Are science parks and incubators good “brand names” for spin-offs? The case study of Turin

Akerlof, G. A. (1970). The market for “lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488–500. Ananth, M. S. (2009). Indian science and technology parks. In C. W. Wessner (Ed.), Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium (pp. 61–66). National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. ANGLE Technology. (2003). Evaluation of the past and future economic contribution of the UK science park movement. London: UKSPA. Autio, E. (1997). New, technology-based firms in innovation networks symplectic and generative impacts. Research Policy, 26(3), 263–281. Autio, E., & Lumme, A. (1998). Does the innovator role affect the perceived potential for growth? Analysis of four types of new, technology-based firms. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 10(1), 41–54. Autio, E., & Yli-Renko, H. (1998). New, technology-based firms in small open economies—an analysis based on the Finnish experience. Research Policy, 26(9), 973–987. Balconi, M., Breschi, S., & Lissoni, F. (2002). Il Trasferimento di Conoscenze Tecnologiche dall’Università all’Industria in Italia: Nuova Evidenza sui Brevetti di Paternità dei Docenti, Dipartimento di Economia Politica e Metodi Quantitativi, Università degli Studi di Pavia. Baldini, N., Grimaldi, R., & Sobrero, M. (2007). Diffusion of organisational practices in turbulent environments: An empirical analysis of university-level patent regulations. Paper presented at the 2007 Academy of management meeting, Philadelphia, August 3–8. Benghozi, P.-J., Bureau, S., & Massit-Folléa, F. (2009). L’internet des objets: quels enjeux pour l’Europe ?, Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris. Benneworth, P., & Charles, D. (2004). University spin-off policies and economic development in less successful regions: Learning from two decades of policy practice. Paper presented at the conference Regionalization of innovation policy—options and experiences, Berlin, June 4–5. Calabrese, G., & Erbetta, F. (2005). Factors of performance in a context of market change: The automotive district of Turin. In F. Garibaldo & A. Bardi (Eds.), Company strategies and organisational evolution in the automotive sector: A worldwide perspective (pp. 213–250). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main. Cantamessa, M. (2007). Come fare scouting di idee di impresa della ricerca. In M. Patrissi (Ed.), Ricerca, Spin-off, Incubatori: strategie ed opportunità per le università italiane (pp. 31–35). Torino: PNI Cube. Cesaroni, F., & Gambardella, A. (1999). Dai “contenitori” ai “contenuti”: i parchi scientifici e tecnologici in Italia. In C. Antonelli (Ed.), Conoscenza tecnologica: nuovi paradigmi dell’innovazione e specificità italiana. Fondazione Giovanni Agnelli: Torino. Chiesa, V., & Piccaluga, A. (2000). Exploitation and diffusion of public research: The case of academic spin-off companies in Italy. R&D Management, 30(4), 329–340. Clarysse, B., Lockett, A., Quince, T., & Van de Velde, E. (2002). Spinning off new ventures: A typology of facilitating services, Institute for the promotion of innovation by science and technology in Flanders. IWT-Observatory, Innovation, Science, Technology, 41. Clarysse, B., Wright, M., Lockett, A., Mustar, P., & Knockaert, M. (2007). Academic spin-offs, formal technology transfer and capital raising. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 609–640. Colombo, M. G., & Delmastro, M. (2002). How effective are technology incubators? Evidence from Italy. Research Policy, 31(7), 1103–1122. Commission of the European Communities. (2003). The Role of the Universities in the Europe of Knowledge, Communication from the Commission COM (2003) 58 final, Brussels. Crimmins, J. C. (2000). Better measurement and management of brand value. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(6), 136–144. David, P. A. (2007). Innovation and Europe’s academic institutions—second thoughts about embracing the Bayh-Dole regime. In F. Malerba & S. et Brusoni (Eds.), Perspectives on innovation (pp. 251–278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Davies, J. (2009). The English experience. In C. W. Wessner (Ed.), Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium (pp. 70–74). National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. Degroof, J.-J., & Roberts, E. (2003). Spinning-off new ventures from academic institutions in areas with weak entrepreneurial infrastructure: Insights on the impact of spin-off processes on the growth-orientation of ventures. MIT Sloan School of Management, Working Paper 4311-03. Degroof, J.-J., & Roberts, E. (2004). Overcoming weak entrepreneurial infrastructures for academic spin-off ventures. MIT, Industrial Performance Center, Working Paper Series, MIT-IPC-04-005. Druilhe, C., & Garnsey, E. (2004). Do academic spin-outs differ and does it matter? Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 269–285. European Trend Chart on Innovation. (2002). The changing role as public support to academic spin-offs, Policy Benchmarking Workshop, February 19–20, 2002, European Commission, Enterprise Directorate-General Innovation/SMEs Programme. Fan, Y. (2002). The national image of global brands. Brand Management, 9(3), 180–192. Ferguson, R., & Olofsson, C. (2004). Science parks and the development of NTBFs. Location, survival and growth. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 5–17. Fini, R., Grimaldi, R., & Sobrero, M. (2009). Factors fostering academics to start up new ventures: An assessment of Italian founders’incentives. Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(4), 380–402. Franklin, S. J., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2001). Academic and surrogate entrepreneurs in university spin-out companies. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26(1–2), 127–141. Goktepe, D., Etzkowitz, H. (2005). Towards an assisted linear model of innovation: An exploratory study of technology transfer offices in the USA. Paper presented at the conference: TripleHelix5, the capitalization of knowledge: Cognitive, economic, social & cultural aspects, May 18–21. Gupte, M. (2007). Success of university spin-offs. Network activities and moderating effects of internal communication and adhocracy. Kiel: Deutscher Universitats-Verlag. Hackett, S. M., & Dilts, D. M. (2004a). A real options-driven theory of business incubation. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 41–54. Hackett, S. M., & Dilts, D. M. (2004b). A systematic review of business incubation research. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(1), 55–82. Harrison, R. T., & Leitch, C. M. (2007). Dynamics of university spin-out companies: Entrepreneurial ventures or technology lifestyle businesses? In B. Clarysse, J. Roure, & T. Schamp (Eds.), Entrepreneurship and the financial community. Starting up and growing new businesses. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Kohli, C., & LaBahn, D. W. (1997). Observations: Creating effective brand names: A study of the naming process. Journal of Advertising Research, 37(1), 67–75. Landry, R., Amara, N., & Rherrad, I. (2006). Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities. Research Policy, 35(10), 1599–1615. Link, A. N. (2009). The evaluation challenge. In C. W. Wessner (Ed.), Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium (pp. 117–120). National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. Link, A. N., & Link, K. R. (2003). On the growth of US science parks. Journal of Technology Transfer, 28(1), 81–85. Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2003). US science parks: The diffusion of an innovation and its effects on the academic missions of universities. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21(9), 1323–1356. Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2006). US university research parks. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 25(1–2), 43–55. Link, A. N., & Scott, J. T. (2007). The economics of university research parks. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 23(4), 661–674. Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., Ensley, M. (2005). The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research Policy, 34(7), 981–993. Lockett, A., Wright, M., & Franklin, S. (2003). Technology transfer and universities’spin-out strategies. Small Business Economics, 20(2), 185–200. McDougall, P., & Oviatt, B. (1996). New venture internationalization, strategic change and performance: A follow-up study. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(1), 23–40. McMahan, R. (2009). The role of SBIR and state awards. In C. W. Wessner (Ed.), Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium (pp. 114–117). National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. Mian, S. A. (1996). Assessing value-added contributions of university technology business incubators to tenant firms. Research Policy, 25(3), 325–335. Moray, N., & Clarysse, B. (2005). Institutional change and resource endowments to science-based entrepreneurial firms. Research Policy, 34(7), 1010–1027. Mowery, D. C., & Sampat, B. N. (2005). Universities in national innovation systems. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, & R. R. et Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of innovation (pp. 209–239). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Murray, F. (2004). The role as academic inventors in entrepreneurial firms: Sharing the laboratory life. Research Policy, 33(4), 643–659. Mustar, P. (1997). Spin-off enterprises. How French academics create hi-tech companies: The conditions for success or failure. Science and Public Policy, 24(1), 37–43. Mustar, P., Renault, M., Colombo, M., Piva, E., Fontes, M., Lockett, A., et al. (2006). Conceptualising the heterogeneity of research-based spin-offs: A multi-dimensional taxonomy. Research Policy, 35(2), 289–308. O’Shea, R. P., Allen, T. J., Chevalier, A., & Roche, F. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation, technology transfer and spinoff performance of US universities. Research Policy, 34(7), 994–1009. O’Sullivan, M. (2005). Finance and innovation. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, & R. R. et Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of innovation (pp. 240–265). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Parry, M., & Russell, P. (Eds.). (2000). The planning, development and operation of science parks. UKSPA, Birmingham: The United Kingdom Science Park Association (UKSPA). Pérez Pérez, M., & Sànchez, A. M. (2003). The development of university spin-offs: Early dynamics of technology transfer and networking. Technovation, 23(10), 823–831. Phan, P. H. (2009). Importance of the right metrics. In C. W. Wessner (Ed.), Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium (p. 67). National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. Piccaluga, A., & Balderi, C. (2006a). Consistenza ed Evoluzione delle Imprese Spin-off della Ricerca Pubblica in Italia. Finlombarda: IN-SAT Lab. Piccaluga, A., & Balderi, C. (2006b). La Valorizzazione della Ricerca nelle Università Italiane. Quarto Rapporto Annuale. NetVal, CRUI, ProTon Europe. Piedmont Region. (2004). DOCUP Piemonte. Piedmont Regional Council. (2006). Sistema regionale piemontese per la ricerca e l’innovazione. Linee generali di intervento (L.R. n. 4/2006, art. 4), Piedmont Region. Pirnay, F., Surlemont, B., & Nlemvo, F. (2003). Toward a typology of university spin-offs. Small Business Economics, 21(4), 355–369. Powers, J. B., & McDougall, P. (2005). Policy orientation effects on performance with licensing to start-ups and small companies. Research Policy, 34(7), 1028–1042. ProInnoEurope. (2006). European innovation scoreboard 2006. Comparative analysis of innovation performance. MERIT and Joint Research Centre. Roberts, E. (1991). High stakes for high-tech entrepreneurs: Understanding venture capital decision making. Sloan Management Review, 32(2), 9–20. Rothaermel, F. T., & Thursby, M. (2005). Incubator firm failure or graduation? The role as university linkages. Research Policy, 34(7), 1076–1090. Rowe, D. (2002). Science parks in the United Kingdom today and tomorrow. APTE conference proceedings. Sancin, P. (Ed.). (1999). R&S, innovazione tecnologica e sviluppo del territorio: il ruolo dei parchi scientifici. Trieste: Area SciencePark. Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, M. (2009). Beyond incubation: An analysis of firm survival and exit dynamics in the post-graduation period. Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(4), 403–421. Serazzi, G. (2005). University incubators. Journal of the Politecnico di Milano, (9), 18–31. Shane, S. (2004). Academic entrepreneurship. University spinoffs and wealth creation. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Shane, S., & Stuart, T. (2002). Organizational endowments and the performance of university start-ups. Management Science, 48(1), 154–170. Siegel, D. S., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2003). Assessing the impact of science parks on the research productivity of firms: Exploratory evidence from the United Kingdom. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 21(9), 1335–1369. Siegel, D. S., Wright, M., & Lockett, A. (2007). The rise of entrepreneurial activity at universities: Organizational and societal implications. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 489–504. Sofouli, E., & Vonortas, N. S. (2007). S&T parks and business incubators in middle-sized countries: The case of Greece. Journal of Technology Transfer, 32(5), 525–544. Squicciarini, M. (2008). Science parks’tenants versus out-of-park firms: Who innovates more? A duration model. Journal of Technology Transfer, 33(1), 45–71. Stuart, T. E., Ozdemir, S. Z., & Ding, W. W. (2007). Vertical alliance networks: The case of university-biotechnology-pharmaceutical alliance chains. Research Policy, 36(4), 477–498. Thursby, J., & Thursby, M. (2002). Who is selling the ivory tower? Sources of growth in university licensing. Management Science, 48(1), 90–104. Verspagen, B. (2006). University research, intellectual property rights and european innovation systems. DIME Working Paper n. 2, Eindhoven Centre for Innovation Studies. Wessner, C. W. (Ed.). (2009). Understanding research, science and technology parks: Global best practice: Report of a symposium. National Research Council of the National Academies, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12546.html. Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004a). Entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 235–246. Wright, M., Clarysse, B., Mustar, P., & Lockett, A. (2007). Academic entrepreneurship in Europe. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Wright, M., Vohora, A., & Lockett, A. (2004b). The formation of high-tech university spinouts: The role as joint ventures and venture capital investors. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 287–310. Zhang, J. (2009). The performance of university spin-offs: An exploratory analysis using venture capital data. Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(3), 255–285.