Associative Structures In Instrumental Learning

Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Tập 20 - Trang 55-104 - 1986
Ruth M. Colwill1, Robert A. Rescorla1
1Department Of Psychology University Of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, 1980, Postconditioning devaluation of an instrumental reinforcer has no effect on extinction performance, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 447, 10.1080/14640748008401838 Adams, 1982, Variations in the sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer devaluation, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34B, 77, 10.1080/14640748208400878 Adams, 1981, Actions and habits: Variations in associative representations during instrumental learning, 143 Adams, 1981, Instrumental responding following reinforcer devaluation, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33B, 109, 10.1080/14640748108400816 Allport, 1937 Amiro, 1980, Second-order appetitive conditioning in goldfish, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes., 6, 41, 10.1037/0097-7403.6.1.41 Blanchard, 1976, Surprise value of food determines its effectiveness as a reinforcer, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2, 67, 10.1037/0097-7403.2.1.67 Bolles, 1972, Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning, Psychological Review, 79, 394, 10.1037/h0033120 Bolles, 1980, Comparisons of stimulus learning and response learning in a punishment situation, Learning and Motivation, 11, 78, 10.1016/0023-9690(80)90022-3 Bower, 1964, Effect of prior Pavlovian discrimination training upon learning an operant discrimination, Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 7, 401, 10.1901/jeab.1964.7-401 Brodigan, 1976, Two-choice conditional discrimination performance in pigeons as a function of reward expectancy, prechoice delay and domesticity, Animal Learning and Behavior, 4, 121, 10.3758/BF03214021 Capaldi, 1978, Resistance to satiation of consummatory and instrumental performance, Learning and Motivation, 9, 179, 10.1016/0023-9690(78)90019-X Carlson, 1972, Delay of reinforcement in instrumental discrimination learning of rats, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 81, 365, 10.1037/h0033531 Carlson, 1976, Mediators of the effects of magnitude of reinforcement, Learning and Motivation, 7, 184, 10.1016/0023-9690(76)90027-8 Catania, 1971, Elicitation, reinforcement and stimulus control, 196 Cheatle, 1978, Analysis of second-order odor-aversion conditioning in neonatal rats: Implications for Kamin's blocking effect, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 4, 237, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.3.237 Chen, 1980, Recall (versus recognition) of taste and immunization against aversive taste anticipations based on illness, Science, 209, 851, 10.1126/science.7403850 Colwill, 1985, Post-conditioning devaluation of a reinforcer affects instrumental responding, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 120, 10.1037/0097-7403.11.1.120 Colwill, 1985, Instrumental responding remains sensitive to reinforcer devaluation after extensive training, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 520, 10.1037/0097-7403.11.4.520 Cook, 1979, Instrumental response topographies of rats on partial reinforcement or reacquisition schedules, Journal of General Psychology, 101, 151, 10.1080/00221309.1979.9920065 Cowles, 1937, Reward-expectancy in delayed-responses of chimpanzees, Journal of Comparative Psychology, 24, 345, 10.1037/h0061060 Crespi, 1942, Quantitative variation of incentive and performance in the white rat, America Journal of Psychology, 55, 467, 10.2307/1417120 Deaux, 1964, Measurement of the anticipatory goal response in instrumental runway conditioning, Psychonomic Science, 1, 357, 10.3758/BF03342954 DeLong, 1981, Effects of differential reinforcement expectancies on successive matching-to-sample performance in pigeons, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7, 394, 10.1037/0097-7403.7.4.394 Dickinson, 1985, Contingency effects with a constant probability of instrumental reinforcement, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37B, 397, 10.1080/14640748508401177 Dickinson, 1983, The effect of the instrumental training contingency on susceptibility to reinforcer devaluation, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35B, 35, 10.1080/14640748308400912 Dickinson, 1984, Overshadowing of responding on ratio and interval schedules by an independent predictor of reinforcement, Behavioral Processes, 9, 421, 10.1016/0376-6357(84)90027-5 Durlach, 1983, Effect of signaling intertrial unconditioned stimuli in autoshaping, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 374, 10.1037/0097-7403.9.4.374 Edgar, 1981, Enhancement of food-rewarded instrumental responding by an appetitive conditioned stimulus, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33B, 3, 10.1080/14640748108400825 Edwards, 1982, Acquired equivalence and distinctiveness in matching to sample by pigeons: Mediation by reinforcer-specific expectancies, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 8, 244, 10.1037/0097-7403.8.3.244 Elliott, 1928, The effect of change of reward on the maze performance of rats, University of California Publications in Psychology, 4, 19 Ellison, 1964, Separation of the salivary and motor responses in instrumental conditioning, Science, 146, 1071, 10.1126/science.146.3647.1071 Estes, 1948, Discriminative conditioning. II. Effects of a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus upon a subsequently established operant response, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 173, 10.1037/h0057525 Fantino, 1965, Some data on the discriminative stimulus hypothesis of secondary reinforcement, Psychological Record, 15, 409, 10.1007/BF03393607 Ferster, 1957 Flaherty, 1968, Noncontingent pretraining in instrumental discrimination between amounts of reinforcement, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 707, 10.1037/h0026551 Garcia, 1970, Cue properties vs palatability of flavors in avoidance learning, Psychonomic Science, 20, 313, 10.3758/BF03329085 Garrud, 1981, Overshadowing of a stimulus-reinforcer association by an instrumental response, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33B, 123, 10.1080/14640748108400817 Guthrie, 1952 Hammond, 1980, The effect of contingency upon the appetitive conditioning of free-operant behavior, Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 34, 297, 10.1901/jeab.1980.34-297 Hasher, 1979, Automatic and effortful processes in memory, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356, 10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356 Holland, 1977, Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3, 77, 10.1037/0097-7403.3.1.77 Holland, 1983, “Occasion-setting” in Pavlovian feature positive discriminations, 4, 183 Holland, 1985, The nature of conditioned inhibition in serial and simultaneous feature negative discriminations, 267 Holland, 1975, The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 1, 355, 10.1037/0097-7403.1.4.355 Holman, 1975, Some conditions for dissociation of consummately and instrumental behavior in rats, Learning and Motivation, 6, 358, 10.1016/0023-9690(75)90015-6 Holman, 1981, The control of appetitive instrumental responding does not depend on classical conditioning to the discriminative stimulus, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33B, 21, 10.1080/14640748108400826 Hull, 1943 Hull, 1977, Instrumental response topographies of rats, Animal Learning and Behavior, 5, 207, 10.3758/BF03214080 Hull, 1981, Operant response topographies of rats receiving food or water reinforcers on FR or FI reinforcement schedules, Animal Learning and Behavior, 9, 406, 10.3758/BF03197851 Irwin, 1971 James, 1890 Jenkins, 1977, Sensitivity of different response systems to stimulus-reinforcer and re-sponse-reinforcer relations, 47 Jenkins, 1985, Conditioned inhibition of key pecking in the pigeon, 327 Jenkins, 1973, The form of the autoshaped response with food or water reinforcers, Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 20, 163, 10.1901/jeab.1973.20-163 Jenkins, 1950, Partial reinforcement: A review and critique, Psychological Bulletin, 47, 193, 10.1037/h0060772 Kamin, 1968, Attention-like processes in classical conditioning, 9 Kamin, 1969, Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning, 279 Karpicke, 1977, Signal location and positive versus negative conditioned suppression in the rat, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3, 105, 10.1037/0097-7403.3.2.105 Khavari, 1971, Some parameters of latent learning and generalized drives, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 77, 463, 10.1037/h0031877 Konorski, 1967 Konorski, 1930, Méthode d'examen de l'analysateur moteur par les réactions salivomotrices, Comptes rendus des Séances de la Société Biologique, 104, 907 Konorski, 1937, On two types of conditioned reflex, Journal of General Psychology, 16, 264, 10.1080/00221309.1937.9917950 Krieckhaus, 1968, Acquisition of sodium by rats: Interaction of innate mechanisms and latent learning, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 65, 197, 10.1037/h0025547 Lewis, 1960, Partial reinforcement: A selective review of the literature since 1950, Psychological Bulletin, 57, 1, 10.1037/h0040963 LoLordo, 1974, The effects upon food-reinforced pecking and treadle-pressing of auditory and visual signals for response-independent food, Learning and Motivation, 5, 24, 10.1016/0023-9690(74)90035-6 Lorge, 1936, Representative factors in the rat under “changed-incentive technique.”, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 49, 479 Lovibond, 1983, Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 225, 10.1037/0097-7403.9.3.225 Mackintosh, 1974 Mackintosh, 1979, Instrumental (type II) conditioning, 143 Mellgren, 1969, Transfer of Pavlovian differential conditioning to an operant discrimination, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67, 390, 10.1037/h0026783 Miller, 1935, A reply to “Sign-gestalt or conditioned reflex?”, Psychological Review, 42, 280, 10.1037/h0054961 Morgan, 1974, Resistance to satiation, Animal Behavior, 22, 449, 10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80044-8 Morgan, 1979, Motivational processes, 171 Morrison, 1974, Taste-mediated aversion to an exteroceptive stimulus following LiCl poisoning, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86, 51, 10.1037/h0035947 Mowrer, 1960 Murphy, 1947 Nairne, 1981, Second-order conditioning with diffuse auditory reinforcers in the pigeon, Learning and Motivation, 12, 65, 10.1016/0023-9690(81)90025-4 Nevin, 1981, Response rate and resistance to change in chained schedules, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7, 278, 10.1037/0097-7403.7.3.278 Nissen, 1935, The influence of amount of incentive on delayed response performances of chimpanzees, Journal of Genetic Psychology, 47, 49 Overmier, 1971, Discriminative cue properties of different fears and their role in response selection in dogs, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 76, 478, 10.1037/h0031403 Pearce, 1978, Overshadowing the instrumental conditioning of a lever press response by a more valid predictor of reinforcement, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 4, 356, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.4.356 Peterson, 1980, Effects of altering outcome expectancies on pigeons' delayed conditional discrimination performance, Learning and Motivation, 11, 267, 10.1016/0023-9690(80)90001-6 Peterson, 1980, Enhancement of pigeons' conditional discrimination performance by expectancies of reinforcement and nonreinforcement, Animal Learning and Behavior, 8, 22, 10.3758/BF03209726 Premack, 1965, Reinforcement theory, 123 Rashotte, 1977, Second-order conditioning of the pigeon's keypeck, Animal Learning and Behavior, 5, 25, 10.3758/BF03209127 Rescorla, 1968, Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1, 10.1037/h0025984 Rescorla, 1977, Pavlovian second-order conditioning: Some implications for instrumental behavior, 133 Rescorla, 1979, Aspects of the reinforcer learned in second-order Pavlovian conditioning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 5, 79, 10.1037/0097-7403.5.1.79 Rescorla, 1980 Rescorla, 1982, Comments on a technique for assessing associative learning, 3 Rescorla, 1985, Inhibition and facilitation, 299 Rescorla, 1982, Behavioral studies of associative learning in animals, Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 265, 10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.001405 Rescorla, 1967, Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning, Psychological Review, 74, 151, 10.1037/h0024475 Rescorla, 1972, A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement, 64 Rizley, 1972, Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 81, 1, 10.1037/h0033333 Robbins, 1971, Partial reinforcement: A selective review of the alleyway literature since 1960, Psychological Bulletin, 76, 415, 10.1037/h0031890 Schwartz, 1976, Positive and negative conditioned suppression in the pigeon: Effects of the locus and the modality of the CS, Learning and Motivation, 7, 86, 10.1016/0023-9690(76)90019-9 Sheffield, 1966, A drive-induction theory of reinforcement, 98 Shettleworth, 1981, Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Differential overshadowing of a CS by different responses, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33B, 241, 10.1080/14640748108400810 Shiffrin, 1977, Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory, Psychological Review, 84, 129, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127 Skinner, 1938 Spence, 1956 Spetch, 1981, Control of pigeons' keypecking topography by a schedule of alternating food and water reward, Animal Learning and Behavior, 9, 223, 10.3758/BF03197824 Claire-Smith, 1979, The overshadowing of instrumental conditioning by a stimulus that predicts reinforcement better than the response, Animal Learning and Behavior, 7, 224, 10.3758/BF03209275 Claire-Smith, 1979, The overshadowing and blocking of punishment, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 51, 10.1080/14640747908400706 Claire-Smith, 1983, Response preconditioning effects, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 41, 10.1037/0097-7403.9.1.41 Tarpy, 1983, The role of the response-reward correlation in stimulus-response overshadowing, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35B, 53, 10.1080/14640748308400913 Tinklepaugh, 1928, An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys, Journal of Comparative Psychology, 8, 197, 10.1037/h0075798 Tolman, 1933, Sign-Gestalt or conditioned reflex?, Psychological Review, 40, 246, 10.1037/h0071472 Tolman, 1948, Cognitive maps in rats and men, Psychological Review, 55, 189, 10.1037/h0061626 Tolman, 1949, Studies in learning and motivation: I. Equal reinforcements in both end-boxes, followed by shock in one end-box, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 810, 10.1037/h0062845 Trapold, 1970, Are expectancies based upon different positive reinforcing events discriminably different?, Learning and Motivation, 1, 129, 10.1016/0023-9690(70)90079-2 Trapold, 1968, Transfer of training from differential classical to differential instrumental conditioning, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 568, 10.1037/h0025709 Trapold, 1972, The second learning process in instrumental learning, 427 Williams, 1982, Blocking the response-reinforcer association, 3, 427 Williams, 1965, Classical conditioning and incentive motivation, 340 Wilson, 1981, An aversion to the reinforcer differentially affects conditioned reinforcement and instrumental responding, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 7, 165, 10.1037/0097-7403.7.2.165 Zeaman, 1949, Response latency as a function of the amount of reinforcement, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39, 446, 10.1037/h0060477