Association Between Chiropractic Utilization and Opioid Prescriptions Among People With Back or Neck Pain: Evaluation of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Koch, 2021, Complementary medicine use in patients with low back or neck pain: results of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey, Pain Med, 22, 2393, 10.1093/pm/pnab169 Raad, 2020, Opioid Prescriptions for new low back pain: trends and variability by state, J Am Board Fam Med, 33, 138, 10.3122/jabfm.2020.01.190254 National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose death rates. Availabe at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Accessed July 15, 2022. Qaseem, 2017, Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, Ann Intern Med, 166, 514, 10.7326/M16-2367 Corcoran, 2020, Association between chiropractic use and opioid receipt among patients with spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Pain Med, 21, e139 Kazis, 2019, Observational retrospective study of the association of initial healthcare provider for new-onset low back pain with early and long-term opioid use, BMJ Open, 9, 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028633 The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Homepage. Available at: https://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/. Accessed August 13, 2020. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Survey background. Available at: https://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/about_meps/survey_back.jsp. Accessed August 13, 2020. Shah, 2016, Pharmacoeconomic analysis of pain medications used to treat adult patients with chronic back pain in the United States, J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother, 30, 300, 10.1080/15360288.2016.1231735 Martin, 2008, Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems, JAMA, 299, 656, 10.1001/jama.299.6.656 Chevan, 2011, Factors associated with care seeking from physicians, physical therapists, or chiropractors by persons with spinal pain: a population-based study, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 41, 467, 10.2519/jospt.2011.3637 Luo, 2004, Patterns and trends in opioid use among individuals with back pain in the United States, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 29, 884, 10.1097/00007632-200404150-00012 Smith, 2010, Identifying episodes of back pain using medical expenditures panel survey data: patient experience, use of services, and chronicity, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 33, 562, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.017 Desai, 2019, Utilization of pain medications and its effect on quality of life, health care utilization and associated costs in individuals with chronic back pain, J Pain Res, 12, 557, 10.2147/JPR.S187144 Hayes, 2018, Health-related quality of life among chronic opioid users, nonchronic opioid users, and nonopioid users with chronic noncancer pain, Health Serv Res, 53, 3329, 10.1111/1475-6773.12836 Goodman, 2013, Defining and measuring chronic conditions: imperatives for research, policy, program, and practice, Prev Chronic Dis, 10, E66, 10.5888/pcd10.120239 McGowan, 2019, Cost-efficiency and effectiveness of including doctors of chiropractic to offer treatment under medicaid: a critical appraisal of Missouri inclusion of chiropractic under Missouri Medicaid, J Chiropr Humanit, 26, 31, 10.1016/j.echu.2019.08.004 Heeringa, 2017 Archer, 2006, Goodness-of-fit test for a logistic regression model fitted using survey sample data, Stata Journal, 6, 97, 10.1177/1536867X0600600106 Whedon, 2020, Impact of chiropractic care on use of prescription opioids in patients with spinal pain, Pain Med, 21, 3567, 10.1093/pm/pnaa014 Louis, 2020, Association of initial provider type on opioid fills for individuals with neck pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 101, 1407, 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.04.002 Whedon, 2021, Long-term Medicare costs associated with opioid analgesic therapy vs spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low back pain in a cohort of older adults, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 44, 519, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2021.09.001 Weeks, 2018, Association among opioid use, treatment preferences, and perceptions of physician treatment recommendations in patients with neck and back pain, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 41, 175, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.12.003 Stoltzfus, 2011, Logistic regression: a brief primer, Acad Emerg Med, 18, 1099, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01185.x