Are higher unintended pregnancy rates among minorities a result of disparate access to contraception?
Tóm tắt
Unintended pregnancy is a major global issue. Women who experience an unintended pregnancy have a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Additionally, these women also experience substantial financial hardships. Many women, particularly women of color, do not have adequate access to reliable and affordable contraception resulting in major health disparities among this group. This review explores the relationship between unintended pregnancy and inadequate access to contraception and is divided into 5 sections: addressing problems associated with unintended pregnancies, unintended pregnancy rate in the US, disparities of unintended pregnancy rates and access to care, addressing potential solutions, and finally conclusions.
unintended pregnancy, healthcare disparities, contraception, access to care.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Brown SS, Eisenberg L, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Unintended Pregnancy. The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1995. ix, 380 p. p.
Finer LB, Zolna MR. New England journal of medicine 2016; 374:843-852 March 3, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1506575.
Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G. Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(4):e380–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30029-9.
Haider S, Stoffel C, Donenberg G, Geller S. Reproductive health disparities: a focus on family planning and prevention among minority women and adolescents. Glob Adv Health Med: Improving Healthc Outcomes Worldwide. 2013;2(5):94–9 PubMed PMID: 24416701. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3833575.
Census Bureau US. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States. In: Current population reports Consumer income P60. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census.
Browne SP, LaLumia S. The effects of contraception on female poverty. J Policy Anal Manage: [the J Assoc Public Policy Anal Manage]. 2014;33(3):602–22 Summer. PubMed PMID: 24988652.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020 topics and objectives Washington, DC.2010 [March 14, 2016]. Available from: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectivelist.aspx?topicid=13.
Mosher WD, Jones J, Abma JC. Intended and unintended births in the United States: 1982-2010. Natl Health Stat Rep. 2012;24(55):1–28 PubMed PMID: 23115878.
Kim TY, Dagher RK, Chen J. Racial/ethnic differences in unintended pregnancy: evidence from a national sample of U.S. women. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(4):427–35.
Wilder V, Bromfield G, de Fiebre G, Prine L. Disparities in contraceptive care. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014;25(2):451–9 PubMed PMID: 24858860.
Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2003. xvi, 764 p.
Dehlendorf C, Rodriguez MI, Levy K, Borrero S, Steinauer J. Disparities in family planning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):214–20 PubMed PMID: 20207237. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2835625.
Ayoola AB, Zandee GL, Johnson E, Pennings K. Contraceptive use among low-income women living in medically underserved neighborhoods. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43(4):455–64 PubMed PMID: 24958447.
Casey F, Gomez-Lobo V. Disparities in contraceptive access and provision. Semin Reprod Med. 2013;31(5):347–59 PubMed PMID: 23934695.
Borrero S, Schwarz EB, Creinin M, Ibrahim S. The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States. J Women's Health. 2009;18(1):91–6 PubMed PMID: 19072728. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2743980.
Kossler K, Kuroki LM, Allsworth JE, Secura GM, Roehl KA, Peipert JF. Perceived racial, socioeconomic and gender discrimination and its impact on contraceptive choice. Contraception. 2011;84(3):273–9 PubMed PMID: 21843693. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3539813.
Parks C, Peipert JF. Eliminating health disparities in unintended pregnancy with long-acting reversible contraception (LARC). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(6):681–8.
Secura GM, Allsworth JE, Madden T, Mullersman JL, Peipert JF. The contraceptive CHOICE project: reducing barriers to long-acting reversible contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(2):115 e1–7 PubMed PMID: 20541171. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2910826.
McNicholas C, Madden T, Secura G, Peipert JF. The contraceptive CHOICE project round up: what we did and what we learned. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):635–43 PubMed PMID: 25286295. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4216614.
Trussell J, Henry N, Hassan F, Prezioso A, Law A, Filonenko A. Burden of unintended pregnancy in the United States: potential savings with increased use of long-acting reversible contraception. Contraception. 2013;87(2):154–61 PubMed PMID: 22959904. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3659779.
Farkas AH, Vanderberg R, Sucato GS, Miller E, Akers AY, Borrero S. Racial and ethnic differences in young men's sex and contraceptive education. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(4):464–7 PubMed PMID: 25797633. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4371132.
Frost JJ, Lindberg LD, Finer LB. Young adults' contraceptive knowledge, norms and attitudes: associations with risk of unintended pregnancy. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2012;44(2):107–16 PubMed PMID: 22681426.
Warren JT, Harvey SM, Bovbjerg ML. Characteristics related to effective contraceptive use among a sample of nonurban Latinos. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;43(4):255–62.
Chandra-Mouli V, McCarraher DR, Phillips SJ, Williamson NE, Hainsworth G. Contraception for adolescents in low and middle income countries: needs, barriers, and access. Reprod Health. 2014;11(1):1 PubMed PMID: 24383405. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3882494.
Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, Cordero JF, Atrash HK, Parker CS, et al. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care--United States. A report of the CDC/atsdr preconception care work group and the select panel on preconception care. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-6):1–23 PubMed PMID: 16617292.
Family Planning: Strategy overview. Gates Foundation 2020. Retrieved from www.gatesfoundation.org.
Committee Opinion No. 654: Reproductive life Planning to reduce unintended pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2016;127(2):e66–9. PubMed PMID: 26942389.
Bellanca HK, Hunter MS. ONE KEY QUESTION(R): preventive reproductive health is part of high quality primary care. Contraception. 2013;88(1):3–6 PubMed PMID: 23773527.
Gavin L, Moskosky S, Carter M, Curtis K, Glass E, Godfrey E, et al. Providing quality family planning services: recommendations of CDC and the U.S. office of population affairs. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-04):1–54 PubMed PMID: 24759690.
Devine KS. The underutilization of emergency contraception. Am J Nurs. 2012;112(4):44–50 quiz 1-2. PubMed PMID: 22421320.
Shoupe D. LARC methods: entering a new age of contraception and reproductive health. Contracept Reprod Med. 2016;2(4).
Charyeva Z, Oguntunde O, Orobaton N, Otolorin E, Inuwa F, Alalade O, et al. Task shifting provision of contraceptive implants to community health extension workers: results of operations research in northern Nigeria. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2015;3(3):382–94 PubMed PMID: 26374800. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4570013.
Asnake M, Henry EG, Tilahun Y, Oliveras E. Addressing unmet need for long-acting family planning in Ethiopia: uptake of single-rod progestogen contraceptive implants (Implanon) and characteristics of users. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2013;123(Suppl 1):e29–32 PubMed PMID: 24035007.
HHS.gov. (2019). Funding History. Available at: https://www.hhs.gov/opa/title-x-family-planning/about-title-x-grants/funding-history/index.html.
Planned Parenthood Action Fund. Title X: Affordable Birth Control and Reproductive Health Care. Retrieved from http://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/issues/health-care-equity/title-x.