Are Sexual Desire and Sociosexual Orientation Related to Men’s Salivary Steroid Hormones?
Tóm tắt
Although it is widely assumed that men’s sexual desire and interest in casual sex (i.e., sociosexual orientation) are linked to steroid hormone levels, evidence for such associations is mixed. We tested for both longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between salivary testosterone, cortisol, reported sexual desire and sociosexuality in a sample of 61 young adult men, each of whom was tested weekly on up to five occasions. Longitudinal analyses showed no clear relationships between steroid hormones and self-reported sexual desire or sociosexual orientation. Cross-sectional analyses showed no significant associations between average hormone levels and self-reported sexual desire. However, some aspects of sociosexuality, most notably desire for casual sex, were related to men’s average hormone levels. Men with higher average testosterone reported greater desire for casual sex, but only if they also had relatively low average cortisol levels. Our results support a Dual Hormone account of men’s sociosexuality, in which the combined effects of testosterone and cortisol predict the extent of men’s interest in casual sex. However, we did not detect compelling evidence for an association of within-subject hormone shifts and sexual desire or sociosexual orientation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arslan, R. C., Schilling, K. M., Gerlach, T. M., & Penke, L. (2020). Using 26 thousand diary entries to show ovulatory changes in sexual desire and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000208.
Barr, D. J. (2013). Random effects structure for testing interactions in linear mixed-effects models. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00328.
Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version, 1.1–13.
Cote, K. A., McCormick, C. M., Geniole, S. N., Renn, R. P., & MacAulay, S. D. (2013). Sleep deprivation lowers reactive aggression and testosterone in men. Biological Psychology, 92, 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.011.
Cunningham, G. R., Stephens-Shields, A. J., Rosen, R. C., Wang, C., Bhasin, S., Matsumoto, A. M., & Cella, D. (2016). Testosterone treatment and sexual function in older men with low testosterone levels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101, 3096–3104. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1645
DeBruine, L. M. (2019). Experimentum: Beta release 1 (Version v.0.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2634356.
Edelstein, R. S., Chopik, W. J., & Kean, E. L. (2011). Sociosexuality moderates the association between testosterone and relationship status in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 60, 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.007.
Escasa, M. J., Casey, J. F., & Gray, P. B. (2011). Salivary testosterone levels in men at a US sex club. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 921–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9711-3.
Geniole, S. N., Bird, B. M., Ruddick, E. L., & Carré, J. M. (2017). Effects of competition outcome on testosterone concentrations in humans: An updated meta-analysis. Hormones and Behavior, 92, 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.10.002.
Gettler, L. T., Kuo, P. X., Rosenbaum, S., Avila, J. L., McDade, T. W., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2019). Sociosexuality, testosterone, and life history status: prospective associations and longitudinal changes among men in Cebu, Philippines. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.001.
Granger, D. A., Shirtcliff, E. A., Booth, A., Kivlighan, K. T., & Schwartz, E. B. (2004). The “trouble” with salivary testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.02.005.
Grebe, N. M., Thompson, E. M., & Gangestad, S. W. (2016). Hormonal predictors of women’s extra-pair vs. in-pair sexual attraction in natural cycles: Implications for extended sexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 78, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.11.008.
Jones, B. C., Hahn, A. C., Fisher, C. I., Wang, H., Kandrik, M., & DeBruine, L. M. (2018). General sexual desire, but not desire for uncommitted sexual relationships, tracks changes in women’s hormonal status. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 88, 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.015.
Kandrik, M., Hahn, A. C., Han, C., Wincenciak, J., Fisher, C. I., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2017). Does the Interaction Between Cortisol and Testosterone Predict Men’s Facial Attractiveness? Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-017-0064-1.
Kandrik, M., Hahn, A. C., Wincenciak, J., Fisher, C. I., Pisanski, K., Feinberg, D. R., & Jones, B. C. (2016). Are men’s perceptions of sexually dimorphic vocal characteristics related to their testosterone levels? PLoS One, 11, e0166855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166855
Kordsmeyer, T. L., Hunt, J., Puts, D. A., Ostner, J., & Penke, L. (2018). The relative importance of intra-and intersexual selection on human male sexually dimorphic traits. Evolution and Human Behavior, 39, 424–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.03.008.
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2015). Package ‘lmerTest’. R package version, 2.0–33.
Lakens, D., Scheel, A. M., & Isager, P. M. (2018). Equivalence testing for psychological research: A tutorial. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1, 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918770963
Lüdecke, D. (2018). sjPlot: Data visualization for statistics in social science. R package version, 2(1).
Mehta, P. H., & Josephs, R. A. (2010). Testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance: Evidence for a dual-hormone hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 58, 898–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.020.
Mehta, P. H., & Prasad, S. (2015). The dual-hormone hypothesis: a brief review and future research agenda. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.04.008.
Papacosta, E., & Nassis, G. P. (2011). Saliva as a tool for monitoring steroid, peptide and immune markers in sport and exercise science. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 14, 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.03.004.
Penke, L., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Beyond global sociosexual orientations: a more differentiated look at sociosexuality and its effects on courtship and romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1113–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1113.
Petering, R. C., & Brooks, N. A. (2017). Testosterone therapy: review of clinical applications. American Family Physician, 96, 441–449.
Prasad, S., Lassetter, B., Welker, K. M., & Mehta, P. H. (2019). Unstable correspondence between salivary testosterone measured with enzyme immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 109, 104373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104373.
Puts, D. A., Pope, L. E., Hill, A. K., Cárdenas, R. A., Welling, L. L., Wheatley, J. R., & Breedlove, S. M. (2015). Fulfilling desire: Evidence for negative feedback between men’s testosterone, sociosexual psychology, and sexual partner number. Hormones and Behavior, 70, 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.01.006.
Raisanen, J. C., Chadwick, S. B., Michalak, N., & van Anders, S. M. (2018). Average associations between sexual desire, testosterone, and stress in women and men over time. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1613–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1231-6.
R Core Team (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/.
Roney, J. R. (2018). Functional roles of gonadal hormones in human pair bonding and sexuality. In O. C. Schultheiss & P. H. Mehta (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Social Neuroendocrinology (pp. 239–255). New York: Routledge.
Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., & Simmons, Z. L. (2009). Rapid endocrine responses of young men to social interactions with young women. Hormones and Behavior, 52, 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.05.008.
Roney, J. R., & Simmons, Z. L. (2013). Hormonal predictors of sexual motivation in natural menstrual cycles. Hormones and Behavior, 63, 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.013.
Roney, J. R., & Simmons, Z. L. (2016). Within-cycle fluctuations in progesterone negatively predict changes in both in-pair and extra-pair desire among partnered women. Hormones and Behavior, 81, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.03.008.
Sarkar, A., Mehta, P. H., & Josephs, R. A. (2019). The dual-hormone approach to dominance and status-seeking. In O.C. Schultheiss and P.H. Mehta (Eds.). The International Handbook of Social Neuroendocrinology. Abingdon: Routledge Press.
Schultheiss, O. C., Dlugash, G., & Mehta, P. H. (2019). Hormone measurement in social neuroendocrinology: A comparison of immunoassay and mass spectrometry methods. In O. C. Schultheiss & P. H. Mehta (Eds.), The International Handbook of Social Neuroendocrinology. Abingdon: Routledge Press.
Shirazi, T. N., Jones, B. C., Roney, J. R., DeBruine, L. M., & Puts, D. A. (2019a). Conception risk affects in-pair and extrapair desire similarly: a comment on Shimoda et al. (2018). Behavioral Ecology, 4, e6-e7. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz056.
Shirazi, T. N., Self, H., Dawood, K., Rosenfield, K. A., Penke, L., Carré, J. M., … Puts, D. A. (2019b). Hormonal predictors of women’s sexual motivation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40, 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.02.002.
Spector, I. P., Carey, M. P., & Steinberg, L. (1996). The Sexual Desire Inventory: Development, factor structure, and evidence of reliability. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 22, 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239608414655.
Stanton, S. J., Mullette-Gillman, O. A., & Huettel, S. A. (2011). Seasonal variation of salivary testosterone in men, normally cycling women, and women using hormonal contraceptives. Physiology & Behavior, 104, 804–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.009.
van Anders, S. M. (2012). Testosterone and sexual desire in healthy women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1471–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9946-2.
van Anders, S. M., & Dunn, E. J. (2009). Are gonadal steroids linked with orgasm perceptions and sexual assertiveness in women and men? Hormones and Behavior, 56, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.04.007.
van Anders, S. M., Hamilton, L. D., & Watson, N. V. (2007). Multiple partners are associated with higher testosterone in North American men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 51, 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.002.
Welker, K. M., Lassetter, B., Brandes, C. M., Prasad, S., Koop, D. R., & Mehta, P. H. (2016). A comparison of salivary testosterone measurement using immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71, 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.022.