Atoll reef-island formation and response to sea-level change: West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Ash, 1987, Holocene sea levels in northern Viti Levu, Fiji, NZ J. Geol. Geophys., 30, 431, 10.1080/00288306.1987.10427546

Baines, 1976, Resurveys of 1972 hurricane rampart on Funafuti atoll, Search, 7, 36

Baines, 1976, Sequential studies of hurricane bank evolution at Funafuti atoll, Mar. Geol., 21, M1, 10.1016/0025-3227(76)90097-9

Baines, G.B.K., Beveridge, P.J., Maragos, J.E., 1974. Storms and island building at Funafuti Atoll, Ellice Islands. Proc. 2nd Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2, pp. 485–496.

Bayliss-Smith, 1988, The role of hurricanes in the development of reef islands, Ontong Java Atoll, Solomon Islands, Geogr. J., 154, 377, 10.2307/634610

Bourrouilh-Le Jan, 1998, The role of high-energy events (hurricanes and/or tsunamis) in the sedimentation, diagenesis and karst initiation of tropical shallow water carbonate platforms and atolls, Sedim. Geol., 118, 3, 10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00003-7

Buddemeier, 1975, Holocene windward reef-flat history, Enewetak Atoll, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 1581, 10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<1581:HWRHEA>2.0.CO;2

Byrne, G., 1991. Sediment movement on Tarawa, Kiribati. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Coastal Processes in the South Pacific Nations in Lae, 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 155–159.

Camion, 1997, Holocene sea level changes and reef development in the southwestern Indian Ocean, Coral Reefs, 16, 247, 10.1007/s003380050080

Carter, R.W.G., 1988. Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines. Academic Press, London.

Chappell, 1982, Evidence for smoothly falling sea levels relative to north Queensland, Australia, during the past 6000 years, Nature, 302, 406, 10.1038/302406a0

Chappell, 1982, Hydro-isostasy and the sea-level isobase of 5500 B.P. in north Queensland, Australia, Mar. Geol., 49, 81, 10.1016/0025-3227(82)90030-5

Chappell, 1983, Holocene palaeo-environment changes, central to north Great Barrier Reef inner zone, BMR J. Aust. Geol. Geophys., 8, 223

Chivas, 1986, Radiocarbon evidence for the timing and rate of island development, beach-rock formation and phosphatization at Lady Elliot Island, Queensland, Australia, Mar. Geol., 69, 273, 10.1016/0025-3227(86)90043-5

Cloud, 1952, Preliminary report on geology and marine environments of Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands, Atoll Res. Bull., 12, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.12.1

Daly, R.A., 1934. The Changing World of the Ice Age. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

Darwin, C., 1842. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. Smith and Elder, London.

David, T.W.E., Sweet, G., 1904. The geology of Funafuti. In: The Atoll of Funafuti. The Royal Society, London, pp. 61–124.

Falkland, 1994, Climate, hydrology and water resources of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Atoll Res. Bull., 400, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.400.1

Forbes, D.L., Hosoi, Y., 1995. Coastal erosion in South Tarawa, Kiribati. SOPAC Tech. Rep. 225.

Gardiner, J.S., 1903. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes (being an account of the work carried on and of collections made by an expedition during years 1899 and 1900). Cambridge Univ. Press.

Gardiner, J.S., 1931. Coral Reefs and Atolls. Macmillan, New York.

Geyh, 1979, Sea-level changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene in the Strait of Malacca, Nature, 278, 441, 10.1038/278441a0

Guilcher, A., 1988. Coral Reef Geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester.

Guinther, 1978, Observations on terrestrial surface and subsurface water as related to island morphology at Canton atoll, Atoll Res. Bull., 221, 171

Guppy, H.B., 1889. The Cocos-Keeling Islands. Scot. Geog. Mag. 5, 281–297, 457–474, 569–588.

Harper, J.R., 1989. Reconnaissance survey of coastal erosion sites on Abaiang Atoll, Republic of Kiribati, 3–4 April 1989. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Rep. 92.

Hopley, D., 1982. The Geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef. Wiley Interscience, New York.

Hopley, D., 1994. Continental shelf reef systems. In: Carter, R.W.G., Woodroffe, C.D., (Eds.), Coastal Evolution: Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 303–340.

Howorth, R., Radke, B., 1991. Investigation of historical evidence of shoreline changes: Betio, Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati, and Fongafale, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Coastal Processes in the South Pacific Nations in Lae, 1987. CCOP/SOPAC Tech. Bull. 7, pp. 91–98.

Katupotha, 1988, Evidence of high sea level during the mid-Holocene on the southwest coast of Sri Lanka, Boreas, 17, 209, 10.1111/j.1502-3885.1988.tb00548.x

Katupotha, 1988, Holocene sea level change on the southwest and south coasts of Sri Lanka, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 68, 189, 10.1016/0031-0182(88)90039-9

Kench, P.S., 1994. Atoll hydrodynamics and sedimentation, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Unpubl. PhD Thesis. University of New South Wales, 344 pp.

Kench, 1998, Physical controls on development of lagoon sand deposits and lagoon infilling in an Indian Ocean atoll, J. Coastal Res., 14, 1014

Kuenen, 1933, Geology of coral reefs, Snellius-Expedition Report, 5, 1

Lewis, 1989, Sea-level rise: some implications for Tuvalu, Ambio, 18, 458

Lewis, 1990, The vulnerability of small island states to sea level rise: the need for holistic strategies, Disasters, 14, 241, 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1990.tb01066.x

Maragos, 1973, Tropical cyclone creates a new land formation on Funafuti atoll, Science, 181, 1161, 10.1126/science.181.4105.1161

McKee, 1959, Storm sediments on a Pacific atoll, J. Sedim. Petrol., 29, 354

McLean, R.F., 1980. Spatial and temporal variability of external physical controls on small island ecosystems. In: Brookfield, H.C. (Ed.), Population–Environment Relations in Tropical Islands: The Case of Eastern Fiji. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 149–175.

McLean, 1991, Geomorphology of reef islands and atoll motu in Tuvalu, S. Pacific J. Nat. Sci., 11, 167

McLean, 1978, Reef island sediments of the northern Great Barrier Reef, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 291, 167, 10.1098/rsta.1978.0097

McLean, R.F., Woodroffe, C.D., 1994. Coral atolls. In: Carter, R.W.G., Woodroffe, C.D. (Eds.), Coastal Evolution: Late Quaternary Shoreline Morphodynamics. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 267–302.

McLean, 1978, Sea level change in the Holocene on the northern Great Barrier Reef, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 291, 167, 10.1098/rsta.1978.0097

Miyata, 1990, Evidence for a Holocene high sea-level stand, Vanua Levu, Fiji, Quat. Res., 33, 352, 10.1016/0033-5894(90)90061-O

Montaggioni, 1984, The significance of exposed coral conglomerates from French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) as indications of recent sea-level changes, Coral Reefs, 3, 29, 10.1007/BF00306138

Neumann, A.C., Macintyre, I., 1985. Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 3, pp. 105-110.

Newell, 1961, Recent terraces of tropical limestone shores, Zeit. für Geomorph. N.F., 3, 87

Newell, 1970, The reef flat and two-meter eustatic terrace of some Pacific atolls, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 1881, 10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1881:TRFATE]2.0.CO;2

Pirazzoli, 1986, Late Holocene changes in the northwest Tuamotu Islands, French Polynesia, Quat. Res., 25, 350, 10.1016/0033-5894(86)90006-2

Pirazzoli, P.A., Montaggioni, L., 1988. The 7000 year sea-level curve in French Polynesia: geodynamic implications for mid-plate volcanic islands. Proc. 6th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 3, pp. 467-472.

Pirazzoli, 1988, Holocene sea-level changes in French Polynesia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 68, 153, 10.1016/0031-0182(88)90037-5

Pirazzoli, 1987, Vitesse de croissance latérale des platiers et évolution morphologique récente de l'atoll de Reao, ı̂les Tuamotu, Polnésie française, Ann. Inst. Océanogr., 63, 57

Pirazzoli, 1987, Late Holocene sea levels and coral reef development in Vahitahi Atoll, eastern Tuamotu Islands, Pacific Ocean, Mar. Geol., 76, 105, 10.1016/0025-3227(87)90020-X

Pirazzoli, 1988, Late Holocene sea level indicators from twelve atolls in the central and eastern Tuamotus (Pacific Ocean), Coral Reefs, 7, 57, 10.1007/BF00301642

Richmond, B.M., 1992. Development of atoll islets in the central Pacific. Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 2, pp. 1185-1194.

Roy, P., Connell, J., 1989. Greenhouse: impact of sea level rise on low coral islands in the South Pacific. Research Institute for Asia and the Pacific Occasional Paper.

Roy, 1990, Greenhouse effects on atoll islands in the South Pacific, Geol. Soc. Australia Symp. Proc., 1, 57

Roy, 1991, Climatic change and the future of atoll states, J. Coastal Res., 7, 1057

Russell, 1965, Southern Hemisphere beach rock, Geogr. Rev., 55, 17, 10.2307/212853

Schofield, 1977, Late Holocene sea-level, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, West Central Pacific Ocean, NZ J. Geol. Geophys., 20, 503, 10.1080/00288306.1977.10427598

Schofield, 1977, Effect of Late Holocene sea-level fall on atoll development, NZ J. Geol. Geophys., 20, 531, 10.1080/00288306.1977.10427599

Scoffin, T.P., Stoddart, D.R., Tudhope, A.W., Woodroffe, C.D., 1982. Exposed limestone of Suwarrow Atoll. Proc. 5th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 3, pp. 137–140.

Searle, 1994, Late Quaternary morphology of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Atoll Res. Bull., 401, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.401.1

Sewell, 1935, Studies on coral and coral formations in Indian waters, Mem. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 9, 461

Sewell, 1936, An account of Addu Atoll. John Murray Expedition 1933–1934, Scientific Reps., 1, 63

Sewell, 1936, An account of Horsburgh or Goifurfehendu Atoll. John Murray Expedition 1933–1934, Scientific Reps., 1, 109

Shepard, 1967, Holocene changes in sea level: evidence in Micronesia, Science, 157, 542, 10.1126/science.157.3788.542

Smithers, S.G., 1997. The elevation and surface morphology of microatolls on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. Unpubl. PhD Thesis. University of Wollongong, 362 pp.

Smithers, S.G., Woodroffe, C.D., McLean, R.F., Wallensky, E., 1994. Lagoonal sedimentation in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 1, pp. 273–288.

Solomon, S., 1997. Assessment of the vulnerability of Betio (South Tarawa, Kiribati) to accelerated sea level rise. SOPAC Tech Rep. 251.

Stearns, 1945, Decadent coral reef on Eniwetok Island, Marshall Group, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 56, 283, 10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[783:DCROEI]2.0.CO;2

Stoddart, 1969, Sea-level change and the origin of sand cays: radiometric evidence, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 11, 44

Stoddart, D.R., 1971. Coral reefs and islands and catastrophic storms. In: Steers, J.A. (Ed.), Applied Coastal Geomorphology. Macmillan, London, pp. 155–197.

Stoddart, 1971, Geomorphology of Diego Garcia Atoll, Atoll Res. Bull., 149, 7

Stoddart, D.R., Steers, J.A., 1977. The nature and origin of coral reef islands. In: Jones, O.A., Endean, R. (Eds.), Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs IV, Geology II. Academic Press, London, pp. 59–105.

Stoddart, 1966, Geomorphology of Addu Atoll, Atoll Res. Bull., 116, 13

Stoddart, 1978, Geomorphology of reef islands, northern Great Barrier Reef, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 284, 39, 10.1098/rstb.1978.0052

Tracey, J.I., Ladd, H.S., 1974. Quaternary history of Eniwetok and Bikini atolls, Marshall Islands. Proc. 2nd Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2, pp. 537–550.

Wood-Jones, F., 1912. Coral and Atolls: A History and Description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands (with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general). Lovell Reeve, London.

Woodroffe, C.D., 1994. Morphology and evolution of reef islands in the Maldives. Proc. 7th Int. Coral Reef Congr. 2, pp. 1217–1226.

Woodroffe, 1990, Microatolls and recent sea level change on coral atolls, Nature, 344, 531, 10.1038/344531a0

Woodroffe, 1994, Reef Islands of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Atoll Res. Bull., 403, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.403.1

Woodroffe, 1990, Sea level and coral atolls: Late Holocene emergence in the Indian Ocean, Geology, 18, 62, 10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0062:SLACAL>2.3.CO;2

Woodroffe, 1990, Darwin's coral atoll: geomorphology and recent development of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, Nat. Geogr. Res., 6, 262

Woodroffe, 1990, Holocene emergence in the Cook Islands, South Pacific, Coral Reefs, 9, 31, 10.1007/BF00686719

Woodroffe, 1991, Last interglacial reef and subsidence of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean, Mar. Geol., 96, 137, 10.1016/0025-3227(91)90210-U

Woodroffe, 1994, Geomorphology of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Atoll Res. Bull., 402, 1, 10.5479/si.00775630.402.1

Yonekura, 1988, Holocene fringing reefs and sea-level change in Mangaia Island, southern Cook Islands, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol., 68, 177, 10.1016/0031-0182(88)90038-7