Assessment of surface water quality and monitoring in southern Vietnam using multicriteria statistical approaches

Giao Thanh Nguyen1, Thi Hong Nhien Huynh1
1Department of Environmental Management, College of Environment and Natural Resources, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 900000, Vietnam

Tóm tắt

AbstractThe study was conducted to analyze surface water quality fluctuations in the the southern region of Vietnam using monitoring data at 58 locations. Seventeen water quality indicators were analyzed including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+- N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen, iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and chloride (Cl ions). The study used water quality index (WQI), cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Entropy weighted methods to analyze surface water quality. The results showed that the surface water was contaminated with organics (low DO and high TSS, BOD, COD), nutrients (high NH4+-N) and Fe. While Pb at some locations exceeded the allowable limit of the national technical regulation, other indicators (Cd, Hg and As) were within this standard. Moreover, DO, TSS, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, Fe, EC, TDS, and Cl were seasonally fluctuated. WQI classified water quality from bad to very good (WQI = 42–100) due to the impact of hydrological conditions, navigation, wastewater from industrial zones, and fishing ports. The results of CA suggested that it is possible to reduce the 11 sampling locations (from 33 to 22 locations) in clusters 1–6 and the frequency of monitoring from 8 to 5 times per year, which still ensures representativeness of water quality over time. This reduction allows lowering the monitoring costs by 56.5%. The PCA identified five major potential sources explaining 87.3% and 8 minor sources explaining only 12.7% of water quality variation. Temperature, pH, EC, DO, BOD, COD, NH4+-N, NO2-N, Fe, Cl, Pb are important indicators need to periodically be monitored. Furthermore, orthophosphate, total phosphate, total nitrogen, coliforms should be considered to add into the next monitoring program. Locations with medium and bad water quality are concentrated in Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City and Long An, which requires finding effective solutions to improve the water quality. The current results can assist in decision-making related to environmental quality monitoring in the southern region of Vietnam.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ly K, Larsen H, Duyen NV. 2013 Lower Mekong Regional Water Quality Monitoring Report. Vientiane: Mekong River Commission; 2015.

Behmel S, Damour M, Ludwig R, Rodriguez MJ. Water quality monitoring strategies – a review and future perspectives. Sci Total Environ 2016;571:1312–29.

Turner S, Pangare G, Mather RJ. Water governance: a situation analysis of Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature; 2009.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. State of the National Environment in 2018: Water Environment of River Basins. Hanoi: Viet Nam Publishing House of Natural Resources, Environment and Cartography; 2018. http://dwrm.gov.vn/uploads/download/files/bao-cao-htmt-quoc-gia-2018-moi-truong-nuoc-cac-lvs_signed.pdf.

Mama AC, Bodo WKA, Ghepdeu GFY, Ajonina GN, Ndam JRN. Understanding seasonal and spatial variation of water quality parameters in mangrove estuary of the Nyong River using multivariate analysis (Cameroon Southern Atlantic Coast). Open J Mar Sci 2021;11:103–28.

VNA. Law on Environmental Protection. Hanoi: Vietnam National Assembly; 2020. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Tai-nguyen-Moi-truong/Luat-so-72-2020-QH14-Bao-ve-moi-truong-2020-431147.aspx.

MONRE. National Technical Regulation on Surface Water Quality. Hanoi: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment; 2015. http://cem.gov.vn/storage/documents/5d6f3ecb26484qcvn-08-mt2015btnmt.pdf.

VEA. Decision 1460/QD-TCMT on the Issuing of Technical Guide to Calculation and Disclosure Vietnam Water Quality Index (WQI). Hanoi: Vietnam Environment Administration; 2019. https://luatvietnam.vn/tai-nguyen/quyet-dinh-1460-qd-tcmt-2019-huong-dan-ky-thuat-tinh-toan-va-cong-bo-chat-luong-nuoc-178265-d1.html.

Giao NT, Nhien HTH, Anh PK, Ni DV. Classification of water quality in low-lying area in Vietnamese Mekong delta using set pair analysis method and Vietnamese water quality index. Environ Monit Assess 2021;193:319.

Chounlamany V, Tanchuling MA, Inoue T. Spatial and temporal variation of water quality of a segment of Marikina River using multivariate statistical methods. Water Sci Technol 2017;76:1510–22.

Le TTH, Zeunert S, Lorenz M, Meon G. Multivariate statistical assessment of a polluted river under nitrification inhibition in the tropics. Environ Sci Pollut R 2017;24:13845–62.

Oketola AA, Adekolurejo SM, Osibanjo OO. Water quality assessment of river Ogun using multivariate statistical techniques. J Environ Prot 2013;4:466–79.

Badillo-Camacho J, Reynaga-Delgado E, Barcelo-Quintal I, del Valle PFZ, Lopez-Chuken UJ, Orozco-Guareno E, et al. Water quality assessment of a tropical Mexican Lake using multivariate statistical techniques. J Environ Prot 2015;6:215–24.

Horvat Z, Horvat M, Pastor K. Assessment of spatial and temporal water quality distribution of Lake Ludas, Serbia. 2021. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-637713/v1. Research Square  Available at:  https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-637713/v1/8f9b0a09-294d-4c28-9851-20b17658d23f.pdf?c=1631887766.

Li PY, Qian H, Wu JH. Application of set pair analysis method based on entropy weight in groundwater quality assessment – a case study in Dongsheng City, Northwest China. E-J Chem 2011;8:851–58.

Islam MM, Lenz OK, Azad AK, Ara MH, Rahman M, Hassan N. Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Shailmari River, Khulna (Bangladesh) using multivariate statistical techniques. J Geosci Environ Prot 2017;5:1–26.

Ojok W, Wasswa J, Ntambi E. Assessment of seasonal variation in water quality in River Rwizi using multivariate statistical techniques, Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. J Water Resour Prot 2017;9:83–97.

Miao TS, Lu WX, Luo JN, Guo JY. Application of set pair analysis and uncertainty analysis in groundwater pollution assessment and prediction: a case study of a typical molybdenum mining area in central Jilin province, China. Environ Earth Sci 2019;78:323.

Nguyen TG, Minh VQ. Evaluating surface water quality and water monitoring parameters in the Tien River, Vietnamese Mekong Delta. J Teknologi 2021;83:29–36.

Singh KR, Dutta R, Kalamdhad AS, Kumar B. Information entropy as a tool in surface water quality assessment. Environ Earth Sci 2019;78:15.

Shrestha S, Kazama F. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environ Modell Softw 2007;22:464–75.

Atwebembeire J, Andama M, Yatuha J, Lejju JB, Rugunda GK, Bazira J. The physico-chemical quality of effluents of selected sewage treatment plants draining into River Rwizi, Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. J Water Resour Prot 2019;11:20–36.

APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2012.

Li CH, Sun L, Jia JX, Cai YP, Wang X. Risk assessment of water pollution sources based on an integrated k-means clustering and set pair analysis method in the region of Shiyan, China. Sci Total Environ 2016;557–8:307–16.

Ongley ED. Water quality of the lower Mekong river. In: Campbell IC, editor. The Mekong. San Diego: Academic press; 2009. p. 297–320.

Boyd CE. Water quality for pond aquaculture. Auburn: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station; 1998.

Nguyen GT. Evaluating current water quality monitoring system on Hau River, Mekong Delta, Vietnam using multivariate statistical techniques. Appl Environ Res 2020;42:14–25.

Nguyen TG, Lam TKT, Huynh THN. Coastal water quality assessment in Bac Lieu province, Vietnam. J Ener Technol Environ 2021;3:31–43.

Barakat A, Baghdadi ME, Rais J, Aghezzaf B, Slassi M. Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. Int Soil Water Conser Res 2016;4:284–92.

Nguyen HTL, Nguyen TG. Surface water quality in canals in An Giang province, Viet Nam, from 2009 to 2016. J Viet Env 2018;10:113–9.

Dinh DAT, Bui AT, Nguyen HT. Assessing quality of surface water for urban water supply source for Soc Trang City. Can Tho Univ J Sci 2019;55:61–70 [in Vietnamese].

Nhien HTH, Nguyen GT. Environmental soil, water and sediment quality of Dong Thang landfill in Can Tho City, Vietmam. Appl Environ Res 2019;41:73–83.

Boyd CE, Green BW. Coastal Water Quality Monitoring in Shrimp Farming Areas: an Example from Honduras. World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO Consortium; 2002 Boyd CE, Green BW. Coastal Water Quality Monitoring in Shrimp Farming Areas, An Example from Honduras. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Published by the Consortium. 2002. 29 pages. Available at: http://library.enaca.org/Shrimp/Case/LatinAmerica/Honduras/FinalHondurasWQ.pdf.

Le VD, Nguyen TG, Truong HD. The variation of water quality in three land use types in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau province, Vietnam using multivariate statistical approaches. Water Sui 2021;13:1501.

Bolstad PV, Swank WT. Cumulative impacts of landuse on water quality in a southern Appalachian watershed. J Am Water Resour As 1997;33:519–33.

Khadija D, Hicham A, Rida A, Hicham E, Nordine N, Najlaa F. Surface water quality assessment in the semi-arid area by a combination of heavy metal pollution indices and statistical approaches for sustainable management. Environ Chall 2021;5:100230.

Chea R, Grenouillet G, Lek S. Evidence of water quality degradation in lower Mekong Basin revealed by self-organizing map. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0145527.

Nguyen TG. Surface water quality at the branches adjacent to Hau river in Can Tho city. Sci Technol J Agric Rural Dev 2020;15:79–86 [in Vietnamese].

Nguyen GT, Huynh THN. Application of GIS and multi-criteria statistical techniques in assessing water quality in the coastal province of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Appl Environ Res 2021;43:17–33.

Nguyen TG. Application of multivariate statistical techniques in selecting surface water quality monitoring sites at Bung Binh Thien reservoir, An Giang, Vietnams. J Sci Nat Res Environ 2020;33:52–61.

Yang K, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Shang CX. Precipitation events impact on urban lake surface water temperature under the perspective of macroscopic scale. Environ Sci Pollut R 2021;28:16767–80.

Dalal SG, Shirodkar PV, Jagtap TG, Naik BG, Rao GS. Evaluation of significant sources influencing the variation of water quality of Kandla creek, Gulf of Katchchh, using PCA. Environ Monit Assess 2010;163:49–56.

Muangthong S, Shrestha S. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: case study of the Nampong River and Songkhram River, Thailand. Environ Monit Assess 2015;187:548.