Associations between financial strain and the diurnal salivary cortisol secretion of long-term unemployed individuals

Appels, A., Höppener, P., & Mulder, P. (1987). A questionnaire to assess premonitory symptoms of myocardial infarction.International Journal of Cardiology, 17, 15–24.

Bartley, M. (1994). Unemployment and ill-health: Understanding the relationship.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,48, 333–337. Baxter, J.D. & Tyrell, J.B. (1987). The adrenal cortex. In P. Felig, J. D. Baxter, A. E. Broadus & L.A. Frohman (Eds.),Endocrinology and Metabolism. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp 511–650.

Blackburn, I., Whalley, L., Christie, J., Shering, A., Foggo, M., Bennie, J., Farrer, D., Watts, G., Wilson, H. & Fink, G. (1987). Mood, cognition, and cortisol: Their temporal relationships during recovery from depressive illness.Journal of Affective Disorders,13, 31–43.

Brenner, S. O., Petterson, I. L., Levi, L. & Arnetz, B. (1988). Stressreaktioner p» hot om arbetslöshet och uppleyd arbetslöshet (Stress reactions in relation to threat of job loss and actual unemployment: Physiological, psychological, and economic effects of job loss and unemployment). Stockholm, Karolinska Institute, Dept. of Stress Research. Report No. 210.

Brindley, D. & Rolland, Y. (1989). Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may results in atherosclerosis.Clinical Science,77, 453–461.

Chrousos, G. P., Philip, M. D. & Gold, W. (1992). The concept of stress and stress system disorder.Journal of the American Medical Association,267, 1244–1252.

Cobb, S. (1974). Physiological changes in men whose jobs were abolished.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,4, 245–258.

Cobb, S. & Kasl, S. V. (1977). The consequences of job loss. Washington, NIOSH Research Report No. 77-224.

Crofford, L. J., Engleberg, N. C. & Demitrack, M. A. (1996). Neurohormonal perturbations in fibromyalgiaBailliere's Clinical Rheumatology,2, 365–378.

Cunliffe, W. J. (1986). Acne and unemployment,British Journal of Dermatology,15, 386.

Demitrack, M. A. & Crofford, L. J. (1998). Evidence for and pathophysiological implications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrom.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1, 684–697.

Dooley, D., Catalano, R. & Wilson, G. (1994). Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.American Journal of Community Psychology,22, 745–765.

Fineman, S. (1983). White Collar Unemployment: Impact and Stress. New York: Wiley.

Frankenhaeuser, M., Lundberg, U., Fredrikson, M., Melin, B., Tuomisto, M., Myrsten, A. L., Hedman, M., Bergman-Losman, B. & Wallin, L. (1989). Stress on and off the job as related to sex and occupational status in white-collar workers,Journal of Organizational Behavior,10, 321–346.

Frankenhaeuser, M. & Lundberg, U. (1999). Stress and work-load of men and women in high ranking positions.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2, 142–151.

Frankenhaeuser, M. (1986). A psychobiological framework for research on human stress and coping. In M. H. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.),Dynamics of Stress-Physiological, Psychological, and Social Perspectives. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 101–113.

Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford: University Press. Goldberg, D. P. (1985). Identifying psychiatric illness among general medical patients.British Medical Journal,291, 161–163.

Goldberg, D. P. & Williams, P. S. (1988). A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER, WILSON.

Greden, J. F. & Pomerleau, O. F. (1995). Caffeine-related disorders and nicotine-related disorders. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Saddock (Eds.)Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry VI. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, pp. 799–809.

Griep, E. N., Boersma, J. W. & De Kloet, E. R. (1993). Altered reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome.Journal of Rheumatology,20, 469–474.

Grossi, G. (1999). Coping and emotional distress in a sample of Swedish long-term unemployed.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,3, 157–165.

Hagquist, C. & Starrin, B. (1994). Arbetslöshet och psykisk ohälsa bland ungdomar. Folkhälsorapport 1994 (Unemployment and mental health among youths. Public Health Report 1994). Värmland County Council, Karlstad: Sweden.

Hamilton, V. L., Hoffman, W. S., Clifford, L. B. & Rauma, D. (1983). Unemployment, distress and coping: A panel of autoworkers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,65, 234–247.

Hayes, J. & Nutman, P. (1981). Understanding the unemployed. The psychological effects of unemployment, New York: Tavistock Publications.

Henry, J. P. (1992). Biological basis of the stress response.Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science,27, 66–83.

Holmes, T. H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,11, 213–218.

Jahoda, M. (1979). The impact of unemployment in the 1930s and the 70s.Bulletin of the British Psychological Society,32, 309–314.

Karasek, R. A. & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress. productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.

Keltikangs-Järvinen, L., Räikkonen, K., Hautanen, A. & Adlercreutz, U. (1996). Vital exhaustion, anger expression, and pituitary and adrenocortical hormones.Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology,16, 275–280.

Kessler, R. C., Turner, J. B. & House, R. H. (1989). Unemployment, re-employment, and emotional functioning in a community sample.American Sociological Reviews,54, 648–657.

Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., and Hellhammer, D. H. (1999). Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.Psychosomatic Medicine,61, 154–162.

Kirschbaum, C. & Hellhammer, D. H. (1989). Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: An overview.Neuropsychobiology,22, 150–169.

Kirschbaum, C. & Hellhammer, D. (1994). Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications.Psychoneuroendocrinology,19, 313–333.

Leproult, R., Copinschi, G., Buxton, O. & Van Cauter, E. (1997). Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening.Sleep,20, 865–870.

Liem, R. & Liem, J. H. (1988). The psychological effects of unemployment on workers and their families.Journal of Social issues,4, 87–105.

Lundberg, U. & Frankenhaeuser, M. (1980). Pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal correlates of distress and effort.Journal of Psychosomatic Research,24, 125–130.

McEwen, B. S. (1998a). Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators.New England Journal of Medicine,238, 171–179.

McEwen, B. S. (1998b). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,840, 33–44.

McEwen, B. S. (1995). Adrenal steroid actions on the brain. In M. J. Friedman, D. S. Charney & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.),Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress—From normal adaptation to post-traumatic stress disorder. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, pp. 135–147.

Munck, A., Guyre, P. M. & Holbrook, N. J. (1984). Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological action.Endocrinological Reviews,5, 25–44.

Neeck, G., Federlin, K., Greaf, V., Rusch, D. & Schmidt, K. L. (1990). Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of Rheumatology,17, 24–29.

Ockenfels, M. C., Porter, L., Smyth, J., Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H. & Stone, A. A. (1995). Effect of chronic stress associated with unemployment on salivary cortisol: Overall cortisol levels, diurnal rhythm, and acute stress reactivity.Psychosomatic Medicine,57, 460–467. Pearlin, L. I. Menaghan E. G., Liebermann, M. A. & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,22, 337–356.

Price, R. H., Van Ryn, M. & Vinokur, A. D. (1992). Impact of a preventive job search intervention on the likelihood of depression among the unemployed.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,33, 158–167.

Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H. & Kirschbaum, C. (1999). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening.Psychosomatic Medicine,61, 197–204.

Ravaja, N. & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (1995). Temperament and metabolic syndrome precursors in children: a three year follow-up.Preventive Medicine,24, 518–527.

Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Amundsen, A. & Grant, M. (1993a). Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients: WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption I.Addiction,88, 349–362.

Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R. & Grant, M. (1993b). Development of the Alcohol Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption II.Addiction,88, 791–804.

Schuckit, M. A. (1995). Alcohol-related disorders; in H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Saddock (Eds.),Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry VI. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, pp. 775–790.

Smyth, J., Ockenfels, M. C., Porter, L., Kirschbaum, C., Hellhammer, D. H. & Stone, A. A. (1998). Stressors and mood measured on a momentary basis are associated with salivary cortisol secretion.Psychoneuroendocrinology,4, 353–370.

Smyth, J. M., Ockenfels, M. C., Gorin, A. A., Catley, D., Porter, L. S., Kirschbaum, K., Hellhammer, D. H. & Stone, A. A. (1997). Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol.Psychoneuroendocrinology,22, 89–105.

Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. C. & Lushene, R. E. (1970). The manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Spielberger, C. D. (1988). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y); in M. Hersen & A. S. Bellack (Eds.),Dictionary of behavioral assessment techniques. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 448–450.

Starrin, B., Rantakeisu, U. & Hagquist, C. (1996). Om arbetslöshetens ekonomi och skam (Finances and shame during unemployment).Socialvetenskaplig Tidskrift,1–2, 91–114.

Stefansson, C. G. (1991). Long-term unemployment and mortality in Sweden 1980–1986.Social Science and Medicine,32, 419–423.

Theorell, T., Karasek, R. A. & Eneroth, P. (1990). Job strain variations in relation to plasma testosterone fluctuations in working men—A longitudinal study.Journal of Internal Medicine,227, 31–36.

Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H. & Caplan, R. D. (1996). Hard times and hurtful partners: How financial strain affects depression and relationship satisfaction of unemployed person and their spouses.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71, 166–179.

Warr, P. (1983). Work, jobs and unemployment.Bulletin of the British Psychological Society,36, 305–311. Warr, P. (1987), Work, unemployment and mental health. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Warr, P. B. & Jackson, P. (1984). Men without jobs: Some correlates of age and length of unemployment.Journal of Occupational Psychology,57, 77–85.

Wilson, S. H. & Walker, G. M. (1993). Unemployment and health: A review.Public Health,107, 153–162.

Yehuda, R., Kanaha, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S. M., Mason, J. W. & Giller, E. L. (1995). Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder.American Journal of Psychiatry,152, 982–986.

Yehuda, R. (2000). Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,61, 14–21.