Arc Plasma Torch Modeling

Juan Pablo Trelles1, Christophe Chazelas2, Armelle Vardelle2, J. Heberlein3
1Process Technology Modeling, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA
2ENSIL, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

M. I. Boulos,,P. Fauchais, and E. Pfender, Thermal Plasmas: Fundamentals and Applications, Plenum Press, New York, 1994

H. Goedbloed and S. Poedts, Principles of Magnetohydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004

A. B. Murphy (1996) A Comparison of Treatments of Diffusion in Thermal Plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29, 1922-1932

J. D. Ramshaw and C. H. Chang (1993) Ambipolar Diffusion in Two-Temperature Multicomponent Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 13(3), 489-498

J. D. Ramshaw and C. H. Chang (1996) Multicomponent Diffusion in Two-temperature Magnetohydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. E, 53(6), 6382-6388

A. B. Murphy (1993) Diffusion in Equilibrium Mixtures of Ionized Gases, Phys. Rev. E, 48(5), 3594-3603

V. Rat, J. Aubreton, M.F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais, and A.B. Murphy, Diffusion in Two-Temperature Thermal Plasmas, Phys. Rev. E, 2002, 66, 026409 (20 pp)

E. S. Oran and J. P. Boris, Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001

T. W. Megli, H. Krier, R. L. Burton, and A. Mertogul 1996 Two-Temperature Plasma Modeling of Nitrogen/Hydrogen Arcjets, J. Propuls. Power, 12(6), 1062-1069

J.H. Park, “Three-Dimensional Nonequilibrium Numerical Modeling of Arc-Anode Attachment in Direct-Current Electric Arcs,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, 2003

K. Ragaller 1974 Investigations on Instabilities of Electric Arcs, Z. Naturforsch. 29a, 556-567

L. Niemeyer and K. Ragaller 1973 Development of Turbulence by the Interaction of Gas Flow with Plasmas, Z. Naturforsch., 28a, 1281-1289

P. Domingo and T. Benazzouz 2000 Direct Numerical Simulation and Modeling of a Nonequilibrium Turbulent Plasma, AIAA J., 38(1), 73-78

S.B. Pope (2004) Ten Questions Concerning the Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flows. New J Phys 6(35):1-24

Y. Bazilevs, V.M. Calo, J.A. Cottrell, T.J.R. Hughes, A. Reali, and G. Scovazzi (2007) Variational Multiscale Residual-Based Turbulence Modeling for Large Eddy Simulation of Incompressible Flows. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 197(1-4):173-201

V. Colombo, A. Concetti, and E. Ghedini, Time Dependent 3D Large Eddy Simulation of a DC Nontransferred Arc Plasma Spraying Torch with Particle Injections, 2007 IEEE Pulsed Power and Plasma Science Conference (PPPS), June 16-22, 2007 (Albuquerque, NM), 2007

C. Delalondre and O. Simonin (1995) Turbulence Modeling in Electric Arcs. In: P. Fauchais (eds) Heat and Mass Transfer Under Plasma Conditions. Begell House, New York, pp 1-15

B. E. Launder, D. B. Spalding (1972) Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press: London

Fluent 6.3 User’s Guide, http://www.fluent.com/ , 2008

J. Menart, J. Heberlein and E. Pfender 1999 Theoretical Radiative Transport Results for a Free-Burning Arc Using a Line-by-Line Technique, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 32, 55-63

H. Nordborg and A.A. Iordanidis, Self-consistent Radiation Based Modeling of Electric Arcs: I. Efficient Radiation Approximations, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 135205 (10 pp)

A.A. Iordanidis and C.M. Franck, Self-consistent Radiation-based Simulation of Electric Arcs: II. Application to Gas Circuit Breakers, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 135206 (9 pp)

F. Lago, J. J. Gonzalez, P. Freton and A. Gleizes 2004 A Numerical Modelling of an Electric Arc and its Interaction with the Anode: Part I. The Two-Dimensional Model, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37, 883-897

Y. Tanaka 2006 Time-Dependent Two-Temperature Chemically Non-Equilibrium Modelling of High-Power Ar-N2 Pulse-Modulated Inductively Coupled Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 39, 307-319

J.J. Lowke, E.R. Capriotti, Calculation of Temperature Profiles of High Pressure Electric Arcs Using Diffusion Approximation for Radiation Transfer, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 9 (2), 207 (1969)

J.J. Lowke 1974 Predictions of Arc Temperature Profiles Using Approximate Emission Coefficients For Radiation Losses, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 14(2), 111-122

A. Gleizes, J. J. Gonzalez, B. Liani and G. Raynal 1993 Calculation of Net Emission Coefficient of Thermal Plasmas in Mixtures of Gas with Metallic Vapour, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 26, 1921-1927

J. Menart and S. Malik 2002 Net Emission Coefficients for Argon-Iron Thermal Plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 35(9), 867-874

Riad H., Cheddadi A., Neghizadeh-Kashani Y., Gleizes A. 1999 Radiation Emission of Thermal Plasma in O2, H2O, CO2 and air, High Temp. Mater. Process., 3 (1), 25-37

Y. Naghizadeh-Kashani, Y. Cressault, A. Gleizes, Net Emission Coefficient of Air Thermal Plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2002, 35(22), p 2925-2934

R. Hannachi,, Y. Cressault, Ph. Teulet, Z. Ben Lakhdar and A Gleizes 2008 Net Emission of H2O-air-MgCl2/CaCl2/NaCl Thermal Plasmas, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 41, 205-212

A. Essoltani, P. Proulx, M. I. Boulos, A. Gleizes 1994 Effect of the Presence of Iron Vapors on the Volumetric Emission of Ar/Fe and Ar/Fe/H2 Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 14(3), 301-303

B. Pateyron and G. Delluc, Freedownload Software TTWinner, http://ttwinner.free.fr , 1986

A. Gleizes, J. J. Gonzalez and P. Freton 2005 Thermal Plasma Modelling, J. Phys D: Appl. Phys., 38(9), R153-R183

S. Chapman and S T. G.Cowling, The Mathematical Theory of Non Uniform Gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1958

J. O. Hirschfelder, C. F. Curtis and R. B. Bird, Molecular Theory of Gases and Liquids, Editorial Wiley, New York, 1964

L. Jr Spitzer and R. Harm 1953 Transport Phenomena in a Completely Ionized Gas, Phys. Rev. 89, 977-981

J. N. Butler and R. S. Brokaw 1957 Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures in Chemical Equilibrium, J. Chem. Phys. 26 1636

R. S. Devoto 1967 Transport Coefficients of Partially Ionized Argon, Phys. Fluids, 10, 354

A. B. Murphy 2001 Thermal Plasmas in Gas Mixtures, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 34, R151

M. Capitelli, R. Celiberto, C. Gorse, D. Giordano 1995 Transport Properties of High Temperature Air Components: A Review, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 16 (S1), S269-302

B. Chervy, A. Gleizes and M. Razafinimanana 1994 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport Coefficients in SF6-Cu Mixtures at Temperatures of 300-30000 K and Pressures of 0.1-1 MPa, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 27(6), 1193-1206

Y. Cressault and A. Gleizes 2004 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport Coefficients in Ar-H2-Cu Plasma, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 37, 560-72

Y. Cressault, R. Hannachi, Ph. Teulet, A. Gleizes, J.-P. Gonnet, and J.-Y. Battandier, Influence of Metallic Vapours on the Properties of Air Thermal Plasmas, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 2008, 17, 035016 (9 pp)

A. B. Murphy 1994 Transport Coefficients of Argon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon-Nitrogen, and Argon-Oxygen Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 14(4), 451-490

A. B. Murphy 2000 Transport Coefficients of Hydrogen and Argon-Hydrogen Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 20(3), 279-297

A. Murphy 1995 Transport Coefficients of Air, Argon-Air, Nitrogen-Air, and Oxygen-Air Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 15(2), 279-307

B. Pateyron, M.-F. Elchinger, G. Delluc, P. Fauchais 1992 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Ar-H2 and Ar-He Plasma Gases Used for Spraying at Atmospheric Pressure. I: Properties of the Mixtures, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 12(4), 421-448

B. Sourd, J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, M. Labrot and U. Michon 2006 High Temperature Transport Coefficients in E/C/H/N/O Mixtures, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 39, 1105-1119.

V. Rat, A.B. Murphy, J. Aubreton, M.F. Elchinger, and P. Fauchais, Treatment of Non-Equilibrium Phenomena in Thermal Plasma Flows, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 183001 (28 pp)

V. Rat, P. Andre, J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais and A. Lefort 2002 Two-Temperature Transport Coefficients in Argon-Hydrogen Plasma−Part I: Elastic Processes and Collision Integrals, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 22(4) 453-474

V. Rat, P. Andre, J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais and D. Vacher 2002 Transport Coefficients Including Diffusion in a Two-Temperature Argon Plasma, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35, 981-991,

G. J. Cliteur, K. Suzuki, Y. Tanaka, T. Sakuta, T. Matsubara, Y. Yokomizu and T. Matsumura 1999 On the Determination of the Multi-Temperature SF6 Plasma Composition, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 32, 1851-6

R. S. Devoto 1967 Simplified Expression for the Transport Properties of Ionized Monoatomic Gases, Phys. Fluids, 10, 2105-12

C. Bonnefoi, “Contribution to the Study of Methods to Solve the Boltzmann’s Equation in a Two-Temperature Plasma: Example Ar-H2 Mixture,” PhD thesis University of Limoges, France, 1983 (in French)

J. Aubreton, C. Bonnefoi and J. M. Mexmain 1986 Calculation of Thermodynamic Properties and Transport Coefficient in a Non-Equilibrium Ar-O2 Plasma, Rev. Phys. Appl., 21 365-76, in French

V. Rat, P. André, J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais and A. Lefort 2001 Transport Properties in a Two-Temperature Plasma, Phys. Rev. E, 64 26409-28

R S Devoto 1966 Transport Properties of Ionized Monoatomic Gases, Phys. Fluids, 9 1230-1240

V. Rat, P. Andre′, J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais, and A. Lefort 2002 Two-Temperature Transport Coefficients in Argon-Hydrogen Plasmas—II: Inelastic Processes and Influence of Composition, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 22 (4), 475-493

S. Ghorui, J. V. R. Heberlein and E. Pfender 2007 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Two-Temperature Oxygen Plasmas, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 27, 267-291

J. Aubreton J, M F Elchinger and P.Fauchais 1998 New Method to Calculate Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of a Multi-Temperature Plasma: Application to N2 Plasma. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 18, 1-27

J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, P. Fauchais, V. Rat and P. André 2004 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of a Ternary Ar-H2-He Mixture out of Equilibrium up to 30000 K at Atmospheric Pressure. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 37, 2232-2246

J. Aubreton, M. F. Elchinger, V. Rat and P. Fauchais 2004 Two-Temperature Transport Coefficients in Argon-Helium Thermal Plasmas. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37, 34-41

A. Aubreton, M.F. Elchinger 2003 Transport Properties in Non-Equilibrium Argon, Copper and Argon-Copper Thermal Plasmas. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 36, 1798-1805

R.N. Gupta, J.M. Yos, and R.A. Thompson, “Review of Reaction Rates and Thermodynamic Transport Properties for the 11-Species Air Model for Chemical and Thermal Nonequilibrium Calculations to 30000 K,” NASA Report 1998, TM-10-1528

S. Ghorui, J.V.R. Heberlein, E. Pfender 2008 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Two-Temperature Nitrogen-Oxygen Plasma, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 28, 553-582

V. Colombo, E. Ghedini, P. Sanibondi 2008 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties in Non-Equilibrium Argon, Oxygen and Nitrogen Thermal Plasmas, Prog. Nuclear Energy, 50, 921-933

J. J. Gonzalez, P. Freton and A. Gleizes 2002 Comparisons Between Two- and Three-Dimensional Models: Gas Injection and Arc Attachment, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 35, 3181-3191

P. Freton, J. J. Gonzalez, F. Camy Peyret and A. Gleizes 2003 Complementary Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to the Determination of the Plasma Characteristics in a Cutting Plasma Torch, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 36, 1269-1283

T. Colonius 2004 Modeling Artificial Boundary Conditions for Compressible Flow, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 315-45

J. P. Trelles, E. Pfender and J. V.R. Heberlein 2008 Thermal Non-Equilibrium Simulation of an Arc Plasma Jet, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 36(4), 1026-1027

H.-P. Li, E. Pfender and X. Chen 2003 Application of Steenbeck’s Minimum Principle for Three-Dimensional Modeling of DC Arc Plasma Torches, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 36, 1084-1096

C. Baudry, A. Vardelle, G. Mariaux, C. Delalondre, and E. Meillot, Three-Dimensional and Time-Dependent Model of the Dynamic Behavior of the Arc in a Plasma Spray Torch, Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference (Japan), 2004

C. Baudry, A. Vardelle, and G. Mariaux 2005 Numerical Modeling of a DC Non-Transferred Plasma Torch: Movement of the Arc Anode Attachment and Resulting Anode Erosion, High Temp. Plasma Process., 9, 1-15

J. P. Trelles, J. V.R. Heberlein, and E. Pfender 2007 Non-Equilibrium Modeling of Arc Plasma Torches, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 40, 5937-5952

M. A. Lieberman and A. J. Lichtenberg, Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2005

M. Tanaka, H. Terasaki, M. Ushio, and J. J. Lowke 2003 Numerical Study of a Free-Burning Argon Arc with Anode Melting, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 23(3), 108-117

H.A. Dinulescu and E. Pfender 1980 Analysis of the Anode Boundary Layer of High Intensity Arcs, J. Appl. Phys., 51, 3149-3157

H.-P. Li, J. Heberlein, and E. Pfender 2005 Three-Dimensional, Nonequilibrium Effects in a High-Intensity Blown Arc, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 33(2), 402-403

C. Chazelas, E. Moreau, G. Mariaux, and A. Vardelle 2006 Numerical Modeling of Arc Behavior in a DC Plasma Torch, High Temp. Mater. Process., 10, 393-406

E. Moreau, C. Chazelas, G. Mariaux, and A. Vardelle 2006 Modeling of the Restrike Mode Operation of a DC Plasma Spray Torch, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 15(4), 524-530

H.-P. Li and X. Chen 2001 Three-Dimensional Modelling of a DC Non-Transferred Arc Plasma Torch, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 34, L99-L102

V. Colombo and E. Ghedini, Time Dependent 3-D Simulation of a DC Non-Transferred Arc Plasma Torch: Anode Attachment and Downstream Region Effects, Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC) (Toronto, Canada), 2005, p 169-170

J. P. Trelles, E. Pfender, and J. V. R. Heberlein 2007 Modeling of the Arc Reattachment Process in Plasma Torches, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 40, 5635-5648

J. J. Gonzalez, F. Lago, P. Freton, M. Masquere and X. Franceries 2005 Numerical Modelling of an Electric Arc and its Interaction with the Anode: Part II The Three-Dimensional Model—Influence of External Forces on the Arc Column, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 38, 306-318

J. M. Park, K. S. Kim, T. H. Hwang, and S. H. Hong 2004 Three-Dimensional Modeling of Arc Root Rotation by External Magnetic Field in Non-transferred Thermal Plasma Torches, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 32(2), 479-487

J. P. Trelles, J. V.R. Heberlein, and E. Pfender 2008 The Reattachment Process in Non-Equilibrium Arc Simulations, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 36(4), 1024-1025

M. S. Benilov and A. Marotta 1995 A Model of the Cathode Region of Atmospheric Pressure Arc, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 28, 1869-1882

K. Etemadi, G. Y. Zhao and J. Mostaghimi 1989 Impact of Cathode Evaporation on a Free-Burning Arc, J. Phys. D.: Appl. Phys., 22, 1692-1696

M. S. Benilov, M. Carpaij, and M. D. Cunha 2006 3D Modelling of Heating of Thermionic Cathodes by High-Pressure Arc Plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 39, 2124-2134

K. C. Paul, T. Takemura, T. Hiramoto, A. Erraki, F. Dawson, G. Zissis, J. J. Gonzalez, A. Gleizes, M. S. Benilov, and J. D. Lavers 2006 Self Consistent Model of HID Lamp for Design Applications, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 34(4), 1536-1547

H.-P. Li and M. S. Benilov 2007 Effect of a Near-Cathode Sheath on Heat Transfer in High-Pressure Arc Plasmas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, 2010-2017

Lowke, J. J., Morrow, R., and Haidar, J. 1997 A Simplified Unified Theory of Arcs and their Electrodes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 30, 2033-2042

V. Colombo, A. Concetti, E. Ghedini, S. Dallavalle, and M. Vancini, Understanding Plasma Fluid Dynamics Inside Plasma Torches Through Advanced Modeling, 34th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and the 16th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference Proceedings, June 17-22, 2007 (Albuquerque, NM), 2007, p 1423-1428

S. A. Wutzke, E. Pfender, and E. R. G. Eckert 1967 Symptomatic Behavior of an Electric Arc with a Superimposed Flow, AIAA J., 6(8), 1474-82

J. F. Coudert, M. P. Planche, and P. Fauchais 1996 Characterization of D.C. Plasma Torch Voltage Fluctuations, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 16(1), 211s-227s

J.-L. Dorier, M. Gindrat, C. Hollenstein, A. Salito, M. Loch, G. Barbezat 2001 Time Resolved Imaging of Anodic Arc Root Behavior During Fluctuations of a DC Plasma Spraying Torch, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 29(3), 494-500

Z. Duan and J. V. R. Heberlein 2002 Arc Instabilities in a Plasma Spray Torch, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 11(1), 44-51

C. Montijn, B. Meulenbroek, U. Ebert, and W. Hundsdorfer 2005 Numerical Simulations and Conformal Analysis of Growing and Branching Negative Discharge Streamers, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 33(2), 260-261

Z. Duan, K. Wittmann, J.F. Coudert, J. Heberlein, and P. Fauchais, Effects of the Cold Gas Boundary Layer on Arc Fluctuations, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Plasma Chemistry, M. Hrabovsky, M. Konrád, and V. Kopecky, Ed., Aug 2-6, 1999, Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Prague, Vol I, 1999, p 233-238

J. P. Trelles, E. Pfender, and J. V. R. Heberlein 2006 Multiscale Finite Element Modeling of Arc Dynamics in a DC Plasma Torch, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 26, 557-575

G. Yang and J. V. Heberlein 2007 The Anode Region of High Intensity Arcs with Cold Cross Flow, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, 5649-5662

J. Hlina, J. Sonsky, V. Nenicka and A. Zachar 2005 Statistics of Turbulent Structures in a Thermal Plasma Jet, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 38, 1760-1768