Assessment of bacoside production, total phenol content and antioxidant potential of elicited and non-elicited shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.)

Ahmad S, Garg M, Tamboli ET, Abdin MZ, Ansari SH (2013) In vitro production of alkaloids: factors, approaches, challenges, and prospects. Pharmacogn Rev 7:27–33. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.112837 Alamgir ANM, Rahman A, Rahman M (2014) Secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of the crude leaf extract of Bacopa monniera (L.) Pennel. and Coccinia grandis (L.). J Pharmacog Phytochem 3:226–230 Ali M, Yu KW, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2006) Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induce ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors. Plant Cell Rep 25:613–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0065-6 Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Desai CS (2005) Creatine kinase isoenzyme patterns upon chronic exposure to cigarette smoke: protective effect of Bacoside A. Vascul Pharmacol 42:57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2005.01.003 Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CS (2006) Effect of bacoside A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Sci 78:1378–1384 Apak R, Guclu K, Ozyurek M, Karademir SE (2004) Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and Vitamins A and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. J Agri Food Chem 52:7970–7981. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x Atoui AK, Mansouri A, Boskou G, Kefalas P (2005) Tea and herbal infusions: their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem 89:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.01.075 Basu N, Rastogi RP, Dhar ML (1967) Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera Wettst: part III, bacoside B. Indian J Chem 5:84–86 Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft Technologie 28:25–30 Chen CH, Pearson AM, Gray JI (1992) Effects of synthetic antioxidants (BHA, BHT, and PG) on the mutagenicity of IQ-like compounds. Food Chem 43:177–183 Chen CH, Chan CH, Chu YT, Ho HY, Chen PY, Lee TH, Lee CK (2009) Antioxidant activity of some plant extracts towards xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenase, and tyrosinase. Molecules 14:2947–2958. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082947 Dey A, Hazra AK, Nongdam P, Nandy S, Tikendra L, Mukherjee A, Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Pandey DK (2019) Enhanced bacoside content in polyamine treated in vitro raised B. monnieri (L.) Wettest. South Afr J Bot 123:259–269 Farmer EE, Almeras E, Krishnamurthy V (2003) Jasmonates and related oxylipins in plant responses to pathogenesis and herbivory. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:372–378 Gorelick J, Bernstein N (2014) Elicitation: an underutilized tool for the development of medicinal plants as a source for therapeutic secondary metabolites. Adv Agron 124:201–230. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.185726 Gottlieb OR, Borin MR (2000) Medicinal products: regulation of biosynthesis in space and time. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95:115–120 Hazra S, Bhattacharyya D, Chattopadhyay S (2017) Methyl jasmonate regulates podophyllotoxin accumulation in podophyllum hexandrum by altering the ros-responsive podophyllotoxin pathway gene expression additionally through the down regulation of few interfering miRNAs. Front Plant Sci 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00164 Hussain MS, Fareed S, Ansari S, Rahman MA, Ahmad IZ, Saeed M (2012) Current approaches toward the production of secondary plant metabolites. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 4:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-014-9870-7 Jain P, Sharma HP, Basri F, Priya K, Singh P (2017) Phytochemical analysis of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and their antifungal activities. Indian J Tradit Knowl 16:310–318 Jauhari N, Bharadvaja N, Sharma N (2016) One step to conserve medicinally important plant Bacopa monnieri through rapid and cost-effective in vitro propagation. Progress Agric 16:8–15. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4615.2016.00002.8 Kapoor LD (1990) CRC handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton Karuppusamy S (2009) A review on trends in production of secondary metabolites from higher plants by in vitro tissue, organ and cell cultures. J Med Plants Res 3:1222–1239 Kumar N, Abichandani LG, Thawani V, Gharpure KJ, Naidu MU, Venkat RG (2016) Efficacy of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on cognitive functions of medical students: a six-week, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4103423 Kundu K, Roy A, Saxena G, Kumar L, Bharadvaja N (2016) Effect of different carbon sources and elicitors on shoot multiplication in accessions of Centella asiatica. Med Aromat Plants 5:251–255. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000251 Largia J, Pothiraj G, Shilpa J, Ramesh M (2015) Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid synergism enhance bacoside A content in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri (L.). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cul 122:9–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-015-0745-z Lee J, Koo N, Min DB (2004) Reactive oxygen species, aging, and antioxidative Nutraceuticals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 3:21–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00058.x Leonard J, Seth B, Sahu BB, Singh VR, Patra N (2018) Statistical optimization for enhanced bacoside A production in plant cell cultures of B. monneiri. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 133:203–214 Madhu K, Prakash T, Maya S (2019) Bacoside-A inhibits inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biomed Pharmacoth 109:1339–1345 Mangas S, Moyano E, Hernández-Vázquez L, Bonfill M (2009) Centella asiatica (L) Urban: an updated approach. Plant secondary terpenoids. Research Signpost, Trivandrum, pp 55–74 Mangathayaru K (2013) Pharmacognosy: an Indian perspective, 1st edn. Pearson Meena H, Pandey HK, Pandey P, Arya MC, Ahmed Z (2012) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of two important memory enhancing medicinal plants Bacopa monnieri and Centella asiatica. Indian J Pharmacol 44:114–117. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.91880 Mendoza D, Cuaspud O, Arias JP, Ruiz O, Arias M (2018) Effect of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate in the production of phenolic compounds in plant cell suspension cultures of Thevetia peruviana. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 19:e00273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00273 Mishra A, Mishra AK, Tiwari OP, Jha S (2013) HPLC analysis and standardization of Brahmi vati—an ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation. J Young Pharm 5:77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jyp.2013.09.001 Mukherjee S, Dugad S, Bhandari R, Pawar N, Jagtap S, Pawar PK, Kulkarni O (2011) Evaluation of comparative free-radical quenching potential of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) and Mandookparni (Centella asiatica). Ayu 32:258–264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.92549 Mundkinajeddu D, Sangli GK, Chandrasekharappa AP, Agarwal A (2005) Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture Bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem Anal 16:24–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.805 Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x Murthy PBS, Raju VR, Ramakrisana T, Chakravarthy MS, Kumar KV, Kannababu S, Subbaraju GV (2006) Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull 54:907–911 Namdeo AG (2007) Plant cell elicitation for production of secondary metabolites: a review. Phcog Rev 1:69–79 National Medicinal Plant Board (2019) Government of India, New Delhi, India. Accessed May 2019 Pal R, Dwivedi AK, Singh S, Kulshrestha DK (1998) High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) quantification of bacosides in Bacopa monnieri extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci 60:328–329 Pawar R, Gopalakrishnan C, Bhutani KK (2001) Dammarane triterpene saponin from Bacopa monniera as the superoxide inhibitor in polymorphonuclear cells. Planta Med 67:752–754. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18351 Rahnamaie-Tajadod R, Loke K, Goh H, Noor NM (2017) Differential gene expression analysis in polygonum minus leaf upon 24 h of methyl jasmonate elicitation. Front Plant Sci 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00109 Roodernrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A et al (2002) Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:279–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00419-5 Russo A, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Renis M, Vanella A (2003) Free radical scavenging capacity and protective effect of Bacopa monniera L. on DNA damage. Phytother Res 17:870–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1061 Saeed S, Ali H, Khan T, Kayani W, Khan MA (2017) Impacts of methyl jasmonate and phenyl acetic acid on biomass accumulation and antioxidant potential in adventitious roots of Ajuga bracteosa Wall ex Benth., a high valued endangered medicinal plant. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23:229–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-016-0406-7 Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK (2002) Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine 9:207–211. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00116 Saxen A, Gautam S, Arya KR, Singh RK (2016) Comparative study of phytochemicals, antioxidant potential and activity of enzymatic antioxidants of Eclipta alba and Plumbago zeylanica by in vitro assays. Free Rad Antiox 6:139–144. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2016.2.2 Shabani L, Ehsanpour A, Asghari G, Emami J (2009) Glycyrrhizin production by in vitro cultured Glycyrrhiza glabra elicited by methyl Jasmonate and salicylic acid. Russ J Plant Physol 56:621–626 Shahid M, Subhan F, Ahmad N, Ullah I (2017) A bacosides containing Bacopa monnieri extract alleviates allodynia and hyperalgesia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 17:293–305. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1807-z Sharma N, Satsangi R, Pandey R, Devi SV (2007) In vitro clonal propagation and medium term conservation of Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst]. J Plant Biochem Biotech 16:139–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3332-7_11 Sharma N, Satsangi R, Pandey R, Singh R, Kaushik N, Tyagi RK (2012) In vitro conservation of Bacopa monnieri (L.) using mineral oil. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 111:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0194-x Sharma P, Yadav S, Srivastava A, Srivastava N (2013) Methyl jasmonate mediates upregulation of bacoside A production in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri. Biotech Lett 35:1121–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-013-1178-6 Sharma M, Ahuja A, Gupta R, Mallubhotla S (2015) Enhanced bacoside production in shoot cultures of Bacopa monnieri under the influence of abiotic elicitors. Nat Prod Res 29:745–749. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.986657 Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol 299:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1 Thaipong K, Boonprakob U, Crosby K, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Byrne DH (2006) Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J Food Compos Anal 19:669–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2006.01.003 Tripathi YB, Chaurasia S, Tripathi E, Upadhyay A, Dubey GP (1996) Bacopa monniera Linn. as an antioxidant: mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol 34:523–526 Verma P, Mathur AK, Jain SP, Mathur A (2012) In vitro conservation of twenty-three overexploited medicinal plants belonging to the Indian subcontinent. Sci World J 15:85. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/929650(Article ID 929650) Walton NJ, Brown DE (1999) Chemicals from plants: perspectives on plant secondary product. Imperial College Press, London