Archaeological records indicate a complex history of Pleistocene hunter-gatherer societies in Arabia

Amirkhanov, 2019, Early Pleistocene cave site of Al-Guza (layers K-N): the oldest Paleolithic site on the Arabian Peninsula, Eurasian Prehistory, 14, 23 Armitage, 2011, The Southern Route “Out of Africa”: evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia, Science, 331, 453, 10.1126/science.1199113 Atkinson, 2013, Late Quaternary humidity and aridity dynamics in the northeast Rub’ al-Khali, United Arab Emirates: implications for early human dispersal and occupation of eastern Arabia, Quaternary International, 300, 292, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.014 Bailey, 2015, Blue Arabia: Palaeolithic and underwater survey in SW Saudi Arabia and the role of coasts in Pleistocene dispersals, Quaternary International, 382, 42, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.002 Bailey, 2007, Coastlines, submerged landscapes, and human evolution: the Red Sea Basin and the Farasan Islands, Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 2, 127, 10.1080/15564890701623449 Beshkani, 2017, The first evidence of Middle Palaeolithic Nubian technology in north-central Oman, Antiquity Project Gallery, 91, p. E1 Beshkani, 2017, Large Kombewa flake production in north Oman, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 28, 125, 10.1111/aae.12101 Biagi, 1994, An Early Palaeolithic site near Saiwan (Sultanate of Oman), Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 5, 81, 10.1111/j.1600-0471.1994.tb00058.x Blinkhorn, 2021, Directional changes in Levallois core technologies between Eastern Africa, Arabia, and the Levant during MIS 5, Scientific Reports, 11, 10.1038/s41598-021-90744-z Bonilauri, 2015, Occupation during the Lower and Middle/Late Palaeolithic period in the Sufrat Valley (Adam region, Sultanate of Oman), Proceedings of the Seminar of Arabian Studies, 45, 1 Breeze, 2016, Palaeohydrological corridors for hominin dispersals in the Middle East ∼250-70,000 years ago, Quaternary Science Reviews, 144, 155, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.012 Bretzke, 2020, The Palaeolithic record from the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Bretzke, 2018, Filling in the gap – The Acheulean site Suhailah 1 from the central region of the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE, Quaternary International, 466, 23, 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.09.053 Bretzke, 2020, On the diversity of the Paleolithic record and patterns of Pleistocene paleoenvironmental conditions in Southeast Arabia, Paleorient, 46, 15, 10.4000/paleorient.281 Bretzke, 2022, Multiple phases of human occupation in Southeast Arabia between 210,000 and 120,000 years ago, Scientific Reports, 12, 1600, 10.1038/s41598-022-05617-w Burns, 2001, Speleothem evidence from Oman for continental pluvial events during interglacial periods, Geology, 29, 623, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0623:SEFOFC>2.0.CO;2 Burns, 1998, Speleothem-based paleoclimate record from northern Oman, Geology, 26, 499, 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0499:SBPRFN>2.3.CO;2 Caton-Thompson, 1954, Some Palaeoliths from South Arabia, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 19, 189, 10.1017/S0079497X00017953 Caton-Thompson, 1939, Climate, irrigation, and Early Man in the Hadramaut, The Geographical Journal, 93, 18, 10.2307/1787159 Charpentier, 2013, Back to Fasad and the PPNB controversy. Questioning a Levantine origin for Arabian Early Holocene projectile points technology, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 24, 28, 10.1111/aae.12011 Clemens, 1991, Forcing mechanisms of the Indian Ocean monsoon, Nature, 353, 720, 10.1038/353720a0 Crassard, 2013, A Nubian complex site from Central Arabia: implications for Levallois taxonomy and human dispersals during the Upper Pleistocene, PLoS ONE, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069221 Crassard, 2017, Dispersals, connectivity and indigeneity in Arabian prehistory Crassard, 2013, Middle Palaeolithic and Neolithic occupations around Mundafan Palaeolake, Saudi Arabia: Implications for climate change and human dispersals, PLOS ONE, 8, e69665, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069665 Crassard, 2019, Middle Palaeolithic occupations in central Saudi Arabia during MIS 5 and MIS 7: new insights on the origins of the peopling of Arabia, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11, 3101, 10.1007/s12520-018-0743-2 Cremaschi, 2002, The Frankincense of Sumhuram: palaeoenvironmental and prehistorical background Cremaschi, 2005, Evidence for an abrupt climatic change at 8700 14C yr B.P. in Rockshelters and Caves of Gebel Qara (Dhofar-Oman): palaeoenvironmental implications, Geoarchaeology, 20, 559, 10.1002/gea.20068 Cremaschi, 2015, Early-Middle Holocene environmental changes and pre-Neolithic human occupations as recorded in the cavities of Jebel Qara (Dhofar, southern Sultanate of Oman), Quaternary International, 382, 264, 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.058 Delagnes, 2013, Cultural and human dynamics in southern Arabia at the end of the Middle Paleolithic, Quaternary International, 300, 234, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.012 Delagnes, 2012, Inland human settlement in southern Arabia 55,000 years ago. New evidence from the Wadi Surdud Middle Paleolithic site complex, western Yemen, Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 452, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.008 Edens, 2001, A bladelet industry in southwestern Saudi Arabia, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 12, 137, 10.1034/j.1600-0471.2001.d01-1.x Edgell, 2006 Faure, 2002, The coastal oasis: ice age springs on emerged continental shelves, Global and Planetary Change, 33, 47, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00060-7 Feulner, 1998, Wadi Fish of the UAE, Tribulus, 8, 16 Garrard, 2013 Groucutt, 2012, The prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula: Deserts, dispersals, and demography, Evolutionary Anthropology, 21, 113, 10.1002/evan.21308 Groucutt, 2015, Human occupation of the Arabian Empty Quarter during MIS 5: evidence from Mundafan Al-Buhayrah, Saudi Arabia, Quaternary Science Reviews, 119, 116, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.020 Groucutt, 2016, The Middle Palaeolithic of the Nejd, Saudi Arabia, Journal of Field Archaeology, 41, 1, 10.1080/00934690.2016.1156928 Groucutt, 2018, Homo sapiens in Arabia by 85,000 years ago, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 800, 10.1038/s41559-018-0518-2 Groucutt, 2021, Multiple hominin dispersals into Southwest Asia over the past 400,000 years, Nature, 597, 376, 10.1038/s41586-021-03863-y Hilbert, 2013, Khamseen rock shelter and the Late Palaeolithic-Neolithic transition in Dhofar, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 24, 51, 10.1111/aae.12018 Hilbert, 2012, Late Palaeolithic core reduction strategies in Dhofar, Oman, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 42, 1 Hilbert, 2015, Archaeological evidence for indigenous human occupation of Southern Arabia at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition: the case of al-Hatab in Dhofar, Southern Oman, Paléorient, 41, 31, 10.3406/paleo.2015.5674 Hilbert, 2014, Epipalaeolithic occupation and palaeoenvironments of the southern Nefud desert, Saudi Arabia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene, Journal of Archaeological Science, 50, 460, 10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.023 Inglis, 2014, Investigating the Palaeolithic landscapes and archaeology of the Jizan and Asir regions, south-western Saudi Arabia, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 44, 193 Inizan, 1978, Première mission archéologique française au Qatar, Paléorient, 4, 347, 10.3406/paleo.1978.4237 Inizan, 1987, Préhistoire dans la région de Shabwa au Yemen du Sud (R.D.P. Yemen), Paléorient, 13, 5, 10.3406/paleo.1987.4414 Jagher, 2011, Central Oman Palaeolithic Survey Report 2007 Season, Journal of Oman Studies, 17, 15 Jennings, 2016, Human occupation of the northern Arabian interior during early Marine Isotope Stage 3, Journal of Quaternary Science, 31, e2920, 10.1002/jqs.2920 Kapel, 1967 McBrearty, 1993, Lithic artifacts from Abu Dhabi's western region, Tribulus: Bulletin of the Emirates Natural History Group, 3, 13 McBrearty, 1999, Earliest stone tools from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates McClure, 1994, A new Arabian stone tool assemblage and notes on the Aterian industry of North Africa, Arabian archaeology and epigraphy, 5, 1, 10.1111/j.1600-0471.1994.tb00052.x Mellars, 2006, Going east: new genetic and archaeological perspectives on the modern human colonization of Eurasia, Science, 313, 796, 10.1126/science.1128402 Menocal, 1995, Plio-Pleistocene African Climate, Science, 270, 53, 10.1126/science.270.5233.53 Nicholson, 2021, Beyond arrows on a map: the dynamics of Homo sapiens dispersal and occupation of Arabia during Marine Isotope Stage 5, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62, 101269, 10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101269 Nicholson, 2021, The stalagmite record of Southern Arabia: climatic extremes, human evolution and societal development, Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 10.3389/feart.2021.749488 Parker, 2009, Pleistocene climate change in Arabia Parkington, 2001, Milestones: the impact of systematic exploitation of marine foods on human evolution Parton, 2015, Alluvial fan records from southeast Arabia reveal multiple windows for human dispersal, Geology, 43, 295, 10.1130/G36401.1 Patzelt, 2014, Studies in the flora of Arabia: XXXI. New records from the Sultanat of Oman, Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 71, 161, 10.1017/S0960428614000067 Petraglia, 2003, The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: Occupations, Adaptations, and Dispersals, Journal of World Prehistory, 17, 141, 10.1023/A:1025849206519 Petraglia, 2003, The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals, Antiquity, 77, 671, 10.1017/S0003598X00061639 Petraglia, 2012, Hominin Dispersal into the Nefud Desert and Middle Palaeolithic Settlement along the Jubbah Palaeolake, Northern Arabia, PLoS ONE, 7, e49840, 10.1371/journal.pone.0049840 Petraglia, 2019, Blue Arabia, Green Arabia: examining human colonisation and dispersal models, 675 Roberts, 2018, Fossil herbivore stable isotopes reveal middle Pleistocene hominin palaeoenvironment in ‘Green Arabia’, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 1871, 10.1038/s41559-018-0698-9 Rose, 2006 2019 Rose, 2019, 30,000-year-old geometric microliths reveal glacial refugium in Dhofar, Southern Oman, Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, 2, 338, 10.1007/s41982-019-00027-3 Rose et al., 2018. Rose, 2011, The Nubian Complex of Dhofar, Oman: an African Middle Stone Age industry in southern Arabia, PLoS ONE, 6, e28239, 10.1371/journal.pone.0028239 Rosenberg, 2012, Late Pleistocene palaeolake in the interior of Oman: a potential key area for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out-of-Africa?, Journal of Quaternary Science, 27, 13, 10.1002/jqs.1560 Rosenberg, 2011, Humid periods in southern Arabia: windows of opportunity for modern human dispersal, Geology, 39, 1115, 10.1130/G32281.1 Scerri, 2012, A new stone tool assemblage revisited: reconsidering the ‘Aterian’ in Arabia, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 42, 357 Scerri, 2014, Unexpected technological heterogeneity in northern Arabia indicates complex Late Pleistocene demography at the gateway to Asia, Journal of Human Evolution, 75, 125, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.07.002 Scerri, 2018, The expansion of later Acheulean hominins into the Arabian Peninsula, Scientific Reports, 8, 17165, 10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5 Scott-Jackson, 2009, Paleolithic stone tool assemblages from Sharjah and Ras al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates Scott-Jackson, 2015, Found: the Palaeolithic of Qatar (poster), Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 45, 329 Shipton, 2018, Acheulean technology and landscape use at Dawadmi, central Arabia, PLOS ONE, 13, e0200497, 10.1371/journal.pone.0200497 Sitzia, 2012, The Paleoenvironment and Lithic Taphonomy of Shi’Bat Dihya 1, a Middle Paleolithic Site in Wadi Surdud, Yemen, Geoarchaeology, 27, 471, 10.1002/gea.21419 Stringer, 2000, Coasting out of Africa, Nature, 405, 24, 10.1038/35011166 Wahida, 2009, A Middle Paleolithic Assemblage from Jebel Barakah, Coastal Abu Dhabi Emirate Whalen, 1991, Archaeological survey in Southwest Yemen 1990, Paléorient, 17, 127, 10.3406/paleo.1991.4556 Whalen, 1988, A complex of sites in the Jeddah-Wadi Fatimah area, Atlal, 11, 77 Whalen, 2002, The Lower Paleolithic in Southwestern Oman, Adumatu, 5, 27 Zarins, 2001 Zarins, 1980, Comprehensive Archaeological Survey Program: preliminary report on the Central and Southwestern Province Survey: 1979, Atlal, 4, 9