Asphyxial brain injury—the role of the IGF system

Beilharz, E.J., Russo, V.C., Butler, G., Baker, N.L., Lai, M., Connor, B., Scheepens, A., Sirimanne, E.S., Waters, M., Dragunow, M., Werther, G.A., Gluckman, P.D., Williams, C.E. Co-ordinated and cellular specific induction of the components of the GH/IGF/BP axis in the rat brain following hypoxic-ischemic injury. Neuroscience (submitted). Beilharz, 1993, Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) 4 and 5 mRNA in the rat brain after transient hypoxic-ischemic injury, Mol. Brain Res., 18, 209, 10.1016/0169-328X(93)90191-Q Beilharz, 1995, Mechanisms of delayed cell death following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the immature rat: evidence for apoptosis during selective neuronal loss, Mol. Brain Res., 29, 1, 10.1016/0169-328X(94)00217-3 Beilharz, E.J., Bassett, N.S., Sirimanne, E.S., Williams, C.E., Gluckman, P.D., 1995b. Insulin-like growth factor II is induced during wound repair following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing rat brain. Mol. Brain Res. 81–91. Dmello, 1997, Insulin-like growth factor and potassium depolarization maintain neuronal survival by distinct pathways—possible involvement of pi 3-kinase in igf-1 signaling, J. Neurosci., 17, 1548, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01548.1997 Dragunow, M., Young, D., Hughes, P., Macgibbon, G., Lawlor, P., Singleton, K., Sirimanne, E., Beilharz, E., Gluckman, P., 1993. Is c-Jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury? Mol. Brain Res. 347–352. Dragunow, 1994, Immediate-early gene protein expression in neurons undergoing delayed death, but not necrosis, following hypoxic-ischaemic injury to the young rat brain, Brain Res., 25, 19, 10.1016/0169-328X(94)90274-7 Gluckman, 1992, A role for IGF-1 in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic injury, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 182, 593, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)91774-K Guan, 1993, The effects of IGF-1 treatment after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adult rats, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 13, 609, 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.79 Guan, 1996, The effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2 and des-IGF-1 on neuronal loss after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in adult rats: evidence for a role for IGF binding proteins, Endocrinology, 137, 893, 10.1210/en.137.3.893 Guan, 1996, The movement of IGF-1 into the brain parenchyma after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Neuroreport, 7, 632, 10.1097/00001756-199601310-00061 Guan, J., Beilharz, E.J., Skinner, S.J.M., Gluckman, P.D. and Williams, C.E., 1997. The mode of transportation and cellular localisation of IGF-1 after central administration in rats following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (submitted). Gunn, 1990, Effects of hypoxia-ischemia and seizures on neuronal and glial-like c-fos protein levels in the infant rat, Brain Res., 531, 105, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90763-2 Gunn, A.J., Gunn, T.R., Williams, C.E., Davis, S.L., 1995. Changes in cortical impedance during perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Pediatr. Res. 37, 208A (abstract). Johnston, 1996, Insulin-like growth factor-1 is a potent neuronal rescue agent following hypoxic-ischemic injury in fetal lambs, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 300, 10.1172/JCI118416 Klempt, 1992, Hypoxia-ischemia induces transforming growth factor beta 1 mRNA in the infant rat brain, Mol. Brain Res., 13, 93, 10.1016/0169-328X(92)90048-G Klempt, 1992, Expression of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) following transient hypoxia-ischemia in the infant rat brain, Mol. Brain Res., 15, 55, 10.1016/0169-328X(92)90151-Z Klempt, 1993, Hypoxia and hypoxia/ischemia affect the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 in the developing rat brain, Brain Res., 17, 347, 10.1016/0169-328X(93)90021-G Kulik, 1997, Antiapoptotic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and AKT, Mol. Cell. Biol., 17, 1595, 10.1128/MCB.17.3.1595 Lai, 1996, Sequential patterns of inhibin/activin gene expression following hypoxic-ischemic injury, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 182, 593 LeRoith, 1991, Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1): a molecular basis for endocrine versus local action?, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 77, C57, 10.1016/0303-7207(91)90054-V Lorek, 1994, Delayed (‘secondary’) cerebral energy failure after acute hypoxia-ischemia in the newborn piglet: continuous 48-hour studies by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Pediatr. Res., 36, 699, 10.1203/00006450-199412000-00003 Marks, 1996, Delayed cerebral vasodilation attenuated by nitric oxide synthase inhibition following cerebral ischemia in fetal sheep, Pediatr. Res., 2, 185, 10.1203/00006450-199608000-00002 Nieto-Sampedro, 1982, Brain injury causes a time-dependent increase in neurotrophic activity at the lesion site, Science, 217, 860, 10.1126/science.7100931 Parrizas, 1997, Insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibition of apoptosis is associated with increased expression of the BCL-X(L) gene product, Endocrinology, 138, 1355, 10.1210/en.138.3.1355 Roth, 1992, Relation between cerebral oxidative metabolism following birth asphyxia, and neurodevelopmental outcome and brain growth at one year, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 34, 285, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1992.tb11432.x Sirimanne, 1994, Two models for determining the mechanisms of damage and repair after hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing rat brain, J. Neurosci. Methods, 55, 7, 10.1016/0165-0270(94)90034-5 Sirimanne, 1996, The effect of prolonged modification of cerebral temperature on outcome following hypoxic ischemic injury in the infant rat, Pediatr. Res., 39, 591, 10.1203/00006450-199604000-00005 Tamm, 1990, Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are survival factors for density-inhibited, quiescent Balb/c-3T3 murine fibroblasts, J. Cell. Physiol., 143, 494, 10.1002/jcp.1041430314 Tan, 1996, Accumulation of cytotoxins during the development of seizures and edema after hypoxic-ischemic injury in late gestation fetal sheep, Pediatr. Res., 39, 791, 10.1203/00006450-199605000-00008 Williams, 1991, The time course of intracellular edema and epileptiform activity following prenatal cerebral ischemia in sheep, Stroke, 22, 516, 10.1161/01.STR.22.4.516 Williams, 1992, Outcome after ischemia in the developing sheep brain: an electroencephalographic and histological study, Ann. Neurol., 31, 14, 10.1002/ana.410310104 Yao, 1996, Insulin-like growth factor-1 given subcutaneously reduces clinical deficits, decreases lesion severity and upregulates synthesis of myelin proteins in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Life Sci., 58, 1301, 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00095-1