hockey, A. W. K. Gaillard, & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.),Energetics and human information processing (pp. 353–371). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
Gopher, D., &Donchin, E. (1986). Workload—An examination of the concept. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.),Handbook of perception and human performance: Vol. II. Cognitive processes and performance (pp. 41.1–41.49). New York: Wiley.
Gordon, I. E. (1968). Interactions between items in visual search.Journal of Experimental Psychology,76, 348–355.
Grier, J. B. (1971). Nonparametric indexes for sensitivity and bias: Computing formulas.Psychological Bulletin,75, 424–429.
Grondin, S., &Macar, F. (1992). Dividing attention between temporal and nontemporal tasks: A performance operating characteristic— POC—analysis. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 119–128). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Grondin, S., Metthe, L., &Koren, S. (1994). Motor disruption in the production of time intervals with finger taps.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology,48, 460–466.
Guay, M., &Salmoni, A. W. (1988). Effect of interpolated temporal activity on temporal short-term memory.Perceptual & Motor Skills,67, 743–748.
Gulliksen, H. (1927). The influence of occupation upon the perception of time.Journal of Experimental Psychology,10, 52–59.
Harton, J. J. (1938a). The influence of the difficulty of activity on the estimation of time.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23, 270–287.
Harton, J. J. (1938b). The influence of the difficulty of activity on the estimation of time: II.Journal of Experimental Psychology,23, 428–433.
Harton, J. J. (1942). Time estimation in relation to goal organization and difficulty of tasks.Journal of General Psychology,27, 63–69.
Hawkes, G. R. (1972). Time perception research: An empirical basis for the study of attention.Psychonomic Monograph Supplements,4 (12, Whole No. 60), 221–224.
Hawkes, G. R., &Sherman, S. J. (1972). Vigilance effects for duration judgments with two levels of task demand.Perceptual & Motor Skills,34, 351–356.
Hawkins, N. E., &Meyer, M. E. (1965). Time perception of short intervals during finished, unfinished and empty task situations.Psychonomic Science,3, 473.
Healy, A. F. (1975). Temporal-spatial patterns in short-term memory.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,14, 481–495.
Healy, A. F., Fendrich, D. W., &Proctor, J. D. (1990). Acquisition and retention of a letter-detection skill.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,16, 270–281.
Heathcote, D. (1994). The role of visuo-spatial working memory in the mental addition of multi-digit addends.Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition,13, 207–245.
Hibbard, T. R., Migliaccio, J. N., Goldstone, S., &Lhamon, W. T. (1975). Temporal information processing by young and senior adults and patients with senile dementia.Journal of Gerontology,30, 326–330.
Hicks, R. E., &Allen, D. A. (1979). The repetition effect in judgments of temporal duration across minutes, days, and months.American Journal of Psychology,92, 323–333.
Hicks, R. E., &Brundige, R. M. (1974). Judgments of temporal duration while processing verbal and physiognomic stimuli.Acta Psychologica,38, 447–453.
Hicks, R. E., Miller, G. W., Gaes, G., &Bierman, K. (1977). Concurrent processing demands and the experience of time-in-passing.American Journal of Psychology,90, 431–446.
Hicks, R. E., Miller, G. W., &Kinsbourne, M. (1976). Prospective and retrospective judgments of time as a function of amount of information processEd.American Journal of Psychology,89, 719–730.
Hiscock, M., Cheesman, J., Inch, R., Chipuer, H. M., &Graff, L. A. (1989). Rate and variability of finger tapping as measures of lateralized concurrent task effects.Brain & Cognition,10, 87–104.
Hitch, G. J. (1978). The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic.Cognitive Psychology,10, 302–323.
Jensen, B. E. (1975). Pretask speed training and movement complexity as factors in rotary pursuit skill acquisition.Research Quarterly,46, 1–11.
Jou, J., &Harris, R. J. (1992). The effect of divided attention on speech production.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society,30, 301–304.
Kahneman, D. (1973).Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kantowitz, B. H., &Knight, J. L. (1974). Testing tapping timesharing.Journal of Experimental Psychology,103, 331–336.
Kantowitz, B. H., &Knight, J. L. (1976). Testing tapping timesharing: II. Auditory secondary task.Acta Psychologica,40, 343–362.
Kee, D. W., Morris, K., Bathurst, K., &Hellige, J. B. (1986). Lateralized interference in finger tapping: Comparisons of rate and variability measures under speed and consistency tapping instructions.Brain & Cognition,5, 268–279.
Keppel, G. (1982).Design and analysis: A researcher’s handbook (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kinsbourne, M., &Hiscock, M. (1983). Asymmetries of dual-task performance. In J. B. Hellige (Ed.),Cerebral hemisphere asymmetry: Method, theory, and application (pp. 255–334). New York: Praeger.
Klapp, S. T. (1979). Doing two things at once: The role of temporal compatibility.Memory & Cognition,7, 375–381.
Klapp, S. T. (1981). Temporal compatibility in dual motor tasks II: Simultaneous articulation and hand movements.Memory & Cognition,9, 398–401.
Klapp, S. T., Marshburn, E. A., &Lester, P. T. (1983). Short-term memory does not involve the “working memory” of information processing: The demise of a common assumption.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,112, 240–261.
Klapp, S. T., &Netick, A. (1988). Multiple resources for processing and storage in short-term working memory.Human Factors,30, 617–632.
Klapp, S. T., Porter-Graham, K. A., &Hoifjeld, A. R. (1991). The relation of perception and motor action: Ideomotor compatibility and interference in divided attention.Journal of Motor Behavior,23, 155–162.
Kuhs, H., Hermann, W., Kammer, K., &Tolle, R. (1991). Time estimation and the experience of time in endogenous depression (melancholia): An experimental investigation.Psychopathology,24, 7–11.
Lajoy, R. J., &Seethoff, P. M. (1974). Effects of familiarity, verbal response, and practice on a visual search task.Perceptual & Motor Skills,38, 1311–1314.
Lemaire, P., Abdi, H., &Fayol, M. (1996). The role of working memory resources in simple cognitive arithmetic.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,8, 73–103.
Lhamon, W. T., &Goldstone, S. (1973). Temporal information processing in schizophrenia.Archives of General Psychiatry,28, 44–51.
Logie, R. H., &Baddeley, A. D. (1987). Cognitive processes in counting.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,13, 310–326.
Logie, R. H., Zucco, G. M., &Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Interference with visual short-term memory.Acta Psychologica,75, 55–74.
Macar, F., Grondin, S., &Casini, L. (1994). Controlled attention sharing influences time estimation.Memory & Cognition,22, 673–686.
Madden, D. J., &Allen, P. A. (1989). Amount and duration of attentional demands during visual search.Perception & Psychophysics,45, 577–585.
Marmaras, N., Vassilakis, P., &Dounias, G. (1995). Factors affecting accuracy of producing time intervals.Perceptual & Motor Skills,80, 1043–1056.
Martin, G. A., Shumate, M., &Frauenfelder, K. (1981). Experience of duration as a function of number of responses, task difficulty, and sex.Perceptual & Motor Skills,53, 139–145.
Martinez, M. B. B. (1992). Testing models of time estimation. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 173–176). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Martinez, [M.] B. B. (1994). The role of cognitive changes in immediate and remote prospective time estimations.Acta Psychologica,85, 99–121.
Mastroianni, G. R., &Schopper, A. W. (1986). Degradation of force-loaded pursuit tracking performance in a dual-task paradigm.Ergonomics,29, 639–647.
McClain, L. (1983). Interval estimation: Effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports.Perception & Psychophysics,34, 185–189.
McLeod, P. (1977). A dual-task response modality effect: Support for multiprocessor models of attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,29, 651–667.
Michon, J. A. (1965). Studies on subjective duration: II. Subjective time measurement during tasks with different information content.Acta Psychologica,24, 205–212.
Michon, J. A. (1966). Tapping regularity as a measure of perceptual motor load.Ergonomics,9, 401–412.
Michon, J. A. (1972). Processing of temporal information and the cognitive theory of time experience. In J. T. Frasier, F. C. Haber, & G. W. Muller (Eds.),The study of time (pp. 242–258). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Michon, J. A. (1985). The compleat time experiencer. In J. A. Michon & J. L. Jackson (Eds.),Time, mind, and behavior (pp. 20–52). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Michon, J. A., &Jackson, J. L. (1984). Attentional effort and cognitive strategies in the processing of temporal information. In J. Gibbon & L. Allan (Eds.),Timing and time perception (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 423, pp. 298–321). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Miller, G. W., Hicks, R. E., &Willette, M. (1978). Effects of concurrent verbal rehearsal and temporal set upon judgments of temporal duration.Acta Psychologica,42, 173–179.
Morris, N., &Jones, D. M. (1990). Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive.British Journal of Psychology,81, 111–121.
Nagasaki, H. (1990). Rhythm in periodic tapping is centrally producEd.Perceptual & Motor Skills,71, 985–986.
Navon, D., &Gopher, D. (1979). On the economy of the human-processing system.Psychological Review,86, 214–253.
Navon, D., &Gopher, D. (1980). Task difficulty, resources, and dual-task performance. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.),Attention and performance VIII (pp. 297–315). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Neisser, U. (1963). Decision time without reaction time: Experiments in visual scanning.American Journal of Psychology,76, 376–385.
Norman, D. A., &Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (Eds.),Consciousness and self-regulation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 4, pp. 1–18). New York: Plenum.
O’Donnell, R. D., &Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload assessment methodology. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.),Handbook of perception and human performance: Vol. II. Cognitive processes and performance (pp. 42.1–42.49). New York: Wiley.
Palmer, J., Ames, C. T., &Lindsey, D. T. (1993). Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,19, 108–130.
Pashler, H. (1987). Target-distractor discriminability in visual search.Perception & Psychophysics,41, 285–292.
Poynter, D. (1989). Judging the duration of time intervals: A process of remembering segments of experience. In I. Levin & D. Zakay (Eds.),Time and human cognition: A life-span perspective (pp. 305–321). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Rabbitt, P., Cumming, G. &Vyas, S. (1979). Improvement, learning and retention of skill at visual search.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,31, 441–459.
Redding, G. M., &Wallace, B. (1985). Cognitive interference in prism adaptation.Perception & Psychophysics,37, 225–230.
Reisberg, D. (1983). General mental resources and perceptual judgments.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,9, 966–979.
Reisberg, D., &O’Shaughnessy, M. (1984). Diverting subjects’ concentration slows figural reversals.Perception,13, 461–468.
Ross, D. A. (1969). Lengthening of time estimates in four different patterns of visual light stimulation.Psychonomic Science,16, 194–195.
Sawyer, T. F., Meyers, P. J., &Huser, S. J. (1994). Contrasting task demands alter the perceived duration of brief time intervals.Perception & Psychophysics,56, 649–657.
Schneider, W., &Fisk, A. D. (1982a). Concurrent automatic and controlled visual search: Can processing occur without resource cost? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition,8, 261–278.
Schneider, W., &Fisk, A. D. (1982b). Degree of consistent training: Improvements in search performance and automatic process development.Perception & Psychophysics,31, 160–168.
Shectman, F. A. (1970). Time estimation, sequence effects and filling activities.Perceptual & Motor Skills,30, 23–26.
Siegel, B. (1990). A multivariate study of pursuit rotor skill development.Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport,61, 201–205.
Smith, N. C. (1969). The effect on time estimation of increasing the complexity of a cognitive task.Journal of General Psychology,81, 231–235.
Spiegel, M. R. (1961).Schaum’s outline of theory and problems of statistics. New York: Schaum.
Stefurak, D. L., &Boynton, R. M. (1986). Independence of memory for categorically different colors and shapes.Perception & Psychophysics,39, 164–174.
Tart, C. T. (1975).States of consciousness. New York: Dutton.
Teasdale, J. D., Dritschel, B. H., Taylor, M. J., Proctor, L., Lloyd, C. A., Nimmo-Smith, I., &Baddeley, A. D. (1995). Stimulus-independent thought depends on central executive resources.Memory & Cognition,23, 551–559.
Thomas, E. A. C., &Brown, I., Jr. (1974). Time perception and the filled-duration illusion.Perception & Psychophysics,16, 449–458.
Thomas, E. A. C., &Cantor, N. E. (1975). On the duality of simultaneous time and size perception.Perception & Psychophysics,18, 44–48.
Thomas, E. A. C., &Cantor, N. E. (1978). Interdependence between the processing of temporal and non-temporal information. In J. Requin (Ed.),Attention and performance VII (pp. 43–62). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Thomas, E. A. C., &Weaver, W. B. (1975). Cognitive processing and time perception.Perception & Psychophysics,17, 363–367.
Treisman, A., Vieira, A., &Hayes, A. (1992). Automaticity and preattentive processing.American Journal of Psychology,105, 341–362.
Treisman, M. (1963). Temporal discrimination and the indifference interval: Implications for a model of the “internal clock.”Psychological Monographs: General & Applied,77(13, Whole No. 576).
Tsang, P. S., Shaner, T. L., &Vidulich, M. A. (1995). Resource scarcity and outcome conflict in time-sharing performance.Perception & Psychophysics,57, 365–378.
Tsang, P. S., Velazquez, V. L., &Vidulich, M. A. (1996). Viability of resource theories in explaining time-sharing performance.Acta Psychologica,91, 175–206.
Tsao, Y., Wittlieb, E., Miller, B., &Wang, T. (1983). Time estimation of a secondary event.Perceptual & Motor Skills,57, 1051–1055.
van der Heijden, A. H. C., Malhas, M. S. M., &van den Roovaart, B. P. (1984). An empirical interletter confusion matrix for continuous-line capitals.Perception & Psychophysics,35, 85–88.
Vecchi, T., Monticellai, M. L., &Cornoldi, C. (1995). Visuo-spatial working memory: Structures and variables affecting a capacity measure.Neuropsychologia,33, 1549–1564.
Wanner, E., &Shiner, S. (1976). Measuring transient memory load.Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior,15, 159–167.
Warren, M. W. (1977). The effects of recall-concurrent visual-motor distraction on picture and word recall.Memory & Cognition,5, 362–370.
Watkins, M. J., Watkins, O. C., Craik, F. I. M., &Mazuryk, G. (1973). Effect of nonverbal distraction on short-term storage.Journal of Experimental Psychology,101, 296–300.
Whitehurst, M., &Del Rey, P. (1983). Effects of contextual interference, task difficulty, and levels of processing on pursuit tracking.Perceptual & Motor Skills,57, 619–628.
Wickens, C. D. (1980). The structure of attentional resources. In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.),Attention and performance VIII (pp. 239–257). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wickens, C. D. (1984). Processing resources in attention. In R. Parasuraman & D. R. Davies (Eds.),Varieties of attention (pp. 63–102). New York: Academic Press.
Wickens, C. D. (1986). Gain and energetics in information processing. In G. R. J. Hockey, A.W. K. Gaillard, & M. G. H. Coles (Eds.),Energetics and human information processing (pp. 373–389). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
Wickens, C. D. (1991). Processing resources and attention. In D. L. Damos (Ed.),Multiple-task performance (pp. 3–34). London: Taylor & Francis.
Wickens, C. D. (1992).Engineering psychology and human performance (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Wickens, C. D., &Kessel, C. (1980). Processing resource demands of failure detection in dynamic systems.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,6, 564–577.
Wierwille, W. W., &Connor, S. A. (1983). Evaluation of 20 workload measures using a psychomotor task in a moving-base aircraft simulator.Human Factors,25, 1–16.
Wierwille, W. W., Rahimi, M., &Casali, J. G. (1985). Evaluation of 16 measures of mental workload using a simulated flight task emphasizing mediational activity.Human Factors,27, 489–502.
Wilsoncroft, W. E., &Stone, J. D. (1975). Information processing and estimation of short time intervals.Perceptual & Motor Skills,41, 192–194.
Wilsoncroft, W. E., Stone, J. D., &Bagrash, F. M. (1978). Temporal estimates as a function of difficulty of mental arithmetic.Perceptual & Motor Skills,46, 1311–1317.
Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2.0: A revised model of visual search.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,1, 202–238.
Zakay, D. (1989). Subjective time and attentional resource allocation: An integrated model of time estimation. In I. Levin & D. Zakay (Eds.),Time and human cognition: A life-span perspective (pp. 365–397). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Zakay, D. (1992). On prospective time estimation, temporal relevance and temporal uncertainty. In F. Macar, V. Pouthas, & W. J. Friedman (Eds.),Time, action, and cognition: Towards bridging the gap (pp. 109–117). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
Zakay, D. (1993a). Relative and absolute duration judgments under prospective and retrospective paradigms.Perception & Psychophysics,54, 656–664.
Zakay, D. (1993b). The roles of nontemporal information processing load and temporal expectations in children’s prospective time estimation.Acta Psychologica,84, 271–280.
Zakay, D. (1993c). Time estimation methods—Do they influence prospective duration estimates?Perception,22, 91–101.
Zakay, D., &Fallach, E. (1984). Immediate and remote time estimation— A comparison.Acta Psychologica,57, 69–81.
Zakay, D., Nitzan, D., &Glicksohn, J. (1983). The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation.Perception & Psychophysics,34, 451–456.