Assessing Specific Discipline Techniques: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Tóm tắt
This study explored, in a community sample of mothers of toddlers, parenting beliefs and values, to gain insight into the parent–child relationship. Acceptance of specific discipline techniques (DTs), and their actual use in daily life were examined. A mixed-methods approach comprising three different methods was used: (1) parenting beliefs and values were explored with Q-methodology; (2) acceptance of the DTs was assessed with the questionnaire Dimensions of Discipline Inventory; and (3) actual use of those DTs in daily-life incidents of discipline was documented using ecological momentary assessment for ten consecutive days. The results showed the mothers’ parenting beliefs and values reflected a warm parent–child relationship. The mothers rated explaining rules, timeout, removal of privileges, and social reinforcement as moderately to highly acceptable. However, planned ignoring received a low acceptance rating. Mothers’ high acceptability ratings of the DTs contrasted with moderate use when they were faced with their misbehaving child, with the exception of explaining rules, which was always manifested. Yelling and spanking received the lowest acceptance ratings. Nonetheless, in daily life, yelling was employed as often as timeout. These findings suggest the need for more attention to be paid to both acceptance and daily use of specific DTs in order to highlight DTs which parents may have difficulty implementing.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Apsche, J., & Axelrod, S. (1983). The effects of punishment on human behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Arndorfer, R. E., Allen, K. D., & Aliazireh, L. (1999). Behavioral health needs in pediatric medicine and the acceptability of behavioral solutions: Implications for behavioral psychologists. Behavior Therapy, 30, 137–148. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(99)80050-1.
Baillargeon, R. H., Zoccolillo, M., Keenan, K., Côté, S., Pérusse, D., Wu, H.-X., et al. (2007). Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 43, 13–26. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.1.13.
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–103. doi:10.1037/h0030372.
Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Cowan, P. A. (2002). Ordinary physical punishment: Is it harmful? Comment on Gershoff (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 580–589. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.580.
Baumrind, D., Larzelere, R. E., & Owens, E. B. (2010). Effects of preschool parents’ power assertive patterns and practices on adolescent development. Parenting: Science and Practice, 10, 157–201. doi:10.1080/15295190903290790.
Blampied, N. M., & Kahan, E. (1992). Acceptability of alternative punishments: A community survey. Behavior Modification, 16, 400–413. doi:10.1177/01454455920163006.
Block, J. H. (1965). The Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR): A set of Q items for the description of parental socialization attitudes and values. Unpublished manuscript, Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley.
Blum, N. J., Williams, G. E., Friman, P. C., & Christophersen, E. R. (1995). Disciplining young children: The role of verbal instructions and reasoning. Pediatrics, 96, 336–341.
Borrego, J., Ibanez, E. S., Spendlove, S. J., & Pemberton, J. R. (2007). Treatment acceptability among Mexican American parents. Behavior Therapy, 38, 218–227. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.007.
Brown, S. R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Cook, C. L., & Perri, M, I. I. I. (2004). Single-item vs multiple-item measures of stage of change in compliance with prescribed medications. Psychological Reports, 94, 115–124. doi:10.2466/pr0.94.1.115-124.
Coplan, R. J., Hastings, P. D., Lagacé-Séguin, D. G., & Moulton, C. E. (2002). Authoritative and authoritarian mothers’ parenting goals, attributions, and emotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 1–26. doi:10.1207/s15327922par0201_1.
Courvoisier, D. S., Eid, M., Lischetzke, T., & Schreiber, W. H. (2010). Psychometric properties of a computerized mobile phone method for assessing mood in daily life. Emotion, 10, 115–124. doi:10.1037/a0017813.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487.
Davies, G. R., McMahon, R. J., Flessati, E. W., & Tiedemann, G. L. (1984). Verbal rationales and modeling as adjuncts to a parenting technique for child compliance. Child Development, 55, 1290–1298. doi:10.2307/1129998.
Deković, M., Janssens, J. M., & Gerris, J. R. (1991). Factor structure and construct validity of the Block Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR). Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 182–187. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.3.2.182.
Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Trull, T. J. (2009). Ecological momentary assessment of mood disorders and mood dysregulation. Psychological Assessment, 21, 463–475. doi:10.1037/a0017075.
Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B. A. (1996). Cultural diversity: A wake-up call for parent training. Behavior Therapy, 27, 187–206. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(96)80014-1.
Forgatch, M. S., & Patterson, G. R. (2010). Parent management training—Oregon model: An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. In J. R. Weisz & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (2nd ed., pp. 159–177). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Gardner, F. E. M., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Sayal, K. (1999). Parents anticipating misbehaviour: An observational study of strategies parents use to prevent conflict with behaviour problem children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1185–1196. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00535.
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 539–579. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539.
Goodnow, J. J. (1988). Parents’ ideas, actions, and feelings: Models and methods from developmental and social psychology. Child Development, 59, 286–320. doi:10.2307/1130312.
Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4–19. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4.
Hastings, P. D., & Grusec, J. E. (1998). Parenting goals as organizers of responses to parent–child disagreement. Developmental Psychology, 34, 465–479. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.465.
Heffer, R. W., & Kelley, M. L. (1987). Mothers’ acceptance of behavioral interventions for children: The influence of parent race and income. Behavior Therapy, 18, 153–163. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(87)80039-4.
Hester, P. P., Hendrickson, J. M., & Gable, R. A. (2009). Forty years later—The value of praise, ignoring, and rules for preschoolers at risk for behavior disorders. Education & Treatment of Children, 32, 513–535. doi:10.1353/etc.0.0067.
Hobbs, S. A., Walle, D. L., & Caldwell, H. S. (1984). Maternal evaluation of social reinforcement and time-out: Effects of brief parent training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 135–136. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.52.1.135.
Hoffman, M. L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization: An information processing approach. In E. T. Higgins, D. Ruble, & W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociocultural perspective (pp. 236–274). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman, M. L., & Saltzstein, H. D. (1967). Parent discipline and the child’s moral development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 45–57. doi:10.1037/h0024189.
Holden, G. W., & Edwards, L. A. (1989). Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 29–58. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.29.
Jones, M. L., Eyberg, S. M., Adams, C. D., & Boggs, S. R. (1998). Treatment acceptability of behavioral interventions for children: An assessment by mothers of children with disruptive behavior disorders. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 20, 15–26. doi:10.1300/J019v20n04_02.
Kazdin, A. E. (2000). Perceived barriers to treatment participation and treatment acceptability among antisocial children and their families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 9, 157–174. doi:10.1023/a:1009414904228.
Kelley, M. L., Heffer, R. W., Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1989). Development of a modified treatment evaluation inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 11, 235–247. doi:10.1007/bf00960495.
Kendziora, K. T., & O’Leary, S. G. (1993). Dysfunctional parenting as a focus for prevention and treatment of child behavior problems. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 15, 175–206.
Kochanska, G. (1991). Socialization and temperament in the development of guilt and conscience. Child Development, 62, 1379–1392. doi:10.2307/1130813.
Kochanska, G. (1995). Children’s temperament, mother’s discipline, and security of attachment: Multiple pathways to emerging internalization. Child Development, 66, 597–615. doi:10.2307/1131937.
Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1989). Correspondence between mothers’ self-reported and observed child-rearing practices. Child Development, 60, 56–63. doi:10.2307/1131070.
Kotler, J. S., & McMahon, R. J. (2004). Compliance and noncompliance in anxious, aggressive, and socially competent children: The impact of the child’s game on child and maternal behavior. Behavior Therapy, 35, 495–512. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80029-7.
Kuczynski, L., & Hildebrandt, N. (1997). Models of conformity and resistance in socialization theory. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (pp. 227–256). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Lai, A. C., Zhang, Z.-X., & Wang, W.-Z. (2000). Maternal child-rearing practices in Hong Kong and Beijing Chinese families: A comparative study. International Journal of Psychology, 35, 60–66. doi:10.1080/002075900399529.
Larzelere, R. E., Schneider, W. N., Larson, D. B., & Pike, P. L. (1997). ‘The effects of discipline responses in delaying toddler misbehavior recurrences’: Erratum. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 19, 82–84.
Little, L. M., & Kelley, M. L. (1989). The efficacy of response cost procedures for reducing children’s noncompliance to parental instructions. Behavior Therapy, 20, 525–534. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80131-5.
Locke, L. M., & Prinz, R. J. (2002). Measurement of parental discipline and nurturance. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 895–930. doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00133-2.
Luster, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn Hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51, 139–147. doi:10.2307/352375.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. L. (2003). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Nicholl, H. (2010). Diaries as a method of data collection in research. Paediatric Nursing, 22, 16–20.
Njardvik, U., & Kelley, M. L. (2008). Cultural effects on treatment acceptability: A comparison of the acceptability of behavioral interventions between Icelandic and American parents. Nordic Psychology, 60, 283–294. doi:10.1027/1901-2276.60.4.283.
Patterson, G. R. (1980). Mothers, the unacknowledged victims. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 45, 1–64.
Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1989). Family interaction patterns and children’s behavior problems from infancy to 4 years. Developmental Psychology, 25, 413–420. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.3.413.
Regalado, M., Sareen, H., Inkelas, M., Wissow, L. S., & Halfon, N. (2004). Parents’ discipline of young children: Results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health. Pediatrics, 113, 1952–1958.
Roberts, G. C., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1984). Continuity and change in parents’ child-rearing practices. Child Development, 55, 586–597. doi:10.2307/1129970.
Roberts, M. W., & Powers, S. W. (1990). Adjusting chair timeout enforcement procedures for oppositional children. Behavior Therapy, 21, 257–271. doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80329-6.
Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 151–161. doi:10.1177/0146167201272002.
Scarboro, M. E., & Forehand, R. (1975). Effects of two types of response-contingent time-out on compliance and oppositional behavior of children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 252–264. doi:10.1016/0022-0965(75)90089-2.
Schmolck, P., & Atkinson, J. (2002). PQ method (Version 2.11) [Computer softaware and manual]. http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~schmolck/qmethod/.
Schuster, M. A., Duan, N., Regalado, M., & Klein, D. J. (2000). Anticipatory guidance: What information do parents receive? What information do they want? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1191–1198.
Singh, N. N., & Katz, R. C. (1985). On the modification of acceptability ratings for alternative child treatments. Behavior Modification, 9, 375–386. doi:10.1177/01454455850093006.
Stein, M. T., & Perrin, E. L. (1998). Guidance for effective discipline. Committee on psychosocial aspects of child and family health. Pediatrics, 101, 723–728.
Straus, M. A., & Fauchier, A. (2007). Manual for the Dimensions of Discipline (DDI) Retrieved from http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/.
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Thompson, A. E., & Pearce, J. B. (2001). Attitudes towards and the practice of discipline amongst parents of pre-school children in Nottingham. Children and Society, 15, 231–236. doi:10.1002/chi.653.
Trickett, P. K., & Susman, E. J. (1988). Parental perceptions of child-rearing practices in physically abusive and nonabusive families. Developmental Psychology, 24, 270–276. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.2.270.
Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2009). Using experience sampling methods/ecological momentary assessment (ESM/EMA) in clinical assessment and clinical research: Introduction to the special section. Psychological Assessment, 21, 457–462. doi:10.1037/a0017653.
Webster-Stratton, C. (1998). Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children: Strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 715–730. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.5.715.
Woolfenden, S. R., Williams, K., & Peat, J. (2001). Family and parenting interventions in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and delinquency aged 10–17. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 86, 251–256. doi:10.1002/14651858.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319–330. doi:10.2307/1129406.
Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., Young, D., Posternak, M. A., Friedman, M., et al. (2006). Developing brief scales for use in clinical practice: The reliability and validity of single-item self-report measures of depression symptom severity, psychosocial impairment due to depression, and quality of life. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1536–1541. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n1007.