Are emergency care nurses prepared for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive incidents?

Adini, 2006, Assessing levels of hospital emergency preparedness, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 21, 451, 10.1017/S1049023X00004192 Alexander, 2005, Towards the development of a standard in emergency planning, Disaster Prevention and Management, 14, 158, 10.1108/09653560510595164 Anathallee, 2007, Emergency Departments (EDs) in the United Kingdom (UK) are not prepared for emerging biological threats and bioterrorism, Journal of Infection, 54, 12, 10.1016/j.jinf.2006.03.034 Auf der Heide, 2006, The importance of evidence-based disaster planning, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 47, 34, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.05.009 Bloom, B.S., 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain. David McKay, Co. Inc., New York. Cabinet Office, 2004. Civil Contingencies Act 2004: A Short Guide (Revised). Civil Contingencies Secretariat. <http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/ccact-shortguide.pdf> (accessed 20.04.11). Carley, S., Mackway-Jones, K., 2005. Major Incident Medical Management and Support: The Practical Approach in the Hospital. MIMMS, Advanced Life Support Group. Blackwell Publishing. Chapman, 2008, Are nurses ready? Disaster preparedness in the acute setting, Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 11, 135, 10.1016/j.aenj.2008.04.002 De Ceballos, 2005, 11 March 2004: the terrorist bomb explodes in Madrid, Spain – an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital, Critical Care, 9, 104, 10.1186/cc2995 Department of Health, 2009. The Operating Framework for the NHS in England 2010/2011. <http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/@sta/@perf/documents/digitalasset/dh_110159.pdf> (accessed 21.04.11). Department of Health, Emergency Preparedness Division, 2005. The NHS Emergency Planning Guidance. <http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digital/assets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4121236.pdf> (accessed 14.04.11). Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Northern Ireland, 2009. A Manual for Accident and Emergency Departments Northern Ireland. Health Protection Branch, DHSSPS NI. Duan, 2006, Selecting and applying taxonomies for learning outcomes: a nursing example, International Journal of Nursing Education, 3, 1 Edkins, 2005, Management of chemically contaminated bodies, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98, 141, 10.1177/014107680509800402 Field, A., 2005. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Introducing Statistical Methods Series), second ed. Sage Publications Inc., California. Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Nachmias, D., 2008. Research Methods in the Social Sciences, seventh ed. Worth Publishers, New York, USA. Heptonstall, J., Gent, N., 2008. CBRN Incidents: Clinical Management & Health Protection. Health Protection Agency, London (Version 4, November 2006). Home Office, 2010. The United Kingdom’s Strategy For Countering Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Terrorism. HM Government. <http://www.ambulancehart.org.uk/site_content_files/files/cbrn_strategy.pdf> (accessed 13.04.11). Hsu, 2006, Healthcare competencies for disaster training, BMC Medical Education, 6, 1 Lavery, 2005, Clinical review: communication and logistics in the response to the 1998 terrorist bombing in Omagh, Northern Ireland, Critical Care, 9, 401, 10.1186/cc3502 Leiba, 2006, Lessons learned from clinical anthrax drills: evaluation of knowledge and preparedness for a bioterrorist threat in Israeli emergency departments, Annals of Emergency Medicine, 48, 194, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.12.006 Likert, 1932, A technique for the measurement of attitudes, Archives of Psychology, 22, 1 Linney, 2010, The identification of competencies for an NHS response to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNe) emergencies, International Emergency Nursing, 19, 96, 10.1016/j.ienj.2010.04.001 Luther, 2006, Issues associated in chemical, biological and radiological emergency department response preparedness, Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 9, 79, 10.1016/j.aenj.2006.03.007 Mitani, 2003, Nursing in sudden-onset disasters: factors and information that affect participation, Prehospital Disaster Medicine, 18, 359, 10.1017/S1049023X00001321 Murray, 2006, Disaster health education and training: a pilot questionnaire to understand current status, Prehospital Disaster Medicine, 21, 156, 10.1017/S1049023X00003629 Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition, 2003. Educational competencies for registered nurses responding to mass casualty incidents. In: International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education. NEPEC. <http://www.nursing.vanderbilt.edu/incmce/competencies.html> (accessed 21.04.11). Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, 2005. The Northern Ireland Civil Contingencies Framework. Central Emergency Planning Unit, Northern Ireland. Okumura, 1998, The Tokyo subway sarin attack: disaster management. Part 1: community emergency response, Academic Emergency Medicine, 5, 613, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02470.x Parahoo, K., 2006. Nursing Research, Principles, Process and Issues, second ed. Macmillan, Palgrave. Potter, 2000, The Omagh bombing – a medical perspective, Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 146, 18, 10.1136/jramc-146-01-04 Security Service MI5, 2011. Current Threat Level. <http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/threat-levels.html> (accessed 13.04.11). Slepski, 2007, Emergency preparedness and professional competency among health care providers during hurricanes Katrina and Rita: pilot study results, Disaster Management & Response, 5, 99, 10.1016/j.dmr.2007.08.001 Vinson, 2007, Managing bioterrorism mass casualties in an emergency department: lessons learned from a rural community hospital disaster drill, Disaster Management & Response, 5, 18, 10.1016/j.dmr.2006.11.003 Vogt, B.M., Sorensen, J.H., 2002. How Clean Is Safe? Improving the Effectiveness of Decontamination of Structures and People Following Chemical and Biological Incidents. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Tennessee. Waeckerle, J.A., 2004. Emergency departments: the Achilles heel of domestic preparedness. In: Paper Presentation at the Future of Emergency Care Conference. Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC (February 2–4). Wynd, 2003, Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25, 508, 10.1177/0193945903252998