Assessment of intestinal parasites in the coexisting Bombus terrestris (Apidae) and Xylocopa augusti (Apidae) in central Chile
Tóm tắt
Bombus terrestris is a European bumblebee extensively commercialized worldwide for crop pollination. In Chile, this species was introduced in 1997 and after confinement escape, it has spread and established in several localities of central-southern Chile and in the Argentine Patagonia. The South American carpenter bee Xylocopa augusti, in turn, has been recently reported in central Chile, and as B. terrestris, this species has become increasingly common, often found in sympatry with B. terrestris in some localities. While intestinal parasites such as the flagellate trypanosome Crithidia bombi, the microsporidium Nosema bombi, and the neogregarine protozoan Apicystis bombi, show high levels of specialization on the Bombus genus, parasites often increase their host range, especially after invading novel habitats, hence creating new infection disease scenarios. In this work, we used molecular techniques to detect the presence of the intestinal pathogens of B. terrestris in coexisting X. augusti from different localities in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Our results revealed the presence of the three pathogens in B. terrestris only, with population prevalence broadly similar to that reported in other studies. The carpenter bee X. augusti did not show evidence of any of the three parasites examined, indicating that this invader species is not recipient of any of the parasite species present in B. terrestris.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Power AG, Mitchell CE. Pathogen spillover in disease epidemics. Am Nat. 2004;164:S79–89.
IPBES. The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. In: Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Ngo HT, editors. . Bonn: Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services; 2016.
Otterstatter MC, Thomson JD. Does pathogen spillover from commercially reared bumble bees threaten wild pollinators. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2771.
Colla SR, Otterstatter MC, Gegear RJ, Thomson JD. Plight of the bumble bee: pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations. Biol Conserv. 2006;129:461–7.
Goka K, Okabe K, Yoneda M. Worldwide migration of parasitic mites as a result of bumblebee commercialization. Popul Ecol. 2006;48:285–91.
Schmid-Hempel R, Eckhardt M, Goulson D, Heinzmann D, Lange C, Plischuk S, et al. The invasion of southern South America by imported bumblebees and associated parasites. J Anim Ecol. 2014;83:823–37.
Aizen MA, Smith-Ramírez C, Morales CL, Vieli L, Sáez A, Barahona-Segovia RM, et al. Coordinated species importation policies are needed to reduce serious invasions globally: the case of alien bumblebees in South America. J Appl Ecol. 2018;56:100–6.
Durrer S, Schmid-Hempel P. Shared use of flowers leads to horizontal pathogen transmission. Proc R Soc Lond B. 1994;258:299–302.
Imhoof B, Schmid-Hempel P. Colony success of the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, in relation to infections by two protozoan parasites, Crithidia bombi and Nosema bombi. Insect Soc. 1999;46:233–8.
McIvor CA, Malone LA. Nosema bombi, a microsporidian pathogen of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (L.). NZ J Zool. 1995;22:25–31.
Otti O, Schmid-Hempel P. Nosema bombi: a pollinator parasite with detrimental fitness effects. J Invertebr Pathol. 2007;96:118–24.
Rutrecht ST, Brown MJF. The life-history impact and implications of multiple parasites for bumble bee queens. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:799–808.
Graystock P, Goulson D, Hughes WOH. Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species. Proc R Soc B. 2015;282:20151371.
Morales CL, Arbetman MP, Cameron SA, Aizen MA. Rapid ecological replacement of a native bumble bee by invasive species. Front Ecol Environ. 2013;11:529–34.
Plischuk S, Lange CE. Invasive Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) parasitized by a flagellate (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) and a neogregarine (Apicomplexa: Neogregarinorida). J Invertebr Pathol. 2009;102:263–5.
Arbetman MP, Meeus I, Morales CL, Aizen MA, Smagghe G. Alien parasite hitchhikes to Patagonia on invasive bumblebee. Biol Invasions. 2013;15:489–94.
Lipa JJ, Triggiani O. Apicystis gen nov and Apicystis bombi (Liu, Macfarlane & Pengelly) comb nov (Protozoa: Neogregarinida), a cosmopolitan parasite of Bombus and Apis (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie. 1996;27:29–34.
Plischuk S, Meeus I, Smagghe G, Lange CE. Apicystis bombi (Apicomplexa: Neogregarinorida) parasitizing Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Argentina. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2011;3:565–8.
Montalva JM, Allendes JL, Lucia M. The large carpenter bee Xylocopa augusti (Hymenoptera: Apidae): new record for Chile. J Melittol. 2013;12:1–6.
Whitehorn PR, Tinsley MC, Brown MJF, Darvill B, Goulson D. Genetic diversity, parasite prevalence and immunity in wild bumblebees. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2011;278:1195–202.
Jones CM, Brown MJF. Parasites and genetic diversity in an invasive bumblebee. J Anim Ecol. 2014;83:1428–40.
Lucia M, Reynaldi FJ, Sguazza GH, Abrahamovich AH. First detection of deformed wing virus in Xylocopa augusti larvae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Argentina. J Apic Res. 2014;53:466–8.
Tehel A, Brown MJ, Paxton RJ. Impact of managed honey bee viruses on wild bees. Curr Opin Virol. 2016;19:16–22.
Meeus I, De Graaf DC, Jans K, Smagghe G. Multiplex PCR detection of slowly-evolving trypanosomatids and neogregarines in bumblebees using broad-range primers. J Appl Microbiol. 2010;109:107–15.
De Miranda JR, Bailey L, Ball BV, Blanchard P, Budge GE, Chejanovsky N, et al. Standard methods for virus research in Apis mellifera. J Apic Res. 2013;52:1–56.
Rutrecht ST, Klee J, Brown MJ. Horizontal transmission success of Nosema bombi to its adult bumble bee hosts: effects of dosage, spore source and host age. Parasitology. 2007;134:1719–26.
Tepolt CK, Darling JA, Blakeslee AMH, Fowler AE, Torchin ME, Miller AW, et al. Recent introductions reveal differential susceptibility to parasitism across an evolutionary mosaic. Evol Appl. 2020;13:545–58.
Kelehear C, Brown GP, Shine R. Rapid evolution of parasite life history traits on an expanding range-edge. Ecol Lett. 2012;15:329–37.