Associations of elevated Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly∗∗Access the “Journal Club” discussion of this paper at http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/ajmselect/

Liuzzo, 1994, The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein in severe unstable angina, NEJM, 331, 417, 10.1056/NEJM199408183310701

Haverkate, 1997, Production of C-reactive protein and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina, Lancet, 349, 462, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07591-5

Ridker, 1997, Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men, NEJM, 336, 973, 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401

Kuller, 1996, Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study, Am J Epidemiol, 144, 537, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008963

Tracy, 1997, Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly, Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol, 17, 1121, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.6.1121

Thompson, 1995, Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group, NEJM, 332, 635, 10.1056/NEJM199503093321003

Vallance, 1997, Infection, inflammation, and infarction, Lancet, 349, 1391, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09424-X

Pelliniemi, 1995, Immunoreactive interleukin-6 and acute phase proteins as prognostic factors in multiple myeloma, Blood, 85, 765, 10.1182/blood.V85.3.765.bloodjournal853765

Moreland, 1997, Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein, NEJM, 337, 141, 10.1056/NEJM199707173370301

Jilka, 1992, Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss, Science, 257, 88, 10.1126/science.1621100

Torre-Amione, 1996, Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 1201, 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00589-7

Pannen, 1995, The acute-phase response, New Horizons, 3, 183

Gauldie, 1989, IFNB2/BSF2/IL-6 is the monocyte-derived HSF that regulates receptor-specific acute phase gene regulation in hepatocytes, Ann NY Acad Sci, 557, 46, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb23998.x

Kushner, 1995, Do post-transcriptional mechanisms participate in induction of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A by IL-6 and IL-1?, Ann NY Acad Sci, 762, 102, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb32318.x

Mestries, 1994, In vivo modulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis by recombinant glycosylated human interleukin-6 in baboons, Eur Cytokine Network, 5, 273

Bataille, 1992, C-reactive protein levels as a direct indicator of interleukin-6 levels in humans in vivo, Arthritis Rheum, 35, 982, 10.1002/art.1780350824

Lu, 1995, Measurement of whole body interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, Blood, 86, 3123, 10.1182/blood.V86.8.3123.3123

Cornoni-Huntley, 1993, Established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly, Aging, 5, 27

Macy, 1997, Variability in the measurement of C-reactive protein in healthy subjects, Clin Chem, 43, 52, 10.1093/clinchem/43.1.52

Geffken, 1994, The measurement of fibrinogen in population-based research, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 118, 1106

Preston DL, Lubin JH, Pierce DA, McConney ME. Epicure User’s Guide. Seattle, WA: HiroSoft International Corporation, 1993.

Prentice, 1986, A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials, Biometrika, 73, 1, 10.1093/biomet/73.1.1

Papanicolaou, 1998, The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in human disease, Ann Intern Med, 128, 127, 10.7326/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00009

Van der Poll, 1994, Elimination of interleukin-6 attenuates coagulation activation in experimental endotoxemia in chimpanzees, J Exp Med, 179, 1253, 10.1084/jem.179.4.1253

Cermak, 1993, C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor, Blood, 82, 513, 10.1182/blood.V82.2.513.513

Cohen, 1997, The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly, J Gerontol Med Sci, 52A, M201, 10.1093/gerona/52A.4.M201

Danesh, 1997, Chronic infections and coronary heart disease, Lancet, 350, 430, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03079-1

Baeuerle, 1996, Reactive oxygen intermediates as second messengers of a general pathogen response, Path Biol, 44, 29

Tilg, 1997, IL-6 and APPs, Immun Today, 18, 428, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01103-1

Xing, 1998, IL-6 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine required for controlling local or systemic acute inflammatory response, J Clin Invest, 101, 311, 10.1172/JCI1368

Van Zaanen HC, 1996, Endogenous interleukin-6 production in multiple myeloma patients treated with chimeric monoclonal anti-IL6 antibodies indicates the existence of a positive feed-back loop, J Clin Invest, 98, 1141, 10.1172/JCI118932

DeRijk, 1997, Exercise and circadian rhythm-induced variations in plasma cortisol differentially regulate interleukin-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-production in humans, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2182

Sothern, 1995, Circadian characteristics of IL-6 in blood and urine of clinically healthy men, In Vivo, 9, 331

Rao, 1994, Variability of plasma IL-6 and crosslinked fibrin dimers over time in community-dwelling elderly subjects, Am J Clin Pathol, 102, 802, 10.1093/ajcp/102.6.802

Mendenhall, 1996, C reactive protein and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors, BMJ, 312, 1061, 10.1136/bmj.312.7038.1061

Tracy, 1997, Lifetime smoking exposure affects the association of C-reactive protein with cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical disease in healthy elderly subjects, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 2167, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.10.2167