Fagard R (2003) Athlete’s heart. Heart 89(12):1455–1461
Baggish AL, Wood MJ (2011) Athlete’s heart and cardiovascular care of the athlete: scientific and clinical update. Circulation 123(23):2723–2735
McClean G, George K, Lord R, Utomi V, Jones N et al (2015) Chronic adaptation of atrial structure and function in elite male athletes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16(4):417–422
Gabrielli L, Bijnens BB, Butakoff C, Duchateau N, Montserrat S et al (2014) Atrial functional and geometrical remodeling in highly trained male athletes: for better or worse? Eur J Appl Physiol 114(6):1143–1152
D’Ascenzi F, Anselmi F, Focardi M, Mondillo S et al (2018) Atrial enlargement in the athlete’s heart: assessment of atrial function may help distinguish adaptive from pathologic remodeling. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 31(2):148–157
Gabrielli L, Enríquez A, Córdova S, Yáñez F, Godoy I et al (2012) Assessment of left atrial function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and athlete’s heart: a left atrial myocardial deformation study. Echocardiography 29(8):943–949
Pritchett AM, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR et al (2003) Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(6):1036–1043
Tsang TS, Abhayaratna WP, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Gersh BJ et al (2006) Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 47(5):1018–1023
Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK et al (2006) Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(12):2357–2363
Sanchis-Gomar F, Perez-Quilis C, Lippi G, Cervellin G, Leischik R et al (2017) Atrial fibrillation in highly trained endurance athletes—description of a syndrome. Int J Cardiol 226:11–20
Elosua R, Arquer A, Mont L, Sambola A, Molina L et al (2006) Sport practice and the risk of lone atrial fibrillation: a case-control study. Int J Cardiol 108:332–337
La Gerche A, Schmied CM (2013) Atrial fibrillation in athletes and the interplay between exercise and health. Eur Heart J 34(47):3599–3602
Flannery MD, Kalman JM, Sanders P, La Gerche A (2017) State of the art review: atrial fibrillation in athletes. Heart Lung Circ 26(9):983–989
Drca N, Wolk A, Jensen-Urstad M, Larsson SC (2014) Atrial fibrillation is associated with different levels of physical activity levels at different ages in men. Heart 100(13):1037–1042
Calvo N, Ramos P, Montserrat S, Guasch E, Coll-Vinent B et al (2016) Emerging risk factors and the dose-response relationship between physical activity and lone atrial fibrillation: a prospective case-control study. Europace 18:57–63
D’Ascenzi F, Cameli M, Ciccone MM, Maiello M, Modesti PA et al (2015) The controversial relationship between exercise and atrial fibrillation: clinical studies and pathophysiological mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Med 16:802–810
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A et al (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(1):1–39 (e14)
Echocardiographic Normal Ranges Meta-Analysis of the Left heart (EchoNoRMAL) Collaboration (2014) A meta-analysis of echocardiographic measurements of the left heart for the development of normative reference ranges in a large international cohort: the EchoNoRMAL study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 15(3):341–348
Devereux RB (1987) Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography. Anatomic validation, standardization, and comparison to other methods. Hypertension 9(2 Pt 2):19–26
Narayanan K, Reinier K, Teodorescu C, Uy-Evanado A, Aleong R et al (2014) Left ventricular diameter and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death. J Am Heart Assoc 3(5):e001193
Shan G, Gerstenberger S (2017) Fisher’s exact approach for post hoc analysis of a chisquared test. PLoS ONE 12(12):e0188709
Diedenhofen B, Musch J (2015) Cocor: a comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0121945
Zou GY (2007) Toward using confidence intervals to compare correlations. Psychol Methods 12:399–413
Goksuluk D, Korkmaz S, Zararsiz G, Karaağaoğlu AE (2016) easyROC: an interactive web-tool for ROC curve analysis using R language environment. R J 8(2):213–230
D’Ascenzi F, Cameli M, Lisi M, Zaca V, Natali B et al (2012) Left atrial remodelling in competitive adolescent soccer players. Int J Sports Med 33(10):795–801
Gjerdalen GF, Hisdal J, Solberg EE, Andersen TE, Radunovic Z et al (2015) Atrial size and function in athletes. Int J Sports Med 36(14):1170–1176
Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Di Paolo FM, Biffi A, Quattrini FM et al (2005) Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial remodeling in competitive athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(4):690–696
D’Andrea A, Riegler L, Cocchia R, Scarafile R, Salerno G et al (2010) Left atrial volume index in highly trained athletes. Am Heart J 159(6):1155–1161
Iskandar A, Mujtaba MT, Thompson PD (2015) Left atrium size in elite athletes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(7):753–762
D’Ascenzi F, Solari M, Anselmi F, Maffei S, Focardi M et al (2016) Atrial chamber remodelling in healthy pre-adolescent athletes engaged in endurance sports: a study with a longitudinal design. The CHILD study. Int J Cardiol 223:325–330
Huang Z, Fonseca R, Sharman JE, Park C, Chaturvedi N et al (2020) The influence of fitness on exercise blood pressure and its association with cardiac structure in adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 30:1033–1039
Boyd A, Lo Q, Devine K, Tchan MC, Sillence DO et al (2013) Left atrial enlargement and reduced atrial compliance occurs early in Fabry cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26(12):1415–1423
D’Ascenzi F, Piu P, Capone V, Sciaccaluga C, Solari M et al (2019) Reference values of left atrial size and function according to age: should we redefine the normal upper limits? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 35(1):41–48
D’Ascenzi F, Pelliccia A, Natali MB, Zaca V, Cameli M et al (2014) Morphological and functional adaptation of left and right atria induced by training in highly trained female athletes. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7:222–229
D’Ascenzi F, Cameli M, Zaca V, Lisi M, Santoro A et al (2011) Supernormal diastolic function and role of left atrial myocardial deformation analysis by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography in elite soccer players. Echocardiography 28(3):320–326
Sanz-de la Garza M, Grazioli G, Bijnens BH, Sarvari SI, Guasch E et al (2016) Acute, exercise dose-dependent impairment in atrial performance during an endurance race: 2D ultrasound speckle-tracking strain analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 9(12):1380–1388
D’Ascenzi F, Pelliccia A, Natali BM, Cameli M, Andrei V et al (2015) Increased left atrial size is associated with reduced atrial stiffness and preserved reservoir function in athlete’s heart. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(4):699–705