Asma infantil y del lactante

Moffatt, 2008, Genes in asthma: new genes and new ways, Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 8, 411, 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32830f1dc1 Marguet, 2007, Prise en charge de la crise d'asthme de l'enfant (nourrisson inclus). Recommandations pour la pratique clinique, Rev. Mal. Respir., 24, 427, 10.1016/S0761-8425(07)91567-3 Host, 2000, The role of allergy in childhood asthma, Allergy, 55, 600, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00122.x Huss, 2001, House dust mite and cockroach exposure are strong risk factors for positive allergy skin test responses in the Childhood Asthma Management Program, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 107, 48, 10.1067/mai.2001.111146 2003, Groupe de recherche sur les avancées en pneumopédiatrie. Place des EFR dans l'évaluation et la surveillance de l'asthme chez l'enfant de plus de 3 ans, Rev. Mal. Respir., 20, 638 Shahid, 2005, Exhaled 8-isoprostane in childhood asthma, Respir. Res., 6, 79, 10.1186/1465-9921-6-79 Noyes, 2007, Vocal cord dysfunction in children, Paediatr. Respir. Rev., 8, 155, 10.1016/j.prrv.2007.05.004 Baranes, 2005, Syndrome d'hyperventilation chez l'enfant, Arch. Pediatr., 12, 1742, 10.1016/j.arcped.2005.09.015 de Blic, 2009, Quand et comment modifier la prisen en charge de l'asthme de l'enfant asthmatique à partir de 4 ans?, Rev. Mal. Respir., 10.1016/S0761-8425(09)73678-2 Agertoft, 2000, Effect of long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide on adult height in children with asthma, N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 1064, 10.1056/NEJM200010123431502 Bisgaard, 2002, Efficacy of steroid treatments in the asthmatic preschool child, Allergy, 57, 32, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.57.s74.3.x Sizonenko, 2002, Effects of inhaled or nasal glucocorticosteroids on adrenal function and growth, J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., 15, 5, 10.1515/JPEM.2002.15.1.5 2000, Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma, N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 1054, 10.1056/NEJM200010123431501 Todd, 2002, Survey of adrenal crisis associated with inhaled corticosteroids in the United Kingdom, Arch. Dis. Child., 87, 457, 10.1136/adc.87.6.457 Agertoft, 1999, Short-term lower leg growth rate in children with rhinitis treated with intranasal mometasone furoate and budesonide, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 104, 948, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70073-4 Verberne, 1998, Addition of salmeterol versus doubling the dose of beclomethasone in children with asthma. The Dutch Asthma Study Group, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 158, 213, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9706048 Silverstein, 1997, Attained adult height after childhood asthma: effect of glucocorticoid therapy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 99, 466, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70072-1 Martinati, 1998, Longitudinal evaluation of bone mass in asthmatic children treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate or cromolyn sodium, Allergy, 53, 705, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03957.x Dubus, 2001, Local side-effects of inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic children: influence of drug, dose, age, and device, Allergy, 56, 944, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00100.x Holt, 2001, Dose-response relation of inhaled fluticasone propionate in adolescents and adults with asthma: meta-analysis, BMJ, 323, 253, 10.1136/bmj.323.7307.253 Anderson, 2002, Exercise-induced asthma in children: a marker of airway inflammation, Med. J. Aust., 177, S61, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04821.x Lima, 2006, Influence of leukotriene pathway polymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 173, 379, 10.1164/rccm.200509-1412OC Humbert, 2005, Benefits of omalizumab as add-on therapy in patients with severe persistent asthma who are inadequately controlled despite best available therapy (GINA 2002 step 4 treatment): INNOVATE, Allergy, 60, 309, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00772.x Milgrom, 2001, Treatment of childhood asthma with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody (omalizumab), Pediatrics, 108, E36, 10.1542/peds.108.2.e36 Warner, 1998, Third International Pediatric Consensus statement on the management of childhood asthma. International Pediatric Asthma Consensus Group, Pediatr. Pulmonol., 25, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199801)25:1<1::AID-PPUL1>3.0.CO;2-S de Blic, 2009, Salmeterol fluticasone propionate versus double dose fluticasone propionate on lung function and asthma control in children, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00861.x de Blic, 2008, Suivi de l'enfant asthmatique : définition et outils de mesure, Rev. Mal. Respir., 25, 695, 10.1016/S0761-8425(08)73799-9 Bateman, 2006, Asthma control can be maintained when fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in a single inhaler is stepped down, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 117, 563, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.036 Godard, 2008, Maintaining asthma control in persistent asthma: comparison of three strategies in a 6-month double-blind randomised study, Respir. Med., 102, 1124, 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.014 McGivern, 1984, Failure of once daily inhaled corticosteroid treatment to control chronic asthma, Thorax, 39, 933, 10.1136/thx.39.12.933 Campbell, 1998, Once-daily budesonide: 400 micrograms once daily is as effective as 200 micrograms twice daily in controlling childhood asthma. PETITE Research Group, Int. J. Clin. Pract., 52, 213 Moller, 1999, Once-daily inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma: dry powder inhalers, Drugs, 58, 35, 10.2165/00003495-199958004-00005 Pohunek, 2006, Budesonide/formoterol improves lung function compared with budesonide alone in children with asthma, Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 17, 458, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00425.x Russell, 1995, Salmeterol xinafoate in children on high dose inhaled steroids, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 75, 423 Tal, 2002, Budesonide/formoterol in a single inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone in the treatment of asthma, Pediatr. Pulmonol., 34, 342, 10.1002/ppul.10173 Visser, 2001, One-year treatment with different dosing schedules of fluticasone propionate in childhood asthma. Effects on hyperresponsiveness, lung function, and height, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 164, 2073, 10.1164/ajrccm.164.11.2103075 Ducharme, 2006, Long-acting beta2-agonists versus anti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003137 Joos, 2008, Montelukast as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of mild to moderate asthma: a systematic review, Thorax, 63, 453, 10.1136/thx.2007.081596 Tantisira, 2006, Bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction: predictors of future lung function in childhood asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 117, 1264, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.01.050 Pijnenburg, 2008, Exhaled nitric oxide in childhood asthma: a review, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 38, 246, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02897.x Szefler, 2008, Management of asthma based on exhaled nitric oxide in addition to guideline-based treatment for inner-city adolescents and young adults: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 1065, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61448-8 Zacharasiewicz, 2005, Clinical use of noninvasive measurements of airway inflammation in steroid reduction in children, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 171, 1077, 10.1164/rccm.200409-1242OC Zacharasiewicz, 2006, Noninvasive monitoring of airway inflammation and steroid reduction in children with asthma, Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 6, 155, 10.1097/01.all.0000225152.37403.21 Sporik, 1990, Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (Der p I) and the development of asthma in childhood. A prospective study, N. Engl. J. Med., 323, 502, 10.1056/NEJM199008233230802 de Blay, 2007, Évictions allergiques, 336 Bousquet, 2001, Specific immunotherapy in rhinitis and asthma, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 87, 38, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62193-X Tabachnik, 1981, Infantile bronchial asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 67, 339, 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90077-4 Brand, 2008, Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach, Eur. Respir. J., 32, 1096, 10.1183/09031936.00002108 Baraldi, 1999, Exhaled nitric oxide concentrations during treatment of wheezing exacerbation in infants and young children, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 159, 1284, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9807084 Garrison, 2000, Systemic corticosteroids in infant bronchiolitis: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics, 105, E44, 10.1542/peds.105.4.e44 Bisgaard, 2004, Montelukast in RSV-bronchiolitis, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 169, 542, 10.1164/ajrccm.169.4.952 Bisgaard, 2008, Study of montelukast for the treatment of respiratory symptoms of post-respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 178, 854, 10.1164/rccm.200706-910OC Bacharier, 2008, Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report, Allergy, 63, 5, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01586.x Bacharier, 2004, Classifying asthma severity in children: mismatch between symptoms, medication use, and lung function, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 170, 426, 10.1164/rccm.200308-1178OC Wenzel, 2005, Severe asthma in adults, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 172, 149, 10.1164/rccm.200409-1181PP Wenzel, 1999, Chu, Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 160, 1001, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9812110 de Blic, 2004, Difficult asthma in children: an analysis of airway inflammation, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 113, 94, 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.045 Payne, 2001, Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and mucosal eosinophilic inflammation in children with difficult asthma, after treatment with oral prednisolone, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 164, 1376, 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2101145 Tillie-Leblond, 2008, Airway remodeling is correlated with obstruction in children with severe asthma, Allergy, 63, 533, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01656.x de Blic, 2005, High-resolution computed tomography scan and airway remodeling in children with severe asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 116, 750, 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.07.009 Adcock, 2008, New targets for drug development in asthma, Lancet, 372, 1073, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61449-X Tual, 2008, Asthma-related mortality in France, 1980-2005: decline since the last decade, Allergy, 63, 621, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01657.x Sur, 1993, Sudden-onset fatal asthma. A distinct entity with few eosinophils and relatively more neutrophils in the airway submucosa?, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 148, 713, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.713 Campbell, 1997, Age specific trends in asthma mortality in England and Wales, 1983-95: results of an observational study, BMJ, 314, 1439, 10.1136/bmj.314.7092.1439 Mannino, 2002, Surveillance for asthma--United States, 1980-1999, MMWR Surveill. Summ., 51, 1 Heymann, 2005, Role of viral infections, atopy and antiviral immunity in the etiology of wheezing exacerbations among children and young adults, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 24, S217, 10.1097/01.inf.0000188164.33856.f9 Freymuth, 1999, Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children, J. Clin. Virol., 13, 131, 10.1016/S1386-6532(99)00030-X Johnston, 2005, The september epidemic of asthma exacerbations in children: a search for etiology, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 115, 132, 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.025 Milgrom, 1999, Keeping children with exercise-induced asthma active, Pediatrics, 104, L1, 10.1542/peds.104.3.e38 Karila, 2007, Test à l'exercice chez l'enfant, Arch. Pediatr., 14, 1045, 10.1016/j.arcped.2007.03.010 Kemp, 1998, Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma, J. Pediatr., 133, 424, 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70281-1 Guinnepain, 1996, Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: useful screening of food sensitization, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 77, 491, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63357-1 Martinez, 1995, Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life, N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 133, 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301 Morgan, 2005, Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 172, 1253, 10.1164/rccm.200504-525OC Jackson, 2008, Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 178, 667, 10.1164/rccm.200802-309OC Custovic, 2005, The effectiveness of measures to change the indoor environment in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: ARIA update (in collaboration with GA(2)LEN), Allergy, 60, 1112, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00934.x Delacourt, 2007, Relationship between bronchial hyperresponsiveness and impaired lung function after infantile asthma, PLoS ONE, 2, e1180, 10.1371/journal.pone.0001180 Matricardi, 2008, Wheezing in childhood: incidence, longitudinal patterns and factors predicting persistence, Eur. Respir. J., 32, 585, 10.1183/09031936.00066307 Stern, 2008, Wheezing and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in early childhood as predictors of newly diagnosed asthma in early adulthood: a longitudinal birth-cohort study, Lancet, 372, 1058, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61447-6 Strunk, 2007, Childhood Asthma Management Program: lessons learned, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 119, 36, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.038 Bisgaard, 1999, The effect of inhaled fluticasone propionate in the treatment of young asthmatic children: a dose comparison study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 160, 126, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9811024 Guilbert, 2006, Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma, N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 1985, 10.1056/NEJMoa051378 Murray, 2006, Secondary prevention of asthma by the use of Inhaled Fluticasone propionate in Wheezy INfants (IFWIN): double-blind, randomised, controlled study, Lancet, 368, 754, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69285-4 Blair, 1977, Natural history of childhood asthma. 20-year follow-up, Arch. Dis. Child., 52, 613, 10.1136/adc.52.8.613 Strachan, 1996, Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort, BMJ, 312, 1195, 10.1136/bmj.312.7040.1195 Roorda, 1994, Follow-up of asthma from childhood to adulthood: influence of potential childhood risk factors on the outcome of pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness in adulthood, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 93, 575, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70069-9 Phelan, 2002, The Melbourne Asthma Study: 1964-1999, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 109, 189, 10.1067/mai.2002.120951 Gibson, 1969, Respiratory disorders in seven-year-old children in Tasmania. Aims, methods and administration of the survey, Med. J. Aust., 2, 201, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1969.tb105698.x Gilliland, 2003, Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 167, 917, 10.1164/rccm.200206-616OC Strachan, 1998, Health effects of passive smoking. 6. Parental smoking and childhood asthma: longitudinal and case-control studies, Thorax, 53, 204, 10.1136/thx.53.3.204 Gerritsen, 1991, Airway responsiveness in childhood as a predictor of the outcome of asthma in adulthood, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 143, 1468, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1468 Guerra, 2004, Persistence of asthma symptoms during adolescence: role of obesity and age at the onset of puberty, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 170, 78, 10.1164/rccm.200309-1224OC Jenkins, 1994, Factors in childhood as predictors of asthma in adult life, BMJ, 309, 90, 10.1136/bmj.309.6947.90 NIH-NHLBI/WHO workshop report, Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention : www.ginasthma.com. NIH publication, 2007. 02-3659. National Heart and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3 : Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma Full Report 2007 August 28, 2007. www.nhlbi.nih.gov.