Association between tropospheric temperature and tropical cyclone peak intensity over the North Pacific and North Atlantic

Bosart, 1999, Environmental influences on the rapid intensification of Hurricane Opal (1995) over the Gulf of Mexico, 983 Downs, 2019, A look at the relationship between the large-scale tropospheric static stability and the tropical cyclone maximum intensity, J. Clim., 33, 959, 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0307.1 Emanuel, 1986, An air–sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585, 10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0585:AASITF>2.0.CO;2 Emanuel, 1995, Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3969, 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<3969:SOTCTS>2.0.CO;2 Emanuel, 1997, Some aspects of hurricane inner-core dynamics and energetics, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1014, 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<1014:SAOHIC>2.0.CO;2 Emanuel, 2012, Self-stratification of tropical cyclone outflow. Part II: Implications for storm intensification, J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 988, 10.1175/JAS-D-11-0177.1 Emanuel, 2013, Downscaling CMIP5 climate models show increased tropical cyclone activity over the 21st century, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110, 12219, 10.1073/pnas.1301293110 Emanuel, 2013, Influence of tropical tropopause layer cooling on Atlantic hurricane activity, J. Clim., 26, 2288, 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00242.1 Ferrara, 2017, Large-scale control of the lower stratosphere on variability of tropical cyclone intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 4313, 10.1002/2017GL073327 Hill, 2011, The impact of future climate change on hurricane intensity and structure: A downscaling approach, J. Clim., 24, 4644, 10.1175/2011JCLI3761.1 Kalnay, 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437, 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2 Kieu, 2015, Hurricane maximum potential intensity equilibrium, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141, 2471, 10.1002/qj.2556 Kieu, 2016, On the development of double warm-core structures in intense tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 4487, 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0015.1 Kieu, 2017, Stability of the tropical cyclone intensity equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., 74, 3591, 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0028.1 Kieu, 2017, On the scale dynamics of tropical cyclone intensity, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., 22B, 44, 10.3934/dcdsb.2017196 Kieu, 2018, The control of environmental stratification on the hurricane maximum potential intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 6272, 10.1029/2018GL078070 Kossin, 2015, Validating atmospheric reanalysis data using tropical cyclones as thermometers, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 96, 1089, 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00180.1 Lin, 2015, Tropical cyclone rainfall area controlled by relative sea surface temperature, Nat. Commun., 6, 6591, 10.1038/ncomms7591 Moon, 2016, On the role of the tropopause height in the development of a double warm core structure in intense tropical cyclones. Paper presented at 32nd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, 10A.5 Ooyama, 1969, Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 3, 10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0003:NSOTLC>2.0.CO;2 Plesca, 2018, The fast response of the tropical circulation to CO2 forcing, J. Clim., 31, 9903, 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0086.1 Ramsay, 2013, The effects of imposed stratospheric cooling on the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetric radiative–convective equilibrium, J. Clim., 26, 9977, 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00195.1 Rienecker, 2011, MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, J. Clim., 24, 3624, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1 Shen, 2000, A sensitivity study of the thermodynamic environment on GFDL model hurricane intensity: Implications for global warming, J. Clim., 13, 109, 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0109:ASSOTT>2.0.CO;2 Sohn, 2016, The role of the dry static stability for the recent change in the Pacific Walker circulation, J. Clim., 29, 2765, 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0374.1 Tuleya, 2016, Impact of upper-tropospheric temperature anomalies and vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone evolution using an idealized version of the operational GFDL hurricane model, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 3803, 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0045.1 Vigh, 2009, Rapid development of the tropical cyclone warm core, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3335, 10.1175/2009JAS3092.1 Wang, 2014, Impact of the tropopause temperature on the intensity of tropical cyclones: An idealized study using a mesoscale model, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 4333, 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0029.1 Wing, 2015, On the factors affecting trends and variability in tropical cyclone potential intensity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 8669, 10.1002/2015GL066145