Assessing the importance of car meanings and attitudes in consumer evaluations of electric vehicles
Tóm tắt
This paper reports findings from a research study which assesses the importance of attitudinal constructs related to general car attitudes and the meanings attached to car ownership over evaluations of electric vehicles (EVs). The data are assessed using principal component analysis to evaluate the structure of the underlying attitudinal constructs. The identified constructs are then entered into a hierarchical regression analysis which uses either positive or negative evaluations of the instrumental capabilities of EVs as the dependent variable. Results show that attitudinal constructs offer additional predictive power over socioeconomic characteristics and that the symbolic and emotive meanings of car ownership are as, if not more, effective in explaining the assessment of EV instrumental capability as compared to issues of cost and environmental concern. Additionally, the more important an individual considers their car to be in their everyday life, the more negative their evaluations are of EVs whilst individuals who claim to be knowledgeable about cars in general and EVs in particular have a lower propensity for negative EV attitudes. However, positive and negative EV attitudes are related to different attitudinal constructs suggesting that it is possible for someone to hold both negative and positive assessments at the same time.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
Al-Alawi, B. M., & Bradley, T. H. (2013). Review of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle market modeling studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 190–203.
Anable, J., & Gatersleben, B. (2005). All work and no play? The role of instrumental and affective factors in work and leisure journeys by different travel modes. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39, 163–181.
Axsen, J., Mountain, D. C., & Jaccard, M. (2009). Combining stated and revealed choice research to simulate the neighbor effect: the case of hybrid-electric vehicles. Resource and Energy Economics, 31, 21–238.
Axsen, J., & Kurani, K. S. (2012). Interpersonal influence within car buyers’ social networks: applying five perspectives to plug-in hybrid vehicle drivers. Environment & Planning A, 44, 1047–1065.
Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 3, 77–85.
Beggs, S., Cardell, S., & Hausman, J. (1981). Assessing the potential demand for electric cars. Journal of Econometrics, 17, 1–19.
Ben-Akiva, M., Mcfadden, D., Train, K., Walker, J., Bhat, C., Bierlaire, M., Bolduc, D., Boersch-Supan, A., Brownstone, D., Bunch, D. S., Daly, A., Palma, A. D., Gopinath, D., Karlstrom, A., & Munizaga, M. A. (2002). Hybrid choice models: progress and challenges. Marketing Letters, 13, 163–175.
Bolduc, D., Boucher, N., & Alvarez-Daziano, R. (2008). Hybrid choice modeling of new technologies for car choice in Canada. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2082, 63–71.
Calfee, J. E. (1985). Estimating the demand for electric automobiles using fully disaggregated probabilistic choice analysis. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 19, 287–301.
Caperello, N. D., & Kurani, K. S. (2012). Households’ stories of their encounters with a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Environment and Behavior, 44, 493–508.
CCC. (2013). Meeting Carbon Budgets: 2013 Progress Report to Parliament. http://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/CCC-Prog-Rep-Book_singles_web_1.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12, 43–47.
Chandler, J., & Schwarz, N. (2010). Use does not wear ragged the fabric of friendship: thinking of objects as alive makes people less willing to replace them. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 138–145.
Choo, S., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2004). What type of vehicle do people drive? The role of attitude and lifestyle in influencing vehicle type choice. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38, 201–222.
Contestabile, M., Offer, G., & North, R. (2012) Electric vehicles: a synthesis of the current literature with a focus on economic and environmental viability.http://www.lcaworks.com/EV%20Lit%20Rev%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed 20th February 2014.
Cronbach, L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
Dagsvik, J. K., Wennemo, T., Wetterwald, D. G., & Aaberge, R. (2002). Potential demand for alternative fuel vehicles. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 36, 361–384.
Daziano, R. A., & Bolduc, D. (2011). Incorporating pro-environmental preferences towards green automobile technologies through a Bayesian hybrid choice model. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 9, 74–106.
Daziano, R. A., & Chiew, E. (2012). Electric vehicles rising from the dead: data needs for forecasting consumer response toward sustainable energy sources in personal transportation. Energy Policy, 51, 876–894.
DCLG. (2010). English indices of deprivation 2010.https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6222/1871538.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
DfT, (2011). National Travel Survey 2010.http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/releases/national-travel-survey-2010/. Accessed 20tFeb 2014.
Dittmar, H. (1992). The Social Psychology of Material Possessions: To have is to be. Prentice-Hall.
Egbue, O., & Long, S. (2012). Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: an analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy Policy, 48, 717–729.
Eggers, F., & Eggers, F. (2011). Where have all the flowers gone? Forecasting green trends in the automobile industry with a choice-based conjoint adoption model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 78, 51–62.
Ewing, G. O., & Sarigöllü, E. (1998). Car fuel-type choice under travel demand management and economic incentives. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 3, 429–444.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, Third Edition. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Glerum, A., Stankovikj, L., Thémans, M., & Bierlaire, M. (2013). Forecasting the demand for electric vehicles: accounting for attitudes and perceptions. Transportation Science.
Golob, T. F., Kitamura, R., Bradley, M., & Bunch, D. S. (1993). Predicting the market penetration of electric and clean-fuel vehicles. The Science of the Total Environment, 134, 371–381.
Graham-Rowe, E., Gardner, B., Abraham, C., Skippon, S., Dittmar, H., Hutchins, R., & Stannard, J. (2012). Mainstream consumers driving plug-in battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric cars: a qualitative analysis of responses and evaluations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46, 140–153.
Britain, G. (2008). Climate Change Act 2008: Elizabeth II (Chapter 27). London: The Stationery Office.
Harris, C. (1967). On factors and factor scores. Psychometrika, 32, 363–379.
Heffner, R. R., Kurani, K. S., & Turrentine, T. S. (2007). Symbolism in California’s early market for hybrid electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12, 396–413.
Heutel, G. & Muehlegger, E. (2009). Learning, externalities and hybrid vehicle adoption. Paper presented at the Allied Social Science Associations, January 2-5, 2010.
Hotelling, H. (1933). Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. Journal of Educational Psychology, 24, 417–441.
Iyengar, R., den Bulte, C. V., & Valente, T. W. (2011). Opinion leadership and social contagion in new product diffusion. Marketing Science, 30, 195–212.
Jansson, J., Marell, A., & Nordlund, A. (2011). Exploring consumer adoption of a high involvement eco-innovation using value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10, 51–60.
Joliffe, I. T., & Morgan, B. (1992). Principal component analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 1, 69–95.
Kaiser, H. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187–200.
Kurani, K. S., Turrentine, T., & Sperling, D. (1996). Testing electric vehicle demand in ‘hybrid households’ using a reflexive survey. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 1, 131–150.
Lai, A. W. (1991). Consumption situation and product knowledge in the adoption of a new product. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 3, 55–67.
Lane, B., & Potter, S. (2007). The adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK: exploring the consumer attitude-action gap. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 1085–1092.
Lieven, T., Mühlmeier, S., Henkel, S., & Waller, J. F. (2011). Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16, 236–243.
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 22(140), 55.
Mannering, F. L., & Train, K. (1985). Recent directions in automobile demand modeling. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 19, 265–274.
Mau, P., Eyzaguirre, J., Jaccard, M., Collins-Dodd, C., & Tiedemann, K. (2008). The “neighbor effect”: simulating dynamics in consumer preferences for new vehicle technologies. Ecological Economics, 68, 504–516.
McFadden, D. (1980). Econometric models for probabilistic choice among products. The Journal of Business, 53, 13–29.
Morton, C. (2013). Accelerating the demand for low emission vehicles: a consumer led perspective. United Kingdom: University of Aberdeen.
Musti, S., & Kockelman, K. M. (2011). Evolution of the household vehicle fleet: anticipating fleet composition, PHEV adoption and GHG emissions in Austin, Texas. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45, 707–720.
OLEV. (2013). Driving the future today—a strategy for ULEVs in the UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/239317/ultra-low-emission-vehicle-strategy.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
ONS. (2009). Scottish Index of multiple deprivation: 2009 general report. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/933/0115249.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
ONS. (2011). Annual mid-year population estimates. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-england-and-wales/mid-2011--2011-census-based-/stb---mid-2011-census-based-population-estimates-for-england-and-wales.html. Accessed 20 Jan 2014.
ONS. (2012). Labour market statistics. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lms/labour-market-statistics/october-2012/statistical-bulletin.html. Accessed 20 Jan 2014.
Ozaki, R., & Sevastyanova, K. (2011). Going hybrid: an analysis of consumer purchase motivations. Energy Policy, 39, 2217–2227.
Pearson, K. (1901). LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Philosophical Magazine Series, 6(2), 559–572.
Peters, A., Popp, M., Mareike, A., & Raphael, R. B. (2011). Electric mobility—a survey of different consumer groups in Germany with regard to adoption. European Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
Pierre, M., Jemelin, C., & Louvet, N. (2011). Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency, 4, 511–522.
Potoglou, D., & Kanaroglou, P. S. (2007). Household demand and willingness to pay for clean vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12, 264–274.
Ricardo, A. E. A. (2013). Overview: GHG Inventory Summary Factsheet. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/210491/1_GHG_Inventory_Overview.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.
Sangkapichai, M., & Saphores, J.-D. (2009). Why are Californians interested in hybrid cars? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 52, 79–96.
Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350–353.
Schuitema, G., Anable, J., Skippon, S., & Kinnear, N. (2013). The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 39–49.
Shepherd, S., Bonsall, P., & Harrison, G. (2012). Factors affecting future demand for electric vehicles: a model based study. Transport Policy, 20, 62–74.
Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Slotegraaf, G. (2001). Instrumental-reasoned and symbolic-affective motives for using a motor car. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 4, 151–169.
Steg, L. (2005). Car use: lust and must. Instrumental, symbolic and affective motives for car use. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39, 147–162.
Teisl, M. F., Rubin, J., & Noblet, C. L. (2008). Non-dirty dancing? Interactions between eco-labels and consumers. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 140–159.
Train, K. E. (1980). The potential market for non-gasoline-powered automobiles. Transportation Research Part A: General, 14, 405–414.
Train, K. E. (2009). Discrete choice methods with simulation (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Turrentine, T. S., & Kurani, K. S. (2007). Car buyers and fuel economy? Energy Policy, 35, 1213–1223.
Turrentine, T., & Sperling, D. (1992). Theories of new technology purchase decisions: the case of alternative fuel vehicles. http://www.uctc.net/papers/129.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2014.
van Vliet, O. P. R., Kruithof, T., Turkenburg, W. C., & Faaij, A. P. C. (2010). Techno-economic comparison of series hybrid, plug-in hybrid, fuel cell and regular cars. Journal of Power Sources, 195, 6570–6585.