Assessment of Left Atrial Fibrosis by Late Gadolinium Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Goldman, 1982, Quantification of experimental myocardial infarction using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and paramagnetic ion contrast enhancement in excised canine hearts, Circulation, 66, 1012, 10.1161/01.CIR.66.5.1012

Han, 2013, Value of magnetic resonance imaging in guiding atrial fibrillation management, Can J Cardiol, 29, 1194, 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.679

Kim, 1999, Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function, Circulation, 100, 1992, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.19.1992

Weinmann, 1984, Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex: a potential NMR contrast agent, Am J Roentgenol, 142, 619, 10.2214/ajr.142.3.619

Gal, 2017, Magnetic resonance imaging of atrial fibrosis: redefining atrial fibrillation to a syndrome, Eur Heart J, 38, 14, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv514

Burstein, 2008, Atrial fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical relevance in atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 51, 802, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.064

Kim, 1996, Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction, Circulation, 94, 3318, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.12.3318

Yerram, 2007, Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a mysterious disease in patients with renal failure–role of gadolinium-based contrast media in causation and the beneficial effect of intravenous sodium thiosulfate, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2, 258, 10.2215/CJN.03250906

Akoum, 2012, Atrial fibrosis quantified using late gadolinium enhancement MRI is associated with sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implant, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 23, 44, 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2011.02140.x

Harrison, 2014, Cardiac magnetic resonance and electroanatomical mapping of acute and chronic atrial ablation injury: a histological validation study, Eur Heart J, 35, 1486, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht560

Chrispin, 2017, Clinical predictors of cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement in patients with atrial fibrillation, Europace, 19, 371

Akoum, 2013, Association of atrial fibrosis quantified using LGE-MRI with atrial appendage thrombus and spontaneous contrast on transesophageal echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation, J Cardiovasc Electr, 24, 1104, 10.1111/jce.12199

Cochet, 2015, Age, atrial fibrillation, and structural heart disease are the main determinants of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in a general cardiology population, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 26, 484, 10.1111/jce.12651

Marrouche, 2014, Association of atrial tissue fibrosis identified by delayed enhancement MRI and atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: the DECAAF study, JAMA, 311, 498, 10.1001/jama.2014.3

McGann, 2014, Atrial fibrillation ablation outcome is predicted by left atrial remodeling on MRI, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, 23, 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000689

Malcolme-Lawes, 2013, Automated analysis of atrial late gadolinium enhancement imaging that correlates with endocardial voltage and clinical outcomes: a 2-center study, Heart Rhythm, 10, 1184, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.04.030

Khurram, 2014, Magnetic resonance image intensity ratio, a normalized measure to enable interpatient comparability of left atrial fibrosis, Heart Rhythm, 11, 85, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.10.007

Fukumoto, 2015, Comparison of preexisting and ablation-induced late gadolinium enhancement on left atrial magnetic resonance imaging, Heart Rhythm, 12, 668, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.12.021

Bisbal, 2014, CMR-guided approach to localize and ablate gaps in repeat AF ablation procedure, J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 7, 653, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.01.014

Harrison, 2015, Repeat left atrial catheter ablation: cardiac magnetic resonance prediction of endocardial voltage and gaps in ablation lesion sets, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 8, 270, 10.1161/CIRCEP.114.002066

Benito, 2016, Left atrial fibrosis quantification by late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance: a new method to standardize the thresholds for reproducibility, Europace

Kawel, 2012, Normal left ventricular myocardial thickness for middle-aged and older subjects with steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance: the multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 5, 500, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560

Appelbaum, 2014, Left atrial fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts recurrence of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation: do you see what I see?, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, 2, 10.1161/CIRCEP.114.001354

Bois, 2017, Low incidence of left atrial delayed enhancement with MRI in patients with AF: a single-centre experience, Open Heart, 4, e000546, 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000546

Chia, 2000, Performance of QRS detection for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with a novel vectorcardiographic triggering method, J Magn Reson Imaging, 12, 678, 10.1002/1522-2586(200011)12:5<678::AID-JMRI4>3.0.CO;2-5

Beinart, 2014, Role of magnetic resonance imaging in atrial fibrillation ablation, Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med, 16, 316, 10.1007/s11936-014-0316-3

Kholmovski, 2013, A multi-center trial of LGE-MRI of the left atrium, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 15, O111, 10.1186/1532-429X-15-S1-O111

Vijayakumar, 2014, Dependence of image quality of late gadolinium enhancement MRI of left atrium on number of patients imaged: results of multi-center trial DECAAF, J Cardiovasc Magn Reson, 16, 146, 10.1186/1532-429X-16-S1-P146

Allessie, 2002, Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation, Cardiovasc Res, 54, 230, 10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00258-4

Wijffels, 1995, Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation. A study in awake chronically instrumented goats, Circulation, 92, 1954, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.7.1954

Ausma, 1997, Structural changes of atrial myocardium due to sustained atrial fibrillation in the goat, Circulation, 96, 3157, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.9.3157

Burstein, 2007, Atrial cardiomyocyte tachycardia alters cardiac fibroblast function: a novel consideration in atrial remodeling, Cardiovasc Res, 76, 442, 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.07.013

Li, 1999, Promotion of atrial fibrillation by heart failure in dogs: atrial remodeling of a different sort, Circulation, 100, 87, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.1.87

Tilz, 2012, Catheter ablation of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: 5-year outcomes of the Hamburg Sequential Ablation Strategy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, 1921, 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.060

Kirchhof, 2016, 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS, Eur Heart J, 37, 2893, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210

Goette, 2017, EHRA/HRS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus on atrial cardiomyopathies: definition, characterization, and clinical implication, Heart Rhythm, 14, e3, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.05.028

Mahnkopf, 2010, Evaluation of the left atrial substrate in patients with lone atrial fibrillation using delayed-enhanced MRI: implications for disease progression and response to catheter ablation, Heart Rhythm, 7, 1475, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.06.030

Kuppahally, 2010, Echocardiographic left atrial reverse remodeling after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is predicted by preablation delayed enhancement of left atrium by magnetic resonance imaging, Am Heart J, 160, 877, 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.07.003

Calkins, 2012, Heart Rhythm, 9, 632, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.12.016

Akoum, 2011, Atrial fibrosis helps select the appropriate patient and strategy in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a DE-MRI guided approach, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 22, 16, 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01876.x

Akoum, 2015, MRI assessment of ablation-induced scarring in atrial fibrillation: analysis from the DECAAF study, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 26, 473, 10.1111/jce.12650

Elliott, 2016, Exercise training and atrial fibrillation: further evidence for the importance of lifestyle change, Circulation, 133, 457, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.020800

Pathak, 2014, Aggressive risk factor reduction study for atrial fibrillation and implications for the outcome of ablation: the ARREST-AF cohort study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 64, 2222, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.028

Pedersen, 1999, Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, Circulation, 100, 376, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.4.376

Li, 2001, Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the development of the atrial fibrillation substrate in dogs with ventricular tachypacing-induced congestive heart failure, Circulation, 104, 2608, 10.1161/hc4601.099402

Daccarett, 2011, Association of left atrial fibrosis detected by delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging and the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 57, 831, 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.049

Lip, 2010, Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation, Chest, 137, 263, 10.1378/chest.09-1584

Lane, 2012, Use of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 126, 860, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060061

Healey, 2012, Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke, N Engl J Med, 366, 120, 10.1056/NEJMoa1105575

Disertori, 2013, Autosomal recessive atrial dilated cardiomyopathy with standstill evolution associated with mutation of Natriuretic Peptide Precursor A, Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 6, 27, 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.112.963520

Spronk, 2017, Hypercoagulability causes atrial fibrosis and promotes atrial fibrillation, Eur Heart J, 38, 38, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw119

Erdogan, 2013, Risk assessment and therapy decision in patients at low risk for stroke: CHA2DS2-VASc vs. CHADS2?, Eur Heart J, 34, 168, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs378

Mackenzie, 1914

Anter, 2009, Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: treatment considerations for a dual epidemic, Circulation, 119, 2516, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821306

Kotecha, 2015, Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: what should we do?, Eur Heart J, 36, 3250

Stewart, 2002, A population-based study of the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study, Am J Med, 113, 359, 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01236-6

Maisel, 2003, Atrial fibrillation in heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and rationale for therapy, Am J Cardiol, 91, 2D, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)03373-8

Ehrlich, 2002, Atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure: specific considerations at the intersection of two common and important cardiac disease sets, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 13, 399, 10.1046/j.1540-8167.2002.00399.x

Nattel, 2008, Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 1, 62, 10.1161/CIRCEP.107.754564

Wijesurendra, 2016, Lone atrial fibrillation is associated with impaired left ventricular energetics that persists despite successful catheter ablation, Circulation, 134, 1068, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022931

Wakili, 2011, Recent advances in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation, J Clin Invest, 121, 2955, 10.1172/JCI46315

Akkaya, 2013, Higher degree of left atrial structural remodeling in patients with atrial fibrillation and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 24, 485, 10.1111/jce.12090

Machino-Ohtsuka, 2013, Significant improvement of left atrial and left atrial appendage function after catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation, Circ J, 77, 1695, 10.1253/circj.CJ-12-1518

Gelsomino, 2014, Improvement of left atrial function and left atrial reverse remodeling after surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation, Ann Cardiothorac Surg, 3, 70

Gal, 2015, Ablation scar recovery is significantly stronger in atrial fibrillation free patients (abstr P258). Poster Session: “Best Abstracts”, Europace, 17 Suppl 3, iii20

Badger, 2010, Evaluation of left atrial lesions after initial and repeat atrial fibrillation ablation: lessons learned from delayed-enhancement MRI in repeat ablation procedures, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 3, 249, 10.1161/CIRCEP.109.868356

Kottkamp, 2013, Human atrial fibrillation substrate: towards a specific fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy, Eur Heart J, 34, 2731, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht194

Callans, 1999, Electroanatomic left ventricular mapping in the porcine model of healed anterior myocardial infarction. Correlation with intracardiac echocardiography and pathological analysis, Circulation, 100, 1744, 10.1161/01.CIR.100.16.1744

Jadidi, 2013, Inverse relationship between fractionated electrograms and atrial fibrosis in persistent atrial fibrillation combined magnetic resonance imaging and high-density mapping, J Am Coll Cardiol, 62, 802, 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.081

Kirubakaran, 2015, Fractionation of electrograms is caused by colocalized conduction block and connexin disorganization in the absence of fibrosis as AF becomes persistent in the goat model, Heart Rhythm, 12, 397, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.10.027

Jais, 2000, Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters, Circulation, 101, 2928, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.25.2928

Watanabe, 2015, Mechanical and substrate abnormalities of the left atrium assessed by 3-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and electroanatomic mapping system in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, Heart Rhythm, 12, 490, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.12.007

Goudis, 2012, Extracellular matrix alterations in the atria: insights into the mechanisms and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation, Europace, 14, 623, 10.1093/europace/eur398

Lin, 2008, Regulatory mechanisms of atrial fibrotic remodeling in atrial fibrillation, Cell Mol Life Sci, 65, 1489, 10.1007/s00018-008-7408-8

Oakes, 2009, Detection and quantification of left atrial structural remodeling with delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation, Circulation, 119, 1758, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.811877

Peters, 2009, Recurrence of atrial fibrillation correlates with the extent of post-procedural late gadolinium enhancement: a pilot study, J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 2, 308, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.10.016

Kuppahally, 2010, Left atrial strain and strain rate in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation: relationship to left atrial structural remodeling detected by delayed-enhancement MRI, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 3, 231, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.865683

McGann, 2011, Dark regions of no-reflow on late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging result in scar formation after atrial fibrillation ablation, J Am Coll Cardiol, 58, 177, 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.008

Parmar, 2014, Comparison of left atrial area marked ablated in electroanatomical maps with scar in MRI, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 25, 457, 10.1111/jce.12357

Akoum, 2015, MRI Assessment of ablation-induced scarring in atrial fibrillation: analysis from the DECAAF study, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 26, 473, 10.1111/jce.12650

Chrispin, 2016, Lack of regional association between atrial late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance and atrial fibrillation rotors, Heart Rhythm, 13, 654, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.011

Khurram, 2016, Left atrial LGE and arrhythmia recurrence following pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent AF, J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 9, 142, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.10.015