Atropine and the electrical activity of the heart during induction of anaesthesia in children
Tóm tắt
Vagal arrhythmias during induction of anaesthesia in children are extremely common. They can occur at any time during induction but are more prone to occur at the time of intubation, particularly if succinylcholine has been administered intravenously. The intravenous administration of atropine 0.01 mg./kg. prior to the administration of succinylcholine and/or intubation is dramatically effective in abolishing and preventing these cardiac arrhythmias. The administration of atropine 0.03 mg./kg. intramuscularly one hour prior to induction is very effective in preventing cardiac arrhythmias provided succinylcholine is not employed. When succinylcholine is I employed the incidence of arrhythmias is high but their severity diminishes. To guarantee their abolition intravenous atropine should be administered pr a more effective intramuscular dose sought.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Waters, R. M. A Study of Morphine, Scopolamine and Atropine and Their Relation to Preoperative Medication and Pain Relief. Texas J. Med.34: 304 (1938).
Reid, L. C. &Brace, D. E. Irritation of the Respiratory Tract and Its Reflex Action on the Heart. Surg., Gynec. Obst.70: 157 (1940).
Wangeman, G. P. The Effects of Morphine, Atropine and Scopolamine on Human Subjects. Anaesthesiology3: 24 (1942).
Nickerson, M. &Smith, S. M. Protection against Cyclopropane-Epihephriae Arrhythmias by Dibenamine and Other Agents. Anesthesiology10: 562 (1949).
Nickerson, M. &Nomaguchi, G. M. Mechanism of Dibenamine protection against Cyclopropane-Epinephrine Cardiac Arrhythmias. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap.95: 1 (1949).
Rees, J. G. Anaesthesia in the Newborn. Brit. Med. J.2, 1919 (1950).
Leigh, M. D. &Belton, M. K. Premedication in Pediatric Anesthesia. Anesth. & Analg.29: 68 (1950).
Johnstone, M. General Anaesthesia and Cardiac Inhibition. Brit, Heart J.13: 47 (1951).
Reid, L. C.;Stephenson, H. E.; &Hinton. Cardiac Arrest. A.M.A. Arch. Surg.64: 409 (1952).
Burstein, C. L. Pediatric Preanesthetic Preparation. Anesthesiology14: 567 (1953).
Fisher, K. &Windsor, T. Control of Vagal Cardiovascular Reflexes during Surgery Employing Beta-diethylaminoethyl Xanthene-9-carboxylate. Anesthesiology14: 596 (1953).
King, B. D.;Elder, G. D.;Proctor, D. F.; &Dripps, R. D. Reflex Circulatory Responses to Tracheal Intubation Performed under Topical Anesthesia. Anesthesiology15: 231(1954).
Goodman, L. S. &Gelman, A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 2nd ed. New York: The MacMillan Co. (1955).
Stephen, C. R.;Bowers, M. A.;Nowill, W. K.; &Martin, R. C. Anticholinergic Drugs in Preanesthetic Medication. Anesthesiology17: 303 (1956).
Smith, R. M. Anesthesia for Infants and Children. St. Louis, Mo.: The C. V. Mosby Co. (1959).
Leigh, M. D. &Belton, M. K. Pediatric Anesthesiology. 2nd ed. New York: The MacMillan Co. (1960).
De Vault, M.;Greefenstein, F. F.; &Harris, L. C. Jr. Circulatory Responses to Endotracheal Intubation in Light General Anesthesia. Effect of Atropine and Phentolamine. Anesthesiology21: 360 (1960).
Bachman, L. &Freeman, A. The Cardiac Rate and Rhythm in Infants during Induction of Anaesthesia with Cyclopropane. Atropine Versus Scoplamine as Preanaesthetic Medication. J. Pediat.59: 922 (1961).
Snow, John. On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics: Their Action and Administration. London: Churchill (1858).
Brodie, T. G. &Russell, A. E. On Reflex Cardiac Inhibition. J. Physiol.26: 92 (1900).
Levy, A. G. &Lewis, T. Heart Irregularities Resulting from the Inhalation of Low Percentages of Chloroform Vapor and Their Relationship to Ventricular Fibrillation. Heart3:99 (1911).
Levy, A. G. The Exciting Causes of Ventricular Fibrillation in Animals under Chloroform Anaesthesia. Heart4: 319 (1913).
—— The Genesis of Ventricular Extrasystoles under Chloroform; with Special Reference to Consecutive Ventricular Fibrillation. Heart5: 299 (1914).
Brow, G. R.;Lond, C. L. H.; &Beattie, J. Irregularities of the Heart under Chloroform. Their Dependence on the Sympathetic Nervous System. J.A.M.A.95: 715 (1930).
Hell, I. G. H. The Human Heart in Anaesthesia. An Electrocardiographic Study. Edinburgh Med. J.39: 533 (1932).
Downs, T. M. The Carotid Sinus as an Etiological Factor in Sudden Anesthetic Death. Ann. Surg.99: 974 (1934).
Kurtz, C. M.;Bennett, J. H.; &Shapiro, H. H. Electrocardiographic Studies during Surgical Anesthesia. J.A.M.A.106: 434 (1936).
Orth, O. S.;Leigh, M. D.;Mellish, C. H.; &Stutzman, J. W. Action of Sympathomimetic Amines in Cyclopropane Ether and Chloroform Anesthesia. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap.67: 1 (1939).
Meek, W. J.;Hathaway, H. R.; &Orth, O. S. Effects of Ether, Chloroform and Cyclopropane on Cardiac Automaticity. J. Pharmacol. & Exp. Therap.62: 240 (1939).
Allen, C. R. The Production of Ventricular Tachycardia by Adrenaline. in Cyclopropane Anesthesia. Anesthesiology1: 158 (1940).
Meek, W. J. Cardiac Automatioity and Response to Blood Pressure Raising Agents during Inhalation Anesthesia. Physiol. Rev.21: 324 (1941).
Waters, R. M. Trichloroethylene Anesthesia and Cardiac Rhythm. Anesthesiology4: 1 (1943).
Lee, W. V.;Orth, O. S.;Wangeman, C. P.; &Meek, W. J. The Mechanism of Production of Spontaneous Cardiac Irregularities with High Concentrations of Cyclopropane. Anesthesiology4: 487 (1943).
Robbins, B. H. The Effect of Ether, Divinyl Ether and Cyclopropane Anesthesia upon the Heart Rate and Rhythm and Blood Pressure during Normal Respiratory Activity and during Artificial Respiration after Respiratory Arrest. J. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap.85: 192 (1945).
Burstein, C. L.;Piazza, T. L.;Kapp, L. A.; &Rovenstne, E. A. Cardiocirculatory Disturbances during Intrathoracic Surgery. Surgery25: 36 (1949).
Johnstone, M. Cyclopropane Anaesthesia and Ventricular Arrhythmias. Brit. Heart J.12: 239 (1950).
Burstein, C. L.;Lopinto, F. J.; &Newman, W. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. Effect during Usual Routine Techniques. Anesthesiology11: 224 (1950).
Burstein, C. L.;Woloshin, G.; &Newman, W. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. II. Effects during General Anesthesia and Intravenous Procaine. Anesthesiology11: 299 (1950).
Burstein, C. L.;Zaino, C.; &Newman, W. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. III. Effects during General Anesthesia and Intravenous Diethylaminoethanol. Anesthesiology12: 411 (1951).
Peters, N. S.;Newman, W.; &Burstein, C. L. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. IV. Effects during Cyclopropane Anesthesia with Intravenous Procaine Amide. Anesthesiology12: 673 (1951).
Johnstone, M. The Cardiology of Anesthesia. Anesth. & Analg.31: 325 (1952).
Arcuri, R. A.;Newman, W.; &Burstein, C. L. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. V. Effects during General Anesthesia and Hexylcaine HC1 Topical Spray. Anesthesiology14: 46 (1953).
Rosner, S.;Newman, W.; &Burstein, C. L. Electrocardiographic Studies during Endotracheal Intubation. VI. Effects during Anesthesia with Thiopental Sodium Combined with Muscle Relaxant, Anesthesiology14: 591 (1953).
Johnstone, M. Some Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrest during Anaesthesia. Brit. J. Anaesth.27: 566 (1955).
Horton, J. Electrocardiographic Findings during Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation. Brit. J. Anaesth.27: 326 (1955).
Jacoby, J.;Ziegler, C;Hamelberg, W.;Mogg, A., Klassen, K.; &Flory, F. Cardiac Arrhythmia: Effect of Vagal Stimulation and Hypoxia. Anesthesiology16: 1004 (1955).
Robson, G. J. &Sheridan, C. A. Preliminary Investigation with Fluothane. Anesth. & Analg.36: 62 (1957).
Millar, R. R.;Gilbert, R. G. B.; &Brindle, G. F. Ventricular Tachycardia during Halothane Anaesthesia. Anaesthesia13: 164 (1958).
Dundee, J. W. &Black, G. W. Review of the Cardiovascular Effects of Halothane. Anaesthesia15: 349 (1960).
Craythorne, N. W. B.;Turndorf, H.; &Dripps, R. D. Changes in Pulse Rate and Rhythm Associated with the Use of Succinylcholine in Anesthetized Children. Anesthesiology21: 465 (1960).
Johnstone, M. &Nisbet, H. I. A. Ventricular Arrhythmia during Halothane Anaesthesia. Brit. J. Anaesth.33: 9 (1961).
Williams, C. H.;Deutsch, S.;Linde, H. W.;Bullough, G. W.; &Dripps R.D. Effects of Succinylcholine on Cardiac Rate, Rhythm and Blood Pressure in Anaesthetized Man. Anesthesiology22: 947 (1961).
McIntyre, J. W. R. Succinylcholine-Induced Bradycardia with Reference to Methoxyflurane Anaesthesia. Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.9: 408 (1962).
Millar, R. A. &Morris, M. E. Sympatho-adrenal Responses during General Anaesthesia in the Dog and Man. Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.8:357 (1961).
Lewis, T. The Effect of Vagal Stimulation upon Atrioventricular Rhythm. Heart5: 247 (1914)
Anrep, G. V. &Segall, H. N. The Central and Reflex Regulation of the Heart Rate. J. Physiol.61:215 (1916).
Rylant, P. La Transmission humorale de ľaction des nerfs cardiaques de Loewi chez le mammifere. Compt. rend. soc. biol.96: 204 (1927).
Wedd, A. M. Standstill of Vagal Origin. Heart J.5: 493 (1930).
Hill, I. G. Stimulation of the Vagus. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol.22: 79 (1932).
Weiss, S. &Baker, J. P. Carotid Sinus Reflex in Health and Disease; Its Role in Causation of Fainting and Convulsions. Medicine12: 297 (1933).
Weiss, S. &Ferris, E. B. Jr. Adams-Stokes Syndrome with Transient Complete Heart Block of Vago-Vagal Reflex Origin. Am. Arch. Intern. Med.54: 931 (1934).
Hodes, R. Exercise in Sympathectomized Cat. Am. J. Physiol.126: 171 (1939).
Brouha, L. &Nowak, S. J. G. Role of the Vagus in the Cardio-Accelerator Action in Emotion in Sympathectomized Dogs. J. Physiol.95: 454 (1939).
—— Role of the Vagus in the Cardio-Accelerator Action of Atropine m Sympathectomized Dogs. J. Physiol.95: 439 (1939).
Reid, L. C. &Brace, D. E. Irritation of the Respiratory Tract and Its Reflex Effect upon the Heart Surg., Gynec. & Obstet.70: 157 (1940).
Cohn, A. E. &Macleod, A. G. The Effect of Acetylcholine on the Mammalian Heart. Am. Heart J.21: 356 (1941).
Bond, D. D. Sympathetic and Vagal Interaction in Emotional, Responses of the Heart. Am. J. Physiol.138:468 (1943).
Burstein, C. L.;Martin, S. J.; &Rovenstine, E. A. Threshold Variations to Vagus Nerve Stimulation. J. Thor. Surg.13:49 (1944).
Scherf, D. Cardiac Reflexes Originating in the Respiratory Tract. New York J. Med.45 1647 (1945)
Holmes, J. H. &Weill, D. R. Jr. Incomplete Heart Block Produced by Changes in Posture. Am. Heart J.30: 291 (1945).
Greiner, T. H. &Garb, S. The Influence of Drugs on the Irritability and Automaticity of Heart Muscle T. Pharmacol. & Exper. Therap.98: 215 (1950).
Scott, J. C. &Reed, E. A. Electrocardiographic Effects of Reflex Vagal Stimulation. Am. J. Physiol.167: 441 (1951).
Hoffman, B. F. &Suckling, E. E. Cardiac Cellular Potential, Effect of Vagal Stimulation and Acetylcholine. Amer. J. Physiol.173: 312 (1953)
Burn, J. H. Acetylcholine and the Heart Beat. Lancet: i, 1161 (1953).
Rusher, R. F. Autonomic Balance in Cardiac Control. Am. J. Physiol.192: 631 (1958).
Sloan, H. E. The Vagus Nerve in Cardiac Arrest. Surg., Gynec. & Obstet.91: 259 (1959).
Di Palma, J. B. Pharmacology of Drugs used in Cardiac Arrhythmias and Disturbances in Conduction. Progr. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2 (1960).
Veda, L.;Fukushima, K.;Ballinge, C. M.; &Loehning, R. W. Epinephrine Induced Arrhythmias: Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Acid-Base Changes. Anesthesiology23: 343 (1962).
Wilson, F. N. Production of A-V Rhythm in Man after Administration of Atropine. A.M.A. Arch. Intern. Med.16: 989 (1915).
Alexander, E. Atropine Poisoning. New Engl. J. Med.234: 258 (1946).
Joos, H. A. Atropine Intoxication in Infancy Am. J. Dis. Child79: 885 (1950).
Pooler, H. E. Atropine, Neostigmine and Sudden Deaths. Anaesthesia12: 198 (1957).
Morton, H. J. V. &Thomas, E. T. Effect of Atropine on the Heart Rate. Lancet ii, 1313 (1958).
Stewart, W. C. &Currie, H. The Relationship between the Dosage of Atropme and the Effects of Reflex Parotid Secretion and Heart Rate in Man. Canad. M. A. J.85: 180 (1961).
Jones, R. E.;Deutsch, S.; &Turndorf, H. Effects of Atropine on Cardiac Rhythm, in Conscious and Anesthetized Man. Anesthesiology22: 67 (1961).
Colón-Yordán, E. &Jiménez-Vélez, J. L. Effects of Intravenous Atropine and Scopolamine during Cyclopropane-Succinylcholine Anesthesia. Anesthesiology23: 333 (1962).
King, B. D.;Harris, L. C;Greifenstein, F. E.;Elder, J. D.; &Dripps, R. D. Reflex Circulatory Responses to Direct Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation Performed during General Anesthesia. Anesthesiology12: 556 (1951).
Price, H. L.;Lurte, A. A.;Jones, R. E.;Price, M. L.; &Linde, H. W. Cyclopropane Anesthesia, II Epinephrine and Nurepinephrine in Initiation of Ventricular Arrhythmias by Carbon Dioxide Inhalation. Anesthesiology19: 618 (1958).