Assessment of grazing management on farm greenhouse gas intensity of beef production systems in the Canadian Prairies using life cycle assessment

Adams, 2013, 144 Allen, 2013, What determines soil organic carbon stocks in the grazing lands of north-eastern Australia?, Soil Res., 51, 695, 10.1071/SR13041 Andrén, 1997, ICBM: the introductory carbon balance model for exploration of soil carbon balances, Ecol. Appl., 7, 1226, 10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1226:ITICBM]2.0.CO;2 Andrén, 2004, ICBM regional model for estimations of dynamics of agricultural soil carbon pools, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 70, 231, 10.1023/B:FRES.0000048471.59164.ff Bailey, 2010, 68 Bailey, 1991, Lifespan of beef-type Bos taurus and Bos indicus×Bos Taurus females in a dry, temperate climate, J. Anim. Sci., 69, 2379, 10.2527/1991.6962379x Baron, 2014, Swath-grazing triticale and corn compared to barley and a traditional winter feeding method in central Alberta, Can. J. Plant Sci., 4, 1125, 10.4141/cjps2013-412 Baron, 2002, Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow, J. Range Manag., 55, 535, 10.2307/4003996 Basarab, 2012, Greenhouse gas emissions from calf- and yearling-fed beef production systems, with and without the use of growth promotants, Animal, 2, 195, 10.3390/ani2020195 Beauchemin, 2010, Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada: a case study, Agric. Syst., 103, 371, 10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.008 Beauchemin, 2011, Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada – evaluation using farm-based life cycle assessment, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167, 663, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.047 Beauchemin, 2005, Methane emissions from feedlot cattle fed barley or corn diets, J. Anim. Sci., 83, 653, 10.2527/2005.833653x Bolinder, 2007, Soil carbon dynamics in Canadian agricultural ecoregions: quantifying climatic influence on soil biological activity, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 122, 61, 10.1016/j.agee.2007.03.001 Bolinder, 2008, Soil organic carbon sequestration potential for Canadian agricultural ecoregions calculated using the introductory carbon balance model, Can. J. Soil Sci., 88, 451, 10.4141/CJSS07093 Bolinder, 2007, An approach for estimating net primary productivity and annual carbon inputs to soil for common agricultural crops in Canada, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 118, 29, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.013 Bonesmo, 2013, Greenhouse gas emission intensities of grass silage based dairy and beef production: a systems analysis of Norwegian farms, Livest. Sci., 152, 239, 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.016 Briske, 2008, Rotational grazing on rangelands: reconciliation of perception and experimental evidence, Rangel. Ecol. Manag., 61, 3, 10.2111/06-159R.1 California Rangelands Research and Information Center Cederberg, 2011, Including carbon emissions from deforestation in the carbon footprint of Brazilian beef, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1773, 10.1021/es103240z Church, 2015, Investigating the carbon footprint of cattle grazing the Lac du Bois Grasslands of British Columbia, J. Ecosyst. Manage., 15, 1 Clark, 2009, Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Ruminant Livestock; Are They Important and Can We Reduce Them? Conant, 2010, Measuring and monitoring soil organic carbon stocks in agricultural lands for climate mitigation, Front. Ecol. Environ., 9, 169, 10.1890/090153 Crosson, 2011, A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167, 29, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.001 Derner, 2007, Carbon sequestration and rangelands: a synthesis of land management and precipitation effects, J. Soil Water Conserv., 62, 77 Dodds, 2008, Comparing ecosystem goods and services provided by restored and native lands, Bioscience, 58, 837, 10.1641/B580909 Dormaar, 1977, Seasonal variation in chemical characteristics of soil organic matter of grazed and ungrazed mixed prairie and fescue grassland, J. Range Manag., 30, 195, 10.2307/3897467 Dormaar, 1990, Distribution of nitrogen fractions in grazed and ungrazed fescue grassland AH horizons, J. Range Manag., 43, 6, 10.2307/3899110 Dormaar, 1990, Sustainable production from the rough fescue prairie, J. Soil Water Conserv., 45, 137 Dormaar, 1992, Water-extractable organic matter from plant litter and soil of rough fescue grassland, J. Range Manag., 45, 152, 10.2307/4002774 Dormaar, 2000, A comparison of soil chemical characteristics in modified rangeland communities, J. Range Manag., 53, 453, 10.2307/4003759 Douwes, 2012, Long-term grazing at Stavely, Alberta, Prairie Soil Crop J., 5, 116 Dyer, 2010, The protein-based GHG emission intensity for livestock products in Canada, J. Sustain. Agric., 34, 618, 10.1080/10440046.2010.493376 Ellert, 2001, Measuring and comparing soil carbon storage, 131 Environment Canada, 2015 Grant, 2001, Long-term changes in soil carbon under different fertilizer, manure and rotation: testing the mathrematical model ecosystem with data from the Breton plots, Soil Sci. Am. J., 65, 205, 10.2136/sssaj2001.651205x Haferkamp, 2004, Grazing effects on carbon dynamics in the northern mixed-grass prairie, Environ. Manag., 33, S462 Hao, 2003, Soil carbon and nitrogen response to 25 annual cattle manure applications, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 166, 239, 10.1002/jpln.200390035 Heitschmidt, 1989, Effects of stocking rate on quantity and quality of available forage in a southern mixed grass prairie, J. Range Manag., 42, 468, 10.2307/3899230 Hristov, 2013, Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production – a review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions Hünerberg, 2014, Feeding high concentrations of corn dried distillers' grains decreases methane, but increases nitrous oxide emissions from beef cattle production, Agric. Syst., 127, 19, 10.1016/j.agsy.2014.01.005 Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2006, Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories Iwaasa, 2016, Effects of native and tame grassland species reintroduction on carbon sequestration potential on the Canadian Prairies, J. Anim. Sci., 94 Iwaasa, 2005, 132 Iwaasa, 2012, Re-establishment of native mixed grassland species into annual cropping land, Prairie Soil & Crop J., 5, 85 Izaurralde, 1997, Carbon storage in eroded soils after five years of reclamation techniques, 369 Janzen, 2011, What place for livestock on a re-greening earth?, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167, 783, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.055 Janzen, 2003, The fate of nitrogen in agroecosystems: an illustration using Canadian estimates, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 67, 85, 10.1023/A:1025195826663 Johnson, 1995, Methane emissions from cattle, J. Anim. Sci., 73, 2483, 10.2527/1995.7382483x Johnston, 1961, Comparison of lightly grazed and ungrazed range in the fescue grassland of southern Alberta, Can. J. Plant Sci., 41, 615, 10.4141/cjps61-090 Johnston, 1962, Effect of grazing intensity and cover on the water-intake rate of fescue grassland, J. Range Manag., 15, 79, 10.2307/3894865 Johnston, 1971, Long-term grazing effects on fescue grassland soil, J. Range Manag., 24, 185, 10.2307/3896769 Kätterer, 2008, Long-term impact of consequential land use change on soil carbon stocks on a Swedish farm, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 81, 145, 10.1007/s10705-007-9156-9 Kröbel, 2016, Canadian farm-level soil carbon change assessment by merging the greenhouse gas model Holos with the Introductory Carbon Balance Model (ICBM), Agric. Syst., 143, 76, 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.010 Kuzyakov, 2004, Review of estimation of plant rhizodeposition and their contribution to soil organic matter formation, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 50, 115, 10.1080/03650340310001627658 Laycock, 1981, Responses of vegetation and cattle to various systems of grazing on seeded and native mountain rangelands in Eastern Utah, J. Range Manage., 34, 52, 10.2307/3898454 Lemke, 2010, Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 135, 42, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.08.010 Lesschen, 2011, Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock sectors, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167, 16, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.058 Li, 2012, Changes in soil C, N, and P with long-term (58years) cattle grazing on rough fescue grassland, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 175, 339, 10.1002/jpln.201100212 Li, 2012, Response of herbage and cattle tail switch hair δ15N value to long-term stocking rates on a rough fescue grassland, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 58, 326, 10.1080/00380768.2012.682283 Li, 2009, Seasonal response of herbage production and its nutrient and mineral contents to long-term cattle grazing on a rough fescue grassland, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 132, 32, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.02.010 Li, 2010, Effect of long-term cattle grazing on seasonal nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in range forage species in the fescue grassland of southwestern Alberta, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 2010, 946, 10.1002/jpln.200900243 Liebig, 2010, Grazing management contributions to net global warming potential: a long-term evaluation in the northern great plain, J. Environ. Qual., 39, 799, 10.2134/jeq2009.0272 Little, 2008, 158 Lupo, 2013, Life-cycle assessment of the beef cattle production system for the Northern Great Plains, USA, J. Environ. Qual., 42, 1386, 10.2134/jeq2013.03.0101 Manley, 1995, Rangeland soil carbon and nitrogen responses to grazing, J. Soil Water Conserv., 50, 294 Manley, 1997, Vegetation, cattle, and economic responses to grazing strategies and pressures, J. Range Mange., 50, 638, 10.2307/4003460 Marshall, 1999 Mazzetto, 2015, Improved pasture and herd management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from a Brazilian beef production system, Livest. Sci., 175, 101, 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.02.014 McCartney, 1994, Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silage, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 74, 91, 10.4141/cjas94-014 McCollum, 1999, Stocker cattle response to grazing management in tallgrass prairie, J. Range Manage., 52, 120, 10.2307/4003504 McGeough, 2012, Life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from dairy production in eastern Canada: a case study, J. Dairy Sci., 95, 5164, 10.3168/jds.2011-5229 McKenzie, 2011, Optimum seeding date and rate for irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta, Can. J. Plant Sci., 91, 293, 10.4141/CJPS10103 McKenzie, 2004, Fertilizer response of barley silage in southern and central Alberta, Can. J. Soil Sci., 84, 133, 10.4141/S03-042 Milchunas, 1993, Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments, Ecolo. Monog., 63, 327, 10.2307/2937150 Myhre, 2013, Anthropogenic and natural radiative forcing, 661 Naeth, 1991, Grazing impacts on litter and soil organic matter in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta, J. Range Manag., 44, 7, 10.2307/4002629 Naeth, 1995, Grazing effects on soil water in Alberta foothills fescue grasslands, J. Range Manag., 48, 528, 10.2307/4003065 Naeth, 1990, Grazing impacts on infiltration in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystem of Alberta, Can. J. Soil Sci., 70, 593, 10.4141/cjss90-062 Naeth, 1991, Grazing impacts on soil water in mixed prairie and fescue grassland ecosystems of Alberta, Can. J. Soil Sci., 71, 313, 10.4141/cjss91-031 Nagy, 2000, 11 Nguyen, 2010, Environmental consequences of different beef production systems in the EU, J. Clean. Prod., 18, 756, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.12.023 NRC, 2000 O'Mara, 2011, The significance of livestock as a contributor to global greenhouse emissions today and in the near future, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167, 7, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.074 Pattey, 2005, Quantifying the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of composting dairy and beef cattle manure, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 72, 173, 10.1007/s10705-005-1268-5 Pelletier, 2010, Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the upper midwestern United States, Agric. Syst., 103, 380, 10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.009 Phetteplace, 2001, Greenhouse gas emissions from simulated beef and dairy livestock system in the United States, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 60, 99, 10.1023/A:1012657230589 Pinares-Patiño, 2007, Effects of stocking rate on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from grazing cattle, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 30, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.024 Pineiro, 2010, Pathways of grazing effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen, Rangel. Ecol. Manag., 63, 109, 10.2111/08-255.1 Pitts, 1987, Steer and vegetation response to short duration and continuous grazing, J. Range Manag., 40, 386, 10.2307/3899592 Poeplau, 2011, Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone – carbon response functions as a model approach, Glob. Chang. Biol., 17, 2415, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02408.x Reeder, 2002, Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands, Environ. Pollut., 116, 457, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00223-8 Rochette, 2008, Ammonia volatilization following application of pig slurry increases with slurry interception by grass foliage, Can. J. Soil Sci., 88, 585, 10.4141/CJSS07083 Rotz, 1994, Changes in forage quality during harvest and storage, 828 SCCC (Soil Conservation Council of Canada) Schellenberg, 2012, Species dynamic, forage yield, and nutritive value of seeded native plant mixtures following grazing, Can. J. Plant Sci., 92, 699, 10.4141/cjps2011-273 Semmartin, 2008, Grazing history effects on above- and below-ground litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in two co-occurring grasses, Plant Soil, 303, 177, 10.1007/s11104-007-9497-9 Sheppard, 2015, Beef cattle husbandry practices across ecoregions of Canada in 2011, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 95, 305, 10.4141/cjas-2014-158 Smith, 2000, 179 Smith, 2007, Agriculture, climate change 2007, 499 Soussana, 2007, Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 121, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022 Soussana, 2010, Mitigating the greenhouse gas balance of ruminant production systems through carbon sequestration in grasslands, Animal, 4, 334, 10.1017/S1751731109990784 Su, 2005, Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, northern China, Catena, 59, 267, 10.1016/j.catena.2004.09.001 Teague, 2011, Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 141, 310, 10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009 VandenBygaart, 2003, Influence of agricultural management on soil organic carbon: a compendium and assessment of Canadian studies, Can. J. Soil Sci., 83, 363, 10.4141/S03-009 Walton, 1981, A comparison of continuous and rotational grazing, J. Range Manag., 34, 19, 10.2307/3898444 Wang, 2015, GHG mitigation potential of different grazing strategies in the United States Southern Great Plains, Sustain. For., 7, 13500, 10.3390/su71013500 Wang, 2014, Land management history of Canadian grasslands and the impact on soil carbon storage, Rangel. Ecol. Manag., 67, 333, 10.2111/REM-D-14-00006.1 Western Beef Development Centre, 2015, 34 Williams, 2006 Willms, 1988, Forage production and utilization in various topographic zones of the fescue grassland, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 68, 211, 10.4141/cjas88-021 Willms, 1993, Winter performance of Hereford cows on fescue prairie and in drylot as influenced by fall grazing, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 881, 10.4141/cjas93-090 Willms, 2002, Response of the mixed prairie to protection from grazing, J. Range. Manage., 55, 210, 10.2307/4003125 Willms, 2012, Grazing impacts on the production stability of fescue prairie, Grasslands in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, 23, 23 Willms, 1986, Cattle weight gain in relation to stocking rate on rough fescue grassland, J. Rage Manage., 39, 182