Argumentation in artificial intelligence

T. Alsinet, C. Chesnevar, L. Godo, S. Sandri, Modeling defeasible argumentation within a possibilistic logic framework with fuzzy unification, in: Proc. 11th IPMU, 2006, pp. 1228–1235 T. Alsinet, C. Chesnevar, L. Godo, S. Sandri, G. Simari, On the computation of warranted arguments within a possibilistic logic framework with fuzzy unification, in: Proc. 11th NMR, 2006, pp. 227–236 V. Aleven, Teaching case based argumentation through an example and models, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Pittsburgh, 1997 S. Alvarado, M. Dyer, Analogy recognition and comprehension in editorials, in: Proc. 7th Annual Conf. of the Cogn. Sci. Soc., 1985, pp. 228– 235 S. Alvarado, M. Dyer, Understanding analogies in editorials, in: Proc. 9th IJCAI, 1985, pp. 845–847 L. Amgoud, J.-F. Bonnefon, H. Prade, An argumentation-based approach to multiple criteria decision, in: Proc. 8th ECSQARU, 2005, pp. 269–280 Amgoud, 2002, A reasoning model based on the production of acceptable arguments, Ann. Math. AI, 34, 197 L. Amgoud, S. Parsons, N. Maudet, Argument, dialogue and negotiation, in: Proc. 14th ECAI, 2000, pp. 338–342 L. Amgoud, H. Prade, Using arguments for making decisions: a possibilistic logic approach, in: Proc. 20th UAI, 2004, pp. 10–17 L. Amgoud, H. Prade, Explaining qualitative decision under uncertainty by argumentation, in: Proc. 21st AAAI, 2006, pp. 219–224 A. Artikis, M. Sergot, J. Pitt, An executable specification of a formal argumentation protocol, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Ashley, 1990 K. Atkinson, What should we do?: Computational representation of persuasive argument in practical reasoning, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Univ. of Liverpool, 2005 Atkinson, 2006, Value-based argumentation for democratic decision support, vol. 144, 47 K. Atkinson, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, Practical reasoning as presumptive argumentation using action based alternating transition systems, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Atkinson, 2006, Computational representation of practical argument, Synthese, 152, 157, 10.1007/s11229-005-3488-2 Baroni, 2003, Solving semantic problems with odd-length cycles in argumentation, vol. 2711, 440 P. Baroni, M. Giacomin, On principle-based evaluation of extension-based argumentation semantics, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Baroni, 2005, SCC-recursiveness: a general schema for argumentation semantics, Artificial Intelligence, 168, 162, 10.1016/j.artint.2005.05.006 Barsky, 1981, Hidden reasons some patients visit doctors, Ann. Intern. Med., 94, 492, 10.7326/0003-4819-94-4-492 Ben-Eliyahu, 1996, Default reasoning using classical logic, Artificial Intelligence, 84, 113, 10.1016/0004-3702(95)00095-X T.J.M. Bench-Capon, Specification and implementation of Toulmin dialogue game, in: J.C. Hage, et al. (Eds.), Legal Knowledge Based Systems, 1998, pp. 5–20 Bench-Capon, 2003, Persuasion in practical argument using value-based argumentation frameworks, J. Logic Comput., 13, 429, 10.1093/logcom/13.3.429 Bench-Capon, 2003, Agreeing to differ: modelling persuasive dialogue between parties with different values, Informal Logic, 22, 231 Bench-Capon, 1993, Argument based explanation of the British Nationality Act as a logic program, Computers, Law and AI, 2, 53 Bench-Capon, 2007, Audiences in argumentation frameworks, Artificial Intelligence, 171, 42, 10.1016/j.artint.2006.10.013 T.J.M. Bench-Capon, P.E. Dunne, P.H. Leng, Interacting with knowledge-based systems through dialogue games, in: Proc. 11th Annual Conf. Expert Systems and their Applications, 1991, pp. 123–130 T.J.M. Bench-Capon, P.E. Dunne, P.H. Leng, A dialogue game for dialectical interaction with expert systems, in: Proc. 12th Annual Conf. Expert Systems and their Applications, 1992, pp. 105–113 Bench-Capon, 2004, Computational models, argumentation theories and legal practice, 85 Bench-Capon, 2006, Argumentation, 61 Bench-Capon, 1989, Towards a rule based representation of open texture in law, 39 S. Benferhat, D. Dubois, H. Prade, Argumentative inference in uncertain and inconsistent knowledge bases, in: Proc. 9th UAI, 1993, pp. 411–419 Benferhat, 1997, Non-monotonic reasoning, conditional objects and possibility theory, Artificial Intelligence, 92, 259, 10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00012-X Benferhat, 1999, Possibilistic and standard probabilistic semantics of conditional knowledge bases, J. Logic Comput., 9, 873, 10.1093/logcom/9.6.873 Besnard, 2001, A logic-based theory of deductive arguments, Artificial Intelligence, 128, 203, 10.1016/S0004-3702(01)00071-6 P. Besnard, A. Hunter, Practical first-order argumentation, in: Proc. 20th AAAI, 2005, pp. 590–595 Bexe, 2003, Towards a formal account of reasoning about evidence: argumentation schemes and generalisations, Artificial Intelligence and Law, 11, 125, 10.1023/B:ARTI.0000046007.11806.9a L. Birnbaum, M. Flowers, R. McGuire, Towards an artificial intelligence model of argumentation, in: Proc. AAAI 1980, 1980, pp. 313–315 Bondarenko, 1997, An abstract, argumentation-theoretic approach to default reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, 93, 63, 10.1016/S0004-3702(97)00015-5 G. Brewka, A reconstruction of Rescher's theory of formal disputation based on default logic, in: Proc. 11th ECAI, 1994, pp. 366–370 Brewka, 2001, Dynamic argument systems: a formal model of argumentation processes based on situation calculus, J. Logic Comput., 11, 257, 10.1093/logcom/11.2.257 Caminada, 2006, Semi-stable semantics, vol. 144, 121 M. Caminada, L. Amgoud, An axiomatic account of formal argumentation, in: Proc. AAAI05, 2005, pp. 608–613 Caminada, 2007, On the evaluation of argumentation formalisms, Artificial Intelligence, 171, 286, 10.1016/j.artint.2007.02.003 Carenini, 2006, Generating and evaluating evaluative arguments, Artificial Intelligence, 170, 925, 10.1016/j.artint.2006.05.003 Cayrol, 2006, Handling controversial arguments in bipolar argumentation systems, vol. 144, 261 Cayrol, 2001, Dialectical proof theories for the credulous preferred semantics of argumentation frameworks, vol. 2143, 668 Cayrol, 2003, On decision problems related to the preferred semantics for argumentation frameworks, J. Logic Comput., 13, 377, 10.1093/logcom/13.3.377 Cayrol, 2005, Gradual valuation for bipolar argumentation frameworks, vol. 3571, 366 Cayrol, 2005, On the acceptability of arguments in bipolar argumentation frameworks, vol. 3571, 378 Cayrol, 2005, Graduality in argumentation, J. AI Res., 23, 245 Chesnevar, 2006, Towards an argument interchange format, Knowledge Eng. Rev., 21, 293, 10.1017/S0269888906001044 Chesnevar, 2000, Logical models of argument, ACM Comput. Surv., 22, 337, 10.1145/371578.371581 C. Chesnevar, G. Simari, A lattice-based approach to computing warranted beliefs in skeptical argumentation frameworks, in: Proc. IJCAI07, 2007, pp. 280–285 J. Conklin, M.L. Begeman, gIBIS: A hypertext tool for team design deliberation, in: Hypertext, 1987, pp. 247–251 Cook, 1997, The relative complexity of propositional proof systems, J. Symbolic Logic, 44, 36, 10.2307/2273702 S. Coste-Marquis, C. Devred, P. Marquis, Prudent semantics for argumentation frameworks, in: Proc. 17th ICTAI, 2005, pp. 568–572 Coste-Marquis, 2005, Symmetric argumentation frameworks, vol. 3571, 317 S. Coste-Marquis, C. Devred, S. Konieczny, M.-C. Lagasquie-Schiex, P. Marquis, On the merging of Dung's argumentation systems, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 2004, vol. 2922 Y. Dimopoulos, B. Nebel, F. Toni, Preferred arguments are harder to compute than stable extensions, in: Proc. 16th IJCAI, 1999, pp. 36–43 Y. Dimopoulos, B. Nebel, F. Toni, Finding admissible and preferred arguments can be very hard, in: A.G. Cohn, F. Giunchiglia, B. Selman (Eds.), KR2000: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 2000, pp. 53–61 Dimopoulos, 2002, On the computational complexity of assumption-based argumentation by default reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, 141, 57, 10.1016/S0004-3702(02)00245-X Dimopoulos, 1996, Graph theoretical structures in logic programs and default theories, Theoret. Comput. Sci., 170, 209, 10.1016/S0304-3975(96)80707-9 Doutre, 2001, Preferred extensions of argumentation frameworks: query answering and computation, vol. 2083, 272 S. Doutre, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, P.E. Dunne, Explaining preferences with argument positions, in: Proc. IJCAI'05, 2005, pp. 1680–1681 P.M. Dung, On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in non-monotonic reasoning, logic programming, and N-person games, in: Proc. IJCAI'93, Chambery, France, 1993, pp. 852–857 Dung, 1995, On the acceptability of arguments and its fundamental role in non-monotonic reasoning, logic programming, and N-person games, Artificial Intelligence, 77, 321, 10.1016/0004-3702(94)00041-X Dung, 2006, Dialectic proof procedures for assumption-based, admissible argumentation, Artificial Intelligence, 170, 114, 10.1016/j.artint.2005.07.002 Dung, 2006, A dialectic procedure for sceptical assumption-based argumentation, vol. 144, 145 P.M. Dung, P. Mancarella, F. Toni, Computing ideal sceptical argumentation, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 P.E. Dunne, On concise encodings of preferred extensions, in: Proc. 9th Non-monotonic Reasoning Workshop (NMR'2002), Toulouse, 2002, pp. 393–398 Dunne, 2003, Prevarication in dispute protocols, 12 Dunne, 2006, Suspicion of hidden agenda in persuasive argument, vol. 144, 329 P.E. Dunne, Computational properties of argument systems satisfying graph-theoretic constraints, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Dunne, 2002, Coherence in finite argument systems, Artificial Intelligence, 141, 187, 10.1016/S0004-3702(02)00261-8 Dunne, 2003, Two party immediate response disputes: properties and efficiency, Artificial Intelligence, 149, 221, 10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00076-6 Dunne, 2004, Complexity in value-based argument systems, vol. 3229, 360 Dunne, 2004, Identifying audience preferences in legal and social domains, vol. 3180, 518 P.E. Dunne, S. Doutre, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, Discovering inconsistency through examination dialogues, in: Proc. IJCAI05, 2005, pp. 1560–1561 Dunne, 2003, Optimal utterances in dialogue protocols, 608 Dunne, 2004, Concepts of optimal utterance in dialogue: selection and complexity, vol. 2922, 310 Egly, 2006, Reasoning in argumentation frameworks using quantified Boolean formulas, vol. 144, 133 Eshghi, 1989, Abduction compared with negation as failure, 234 J. Fox, P. Krause, M. Elvang-Goransson, Argumentation as a general framework for uncertain reasoning, in: Proc. 9th Conf. on Uncertainty in AI, 1993, pp. 114–121 Gabbay, 2001, More on non-cooperation in dialogue logic, Logic J. IGPL, 9, 305, 10.1093/jigpal/9.2.305 Gentzen, 1969, Investigations into logical deductions, 1935, 68 Giunchiglia, 2004, Non-monotonic causal theories, Artificial Intelligence, 153, 49, 10.1016/j.artint.2002.12.001 Glazer, 2001, Debates and decisions: On a rationale of argumentation rules, Games and Economic Behavior, 36, 158, 10.1006/game.2000.0824 Gödel, 1931, Uber formal unenscheidabare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter System I, Monatschefte Math. Phys., 38, 173 Gordon, 1995 T.F. Gordon, H. Prakken, D. Walton, The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Grasso, 2000, Dialectical argumentation to solve conflicts in advice giving: a case study in the promotion of healthy nutrition, Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., 53, 1077, 10.1006/ijhc.2000.0429 Green, 1999, Interpreting and generating indirect answers, Computational Linguistics, 25, 389 Hamblin, 1970 J. Hulstijn, L.W.N. van der Torre, Combining goal generation and planning in an argumentation framework, in: Proc. NMR 2004, 2004, pp. 212–218 Hunter, 2004, Making argumentation more believable, 269 Hunter, 2004, Towards higher impact argumentation, 275 H. Jakobovits, On the theory of argumentation frameworks, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Vrije Univ. Brussels, 2000 H. Jakobovits, D. Vermeir, Dialectic semantics for argumentation frameworks, in: Proc. 7th ICAIL, 1999, pp. 53–62 Johnson, 2005, A mathematical model of dialog, Elec. Notes in Theor. Comp. Sci., 141, 33, 10.1016/j.entcs.2005.05.015 Josang, 2001, A logic for uncertain probabilities, J. Approx. Reason., 9, 279 Kakas, 1992, Abductive logic programming, J. Logic Comput., 2, 719, 10.1093/logcom/2.6.719 A.C. Kakas, P. Moraitis, Argumentation based decision making for autonomous agents, on: Proc. AAMAS'03, 2003, pp. 883–890 Kraus, 1998, Reaching agreements through argumentation: a logical model and implementation, Artificial Intelligence, 104, 1, 10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00078-2 G. Li, V.S. Uren, E. Motta, S. Buckingham Shum, J. Domingue, Claimaker: weaving a semantic web of research papers, in: International Semantic Web Conference, 2002, pp. 436–441 Liberatore, 2000, On the complexity of choosing the branching literal in dpll, Artificial Intelligence, 116, 315, 10.1016/S0004-3702(99)00097-1 A.R. Lodder, Dialaw: On legal justification and dialogue games, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Maastricht, 1998 A.R. Lodder, A. Herczog, DiaLaw: A dialogical framework for modeling legal reasoning, in: Proc. 5th ICAIL, 1995, pp. 146–155 K. Lorenz, Arithmetik und Logik als Spiele, Ph.D. thesis, Kiel, 1961 Lorenzen, 1987, Dialectical foundations of logical calculi Lorenzen, 1978 Loui, 1998, Process and policy: resource-bounded non-demonstrative reasoning, COMPINT: Computational Intelligence: An International Journal, 14, 1, 10.1111/0824-7935.00055 Loui, 1995, Rationales and argument moves, Artificial Intelligence and Law, 3, 159, 10.1007/BF00872529 L.S. Lutomski, The design of an attorney's statistical consultant, in: Proc. 2nd ICAIL, 1989, pp. 224–233 MacKenzie, 1978, Question-begging in non-cumulative systems, J. Philos. Logic, 8, 117 McBurney, 2001, Representing epistemic uncertainty by means of dialectical argumentation, Ann. Math. AI, 32, 125 McBurney, 2002, Games that agents play: A formal framework for dialogues between autonomous agents, J. Logic Language Inform., 11, 315, 10.1023/A:1015586128739 McBurney, 2007, The eightfold way of deliberation dialogue, Int. J. Intell. Sys., 22, 95, 10.1002/int.20191 McBurney, 2002, Desiderata for agent argumentation protocols, 402 McBurney, 2003, A dialogue-game protocol for agent purchase negotiations, J. Autonomous Agents Multi-Agent Syst., 7, 235, 10.1023/A:1024787301515 L.T. McCarty, An implementation of Eisner v. Macomber, in: Proc. 5th ICAIL, 1995, pp. 276–286 C.C. Marshall, Representing the structure of a legal argument, in: Proc. 2nd ICAIL, 1989, pp. 121–127 Martinez, 2006, On acceptability in abstract argumentation frameworks with an extended defeat relation, vol. 144, 273 D. Moore, Dialogue game theory for intelligent tutoring systems, Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitation Univ., 1993 Moore, 1985, Semantical considerations on non-monotonic logic, Artificial Intelligence, 25, 75, 10.1016/0004-3702(85)90042-6 M. Mozina, J. Zabkar, I. Bratko, Argument based machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Mozina, 2005, Argument based machine learning applied to law, Artificial Intelligence, 13, 53 Nielsen, 2006, Computing preferred extensions for argumentation systems with sets of attacking arguments, vol. 144, 97 S.H. Nielsen, S. Parsons, An application of formal argumentation: fusing Bayes nets in multi-agent systems, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 von Neumann, 1944 N. Oren, T. Norman, A. Preece, Subjective logic and arguing with evidence, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 Osborne, 1994 S. van Otterloo, The value of privacy, in: Proc. AAMAS'05, 2005, pp. 1015–1022 Parsons, 1998, Agents that reason and negotiate by arguing, J. Logic Comput., 8, 261, 10.1093/logcom/8.3.261 S. Parsons, P. McBurney, E. Sklar, M. Wooldridge, On the relevance of utterances in formal inter-agent dialogues, in: Proc. 6th AAMAS, 2007 Parsons, 2002, An analysis of formal inter-agent dialogues, 394 Parsons, 2003, Properties and complexity of formal inter-agent dialogues, J. Logic Comput., 13, 347, 10.1093/logcom/13.3.347 P. Paruchiri, M. Tambe, F. Ordóñez, S. Kraus, Security in multi-agent systems by policy randomization, in: Proc. AAMAS'06, 2006, pp. 273–280 Perelman, 1969 Pollock, 1967, Criteria and our knowledge of the material world, Philos. Rev., 76, 28, 10.2307/2182964 Pollock, 1970, The structure of epistemic justification, vol. 4, 62 Pollock, 1974 Pollock, 1987, Defeasible reasoning, Cognitive Sci., 11, 481, 10.1207/s15516709cog1104_4 Pollock, 1991, A theory of defeasible reasoning, Int. J. Intell. Sys., 6, 33, 10.1002/int.4550060103 Pollock, 1992, How to reason defeasibly, Artificial Intelligence, 57, 1, 10.1016/0004-3702(92)90103-5 H. Prakken, Logical tools for modelling legal argument, Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Univ., Amsterdam, 1993 (published as [154]) H. Prakken, From logic to dialectics in legal argument, in: Proc. 5th ICAIL, 1995, pp. 165–174 Prakken, 1997 Prakken, 2004, Analysing and reasoning about evidence with formal models of argumentation, Law, Probability and Risk, 3, 33, 10.1093/lpr/3.1.33 Prakken, 1998, Modelling reasoning with precedents in a formal dialogue game, Artificial Intelligence, 6, 231 I. Rahwan, L. Amgoud, An argumentation based approach for practical reasoning, in: Proc. AAMAS06, 2006, pp. 347–354 I. Rahwan, F. Zablith, C. Reed, Laying the foundations for a world wide argument web, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 S.D. Ramchurn, C. Sierra, L. Godo, N.R. Jennings, Negotiating using rewards, Artificial Intelligence, this volume, 2007 1978 Reed, 2003 Reed, 2004, Araucaria: Software for argument analysis, diagramming and representation, Int. J. AI Tools, 13, 961, 10.1142/S0218213004001922 T. Rombouts, Solutions of argumentation in cooperative game theory, Master's thesis, Cognitive Artificial Intelligence, Univ. of Utrecht, August 2004 Rowe, 2006, Translating Wigmore diagrams, vol. 144, 171 Reiter, 1980, A logic for default reasoning, Artificial Intelligence, 13, 81, 10.1016/0004-3702(80)90014-4 Rissland, 2003, AI and Law: a fruitful synergy, Artificial Intelligence, 150, 1, 10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00122-X E.L. Rissland, D.B. Skalak, M. Friedman, Bankxx: a program to generate argument through case-based search, in: Proc. ICAIL'93, 1993, pp. 117–124 Ruggiero, 2003 G. Sartor, A simple computation model for non-monotonic and adversarial legal reasoning, in: Proc. ICAIL'93, 1993, pp. 192–201 Sartor, 1994, A formal model of legal argumentation, Ratio Juris, 7, 212, 10.1111/j.1467-9337.1994.tb00175.x Searle, 2001 Silverman, 2005, Hidden agendas and how to uncover them, Medicine, 33, 27, 10.1383/medc.33.2.27.58375 Simari, 1992, A mathematical treatment of defeasible reasoning and its implementation, Artificial Intelligence, 53, 125, 10.1016/0004-3702(92)90069-A Skalak, 1992, Arguments and cases: an inevitable intertwining, Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1, 3, 10.1007/BF00118477 Sycara, 1990, Persuasive argumentation in negotiation, Theory and Decision, 28, 203, 10.1007/BF00162699 Sycara, 1998, Multi-agent systems, AI Magazine, 79 P. Torroni, A study on the termination of negotiation dialogues, in: Proc. AAMAS'02, 2002, pp. 1223–1230 Toulmin, 1959 Uren, 2006, Sensemaking tools for understanding research literatures: design, implementation, and user evaluation, Int. J. Man-Machine Stud., 64, 420 Urquhart, 1989, The complexity of Gentzen systems for propositional logic, Theoret. Comput. Sci., 66, 87, 10.1016/0304-3975(89)90147-3 Verheij, 2003, Artificial argument assistants for defeasible argumentation, Artificial Intelligence, 150, 291, 10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00107-3 Vreeswijk, 1997, Abstract Argumentation Systems, Artificial Intelligence, 90, 225, 10.1016/S0004-3702(96)00041-0 Vreeswijk, 2006, An algorithm to compute minimally grounded and admissible defence sets in argument systems, vol. 144, 109 G. Vreeswijk, H. Prakken, Credulous and sceptical argument games for preferred semantics, in: Proceedings of JELIA'2000, The 7th European Workshop on Logic for Artificial Intelligence, Berlin, 2000, pp. 224–238 Walker, 2004, Generation and evaluation of user-tailored responses in multi-modal dialogue, Cognitive Sci., 28, 811, 10.1207/s15516709cog2805_8 Walton, 1996 Walton, 2006, Examination dialogue: an argumentation framework for critically questioning an expert opinion, J. Pragmatics, 38, 745, 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.01.016 Walton, 2005, Critical questions in computational models of legal argument, vol. 2, 103 Walton, 1995 Wigmore, 1931 Woods, 2004 Wooldridge, 2002 M. Wooldridge, P.E. Dunne, S. Parsons, On the complexity of linking deductive and abstract argument systems, in: Proc. 21st AAAI, 2006