Arachidonic acid cascade in endothelial pathobiology

Akarasereenont, 1995, Cytokine-mediated induction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by activation of tyrosine kinase in bovine endothelial cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Br. J. Pharmacol., 115, 401, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb16347.x

Alvarez, 2004, Role of EETs in regulation of endothelial permeability in rat lung, Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 286, L445, 10.1152/ajplung.00150.2003

Amaral, 2003, CYP4A metabolites of arachidonic acid and VEGF are mediators of skeletal muscle angiogenesis, Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol., 284, H1528, 10.1152/ajpheart.00406.2002

Antohe, 1998, Heart microvessels and aortic endothelial cells express the 15 kDa heart-type fatty acid-binding proteins, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 76, 102, 10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80022-8

Antoine, 1992, Time-dependent utilization of platelet arachidonic acid by the neutrophil in formation of 5-lipoxygenase products in platelet- neutrophil co-incubations, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1128, 139, 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90299-B

Antoniotti, 2003, Control of endothelial cell proliferation by calcium influx and arachidonic acid metabolism: a pharmacological approach, J. Cell. Physiol., 197, 370, 10.1002/jcp.10359

Artwohl, 2004, Free fatty acids trigger apoptosis and inhibit cell cycle progression in human vascular endothelial cells, FASEB J., 18, 146, 10.1096/fj.03-0301fje

Ashton, 1999, Inhibition of endothelial cell migration, intercellular communication, and vascular tube formation by thromboxane A2, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 35562, 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35562

Aurrand-Lions, 2003, Role of interendothelial adhesion molecules in the control of vascular functions, Vasc. Pharmacol., 39, 239, 10.1016/S1537-1891(03)00012-0

Balboa, 1996, Novel group V phospholipase A2 involved in arachidonic acid mobilization in murine P388D1 macrophages, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 32381, 10.1074/jbc.271.50.32381

Balsinde, 2002, Phospholipase A2 regulation and arachidonic acid mobilization, FEBS Lett., 531, 2, 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03413-0

Barnes, 1997, Nuclear factor-kappaB: a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory diseases, N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 1066, 10.1056/NEJM199704103361506

Bentzer, 2004, Low-dose prostacyclin restores an increased protein permeability after trauma in cat skeletal muscle, J. Trauma, 56, 385, 10.1097/01.TA.0000057238.75632.7F

Bisgaard, 2001, Pathophysiology of the cysteinyl leukotrienes and effects of leukotriene receptor antagonist in asthma, Allergy, 56, 7, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.56.s66.2.x

Bishop-Bailey, 1999, Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand 15-deoxy-Delta12, 14-prostaglandin J2, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 17042, 10.1074/jbc.274.24.17042

Bogatcheva, 2003, Mitogen-activated protein kinases in endothelial pathophysiology, J. Invest. Med., 51, 341, 10.2310/6650.2003.8947

Bombeli, 1997, Anticoagulant properties of the vascular endothelium, Thromb. Haemostasis, 77, 408, 10.1055/s-0038-1655981

Bonventre, 1997, Reduced fertility and postischaemic brain injury in mice deficient in cytosolic phospholipase A2, Nature, 390, 622, 10.1038/37635

Bouchard, 2000, Participation of prostaglandin E2 in the endothelial protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in isolated rat heart, Cardiovasc. Res., 45, 418, 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00343-0

Brash, 2001, Arachidonic acid as a bioactive molecule, J. Clin. Invest., 107, 1339, 10.1172/JCI13210

Bratt, 1995, Mechanism for lipoxin A4-induced neutrophil-dependent cytotoxicity for human endothelial cells, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 126, 36

Breyer, 2001, Prostanoid receptors: subtypes and signaling, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 41, 661, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.661

Brezinski, 1989, Lipoxins stimulate prostacycline generation by human endothelial cells, FEBS Lett., 245, 167, 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80214-5

Briand, 1996, Calcium-calmodulin plays a major role in bradykinin-induced arachidonic acid release by bovine aortic endothelial cells, J. Cell. Biochem., 63, 292, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19961201)63:3<292::AID-JCB4>3.0.CO;2-S

Brink, 2003, International union of pharmacology: XXXVII. Nomenclature for leukotriene and lipoxin receptors, Pharmacol. Rev., 55, 195, 10.1124/pr.55.1.8

Buchanan, 1998, Regulation of endothelial cell and platelet receptor-ligand binding by the 12- and 15-lipoxygenase monohydroxides, 12-, 15-HETE and 13-HODE, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Essent. Fatty Acids, 58, 339, 10.1016/S0952-3278(98)90069-2

Busse, 1998, Leukotrienes and inflammation, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 157, S210, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.mar-1

Calder, 2002, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 56, S14, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601478

Calnek, 2003, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells, Arterioscler., Thromb., Vasc. Biol., 23, 52, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000044461.01844.C9

Campbell, 1996, Identification of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, Circ. Res., 78, 415, 10.1161/01.RES.78.3.415

Capdevila, 2002, Biochemical and molecular properties of the cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid monooxygenases, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 325, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00038-2

Capper, 2001, Mammalian phospholipases A2: mediators of inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis, Prog. Lipid Res., 40, 167, 10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00002-9

Chakraborti, 1989, Oxidant-mediated activation of phospholipase A2 in pulmonary endothelium, Am. J. Physiol., 257, L430

Chandrasekharan, 2002, COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 13926, 10.1073/pnas.162468699

Chaytor, 1999, The endothelial component of cannabinoid-induced relaxation in rabbit mesenteric artery depends on gap junctional communication, J. Physiol., 520, 539, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00539.x

Cheng, 2002, Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2, Science, 296, 539, 10.1126/science.1068711

Chu, 2000, In situ amplification of 5-lipoxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein in allergic airway inflammation and inhibition by leukotriene blockade, J. Immunol., 165, 4640, 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4640

Cosentino, 2003, High glucose causes upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and alters prostanoid profile in human endothelial cells: role of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species, Circulation, 107, 1017, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000051367.92927.07

Di Gennaro, 2004, Cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor activation in brain inflammatory reactions and cerebral edema formation: a role for transcellular biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes, FASEB J., 18, 842, 10.1096/fj.03-0599fje

Dodam, 1994, Differential effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and platelet-activating factor on bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in vitro, Exp. Lung Res., 20, 131, 10.3109/01902149409064378

Drenckhahn, 1986, Stress fibers in the splenic sinus endothelium in situ: molecular structure, relationship to the extracellular matrix, and contractility, J. Cell Biol., 102, 1738, 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1738

Dudek, 2001, Cytoskeletal regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability, J. Appl. Physiol., 91, 1487, 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1487

Dunn, 1986, The role of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in the adhesive interaction between bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bovine endothelial cells, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes Med., 21, 221, 10.1016/0262-1746(86)90044-2

Earley, 2003, Cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase products contribute to attenuated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia, Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol., 285, H127, 10.1152/ajpheart.01052.2002

Eligini, 2002, 15-deoxy-delta12,14-Prostaglandin J2 inhibits tissue factor expression in human macrophages and endothelial cells: evidence for ERK1/2 signaling pathway blockade, Thromb. Haemostasis, 88, 524, 10.1055/s-0037-1613247

Erl, 2004, Cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce endothelial cell apoptosis independent of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, Eur. J. Immunol., 34, 241, 10.1002/eji.200324053

Essler, 2000, Cyclic AMP blocks bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation in endothelial cells through inhibition of Rho/Rho kinase signaling, J. Immunol., 164, 6539, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6543

Fang, 1999, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids increase intracellular calcium concentration in vascular smooth muscle cells, Hypertension, 34, 1236, 10.1161/01.HYP.34.6.1242

Feinmark, 1992, The role of the endothelial cell in leukotriene biosynthesis, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 146, S51, 10.1164/ajrccm/146.5_Pt_2.S51

Fierro, 2002, Novel lipid mediator regulators of endothelial cell proliferation and migration: aspirin-triggered-15R-lipoxin A4 and lipoxin A4, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 300, 385, 10.1124/jpet.300.2.385

Fiorio Pla, 2001, Calcium influx, arachidonic acid, and control of endothelial cell proliferation, Cell Calcium, 30, 235, 10.1054/ceca.2001.0234

Fiorucci, 2003, Evidence that 5-lipoxygenase and acetylated cyclooxygenase 2-derived eicosanoids regulate leukocyte-endothelial adherence in response to aspirin, Br. J. Pharmacol., 139, 1351, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705356

Fisslthaler, 2001, Cyclic stretch enhances the expression and activity of coronary endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor synthase, Hypertension, 38, 1427, 10.1161/hy1201.096532

Fitzgerald, 2003, COX-2 and beyond: approaches to prostaglandin inhibition in human disease, Nat. Rev., 2, 879, 10.1038/nrd1225

Fleming, 2004, Cytochrome p450 epoxygenases as EDHF synthases, Pharmacol. Res., 49, 525, 10.1016/j.phrs.2003.11.016

Fleming, 2001, The coronary endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) stimulates multiple signalling pathways and proliferation in vascular cells, Pfluegers Arch., 442, 511, 10.1007/s004240100565

Fujishima, 1999, Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is essential for both the immediate and the delayed phases of eicosanoid generation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96, 4803, 10.1073/pnas.96.9.4803

Fukao, 2001, Regulation of BKCa channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells by epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, Mol. Pharmacol., 59, 16, 10.1124/mol.59.1.16

Fuloria, 2004, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a vasoconstrictor in the newborn piglet pulmonary microcirculation, Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 10.1152/ajplung.00358.2003

Funk, 2001, Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology, Science, 294, 1871, 10.1126/science.294.5548.1871

Funk, 2002, Lipoxygenase genes and their targeted disruption, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 303, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00036-9

Gaetano, 2003, Prevention of thrombosis and vascular inflammation: benefits and limitations of selective or combined COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 24, 245, 10.1016/S0165-6147(03)00077-4

Gao, 2000, Reversal of angiogenesis in vitro, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in endothelial cells by thromboxane A2, Circ. Res., 87, 739, 10.1161/01.RES.87.9.739

Garcia, 1992, Interleukin 1-stimulated prostacyclin synthesis in endothelium: lack of phospholipase C, phospholipase D, or protein kinase C involvement in early signal transduction, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 120, 929

Geirsson, 1998, Potentiating effects of pertussis toxin on leukotriene C4 induced formation of inositol phosphate and prostacyclin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, J. Cell. Physiol., 177, 103, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199810)177:1<103::AID-JCP11>3.0.CO;2-E

Gil, 2002, Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases, Biomed. Pharmacother., 56, 388, 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00256-1

Gilroy, 1999, Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties, Nat. Med., 5, 698, 10.1038/9550

Gimbrone, 2000, Endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic forces, and atherogenesis, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 902, 230, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06318.x

Gonchar, 1999, Kinetics of prostanoid synthesis by macrophages is regulated by arachidonic acid sources, Eur. J. Biochem., 265, 779, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00785.x

Goodman, 1991, Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, Agents Actions, 34, 113, 10.1007/BF01993253

Graier, 1995, Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase-regulated signalling of Ca2+ entry in human and bovine endothelial cells, J. Physiol., 482, 259, 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020515

Gronert, 2001, Selectivity of recombinant human leukotriene D4, leukotriene B4, and lipoxin A4 receptors with aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA4 and regulation of vascular and inflammatory responses, Am. J. Pathol., 158, 3, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63937-5

Habib, 1992, Comparison of leukotriene A4 metabolism into leukotriene C4 by human platelets and endothelial cells, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 298, 544, 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90448-6

Hampson, 2002, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenate (12-HETE) attenuates AMPA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity: evidence for G-protein-coupled HETE receptor, J. Neurosci., 22, 257, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-01-00257.2002

Han, 2002, Gamma-glutamyl leukotrienase, a novel endothelial membrane protein, is specifically responsible for leukotriene D4 formation in vivo, Am. J. Pathol., 161, 481, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64204-6

Harrison, 2003, Endothelial control of vasomotion and nitric oxide production, Cardiol. Clin., 21, 289, 10.1016/S0733-8651(03)00073-0

He, 2002, Inhibitory effects of prostaglandin A1 on apoptosis of rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells was mediated by NF-kappaB, Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 23, 331

Higaki, 1999, A role of protein kinase C in the regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in bradykinin-induced PGI2 synthesis by human vascular endothelial cells, Microvasc. Res., 58, 144, 10.1006/mvre.1999.2163

Hoebel, 1997, Activation of microsomal cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase by calcium store depletion and its contribution to calcium entry in porcine aortic endothelial cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 121, 1579, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701304

Hoebel, 1998, Origin and function of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in vascular endothelial cells: more than just endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor?, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 25, 826, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02162.x

Hollenberg, 1994, Eicosanoid production by human aortic endothelial cells in response to endothelin, Am. J. Physiol., 267, H2290

Hu, 1993, Activation of K+ channel in vascular smooth muscles by cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 230, 215, 10.1016/0014-2999(93)90805-R

Huang, 1997, Inhibition of stimulus-induced endothelial cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by arachidonic acid and its hydroxy and hydroperoxy derivatives, Circ. Res., 80, 149, 10.1161/01.RES.80.2.149

Ivey, 1998, Involvement of cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity in the control of microvascular permeability in canine lung, Am. J. Physiol., 275, L756

Jackson, 1999, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activators target human endothelial cells to inhibit leukocyte–endothelial cell interaction, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 2094, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.9.2094

Ji, 1998, Hypoxia induces high-mobility-group protein IY and transcription of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene in human vascular endothelium, Circ. Res., 83, 295, 10.1161/01.RES.83.3.295

Jiang, 2004, Smooth muscle-specific expression of CYP4A1 induces endothelial sprouting in renal arterial microvessels, Circ. Res., 94, 167, 10.1161/01.RES.0000111523.12842.FC

Kan, 1996, Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 to the nuclear envelope in acetylcholine-induced prostacyclin synthesis in rabbit coronary endothelial cells, Mol. Pharmacol., 50, 1139

Kanaoka, 2001, Attenuated zymosan-induced peritoneal vascular permeability and IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice lacking leukotriene C4 synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 22608, 10.1074/jbc.M103562200

Karin, 2000, Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NFκB activity, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18, 621, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.621

Kim, 2000, Cytoplasmic unsaturated free fatty acids inhibit ATP-dependent gating of the G protein-gated K+ channel, J. Gen. Physiol., 115, 287, 10.1085/jgp.115.3.287

Kroetz, 2002, Cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism, Curr. Opinion Lipidol., 13, 273, 10.1097/00041433-200206000-00007

Kudo, 2002, Phospholypase A2 enzymes, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 3, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00020-5

Kuhn, 2002, Mammalian arachidonate 15-lipoxygenases. Structure, function, and biological implications, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 263, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00035-7

Kunos, 2002, The quest for a vascular endothelial cannabinoid receptor, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 121, 45, 10.1016/S0009-3084(02)00145-7

Kuwano, 2004, Cyclooxygenase 2 is a key enzyme for inflammatory cytokine-induced angiogenesis, FASEB J., 18, 300, 10.1096/fj.03-0473com

Laneuville, 1991, Hepoxilin A3 increases vascular permeability in rat skin, Eicosanoids, 4, 95

Laneuville, 1991, Hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) is formed by the rat aorta and is metabolized into HxA3-C, a glutathione conjugate, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1084, 60, 10.1016/0005-2760(91)90056-N

Larsen, 2000, The concept of airway inflammation, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 162, S2, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.supplement_1.maic-1

Lee, 2001, Interleukin 4 induces transcription of the 15-lipoxygenase 1 gene in human endothelial cells, J. Lipid Res., 42, 783, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31641-2

Lesage, 2000, Cloning and expression of human TRAAK, a polyunsaturated fatty acids-activated and mechano-sensitive K+ channel, FEBS Lett., 471, 137, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01388-0

Lesage, 2000, Human TREK2, a 2P domain mechano-sensitive K+ channel with multiple regulations by polyunsaturated fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and Gs, Gi, and Gq protein-coupled receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 28398, 10.1074/jbc.M002822200

Levonen, 2001, Biphasic effects of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 on glutathione induction and apoptosis in human endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21, 1846, 10.1161/hq1101.098488

Lewis, 1988, Diapedesis and the permeability of venous microvessels to protein macromolecules: the impact of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Microvasc. Res., 35, 27, 10.1016/0026-2862(88)90048-9

Li, 1999, 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid stimulates endogenous mono-ADP-ribosylation in bovine coronary arterial smooth muscle, Circ. Res., 85, 349, 10.1161/01.RES.85.4.349

Lindemann, 2003, Prostacyclin inhibits adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to human vascular endothelial cells due to adhesion molecule independent regulatory mechanisms, Basic Res. Cardiol., 98, 8, 10.1007/s00395-003-0383-1

Liu, 1996, Effects of BW A868C, a selective prostaglandin DP receptor antagonist, in dog isolated vascular preparations, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 303, 187, 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00037-4

Lonigro, 1975, Vascular responses to prostaglandin F2 alpha in isolated cat lungs, Circ. Res., 36, 706, 10.1161/01.RES.36.6.706

Lotzer, 2003, Differential leukotriene receptor expression and calcium responses in endothelial cells and macrophages indicate 5-lipoxygenase-dependent circuits of inflammation and atherogenesis, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 23, e32, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000082690.23131.CB

Ma, 1996, 16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2 modulation of endothelial monolayer paracellular barrier function, J. Cell. Physiol., 167, 204, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199605)167:2<204::AID-JCP3>3.0.CO;2-T

Maderna, 2000, Influence of lipoxin A4 and other lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids on tissue factor expression, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 279, C945, 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.4.C945

Maekawa, 2002, Targeted gene disruption reveals the role of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in the enhanced vascular permeability of mice undergoing acute inflammatory responses, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 20820, 10.1074/jbc.M203163200

Mais, 1990, Interaction of 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE and 5,12-diHETE at the human platelet thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor, Eicosanoids, 3, 121

Mark, 2001, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin release in brain microvessel endothelial cells, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 297, 1051

Marx, 1999, PPARgamma activation in human endothelial cells increases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 expression: PPARgamma as a potential mediator in vascular disease, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 546, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.3.546

Masouye, 1997, Endothelial cells of the human microvasculature express epidermal fatty acid-binding protein, Circ. Res., 81, 297, 10.1161/01.RES.81.3.297

McGiff, 1999, 20-HETE and the kidney: resolution of old problems and new beginnings, Am. J. Physiol., 277, R607

McHowat, 2001, Endothelial cell PAF synthesis following thrombin stimulation utilizes Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2, Biochemistry, 40, 14921, 10.1021/bi0156153

Michaelis, 2003, Cytochrome P450 2C9-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids induce angiogenesis via cross-talk with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), FASEB J., 17, 770, 10.1096/fj.02-0640fje

Michel, 1999, Microvascular permeability, Physiol. Rev., 79, 703, 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.703

Michiels, 2002, Identification of the phospholipase A2 isoforms that contribute to arachidonic acid release in hypoxic endothelial cells: limits of phospholipase A2 inhibitors, Biochem. Pharmacol., 63, 321, 10.1016/S0006-2952(01)00832-2

Middleton, 2002, Leukocyte extravasation: chemokine transport and presentation by the endothelium, Blood, 100, 3853, 10.1182/blood.V100.12.3853

Mignen, 2000, I(ARC), a novel arachidonate-regulated, noncapacitative Ca2+ entry channel, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 9114, 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9114

Millanvoye-Van Brussel, 1999, Regulation of arachidonic acid release by calcium influx in human endothelial cells, J. Vasc. Res., 36, 235, 10.1159/000025647

Mo, 2004, Atypical cannabinoid stimulates endothelial cell migration via a Gi/Go-coupled receptor distinct from CB1, CB2 or EDG-1, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 489, 21, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.034

Mombouli, 1999, Potentiation of Ca2+ signaling in endothelial cells by 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 33, 779, 10.1097/00005344-199905000-00015

Mombouli, 1999, Anandamide-induced mobilization of cytosolic Ca2+ in endothelial cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 126, 1593, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702483

Morita, 2002, Distinct functions of COX-1 and COX-2, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 165, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00029-1

Murakami, 1993, Molecular nature of phospholipases A2 involved in prostaglandin I2 synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Possible participation of cytosolic and extracellular type II phospholipases A2, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 839, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54010-2

Murata, 1997, Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor, Nature, 388, 678, 10.1038/41780

Nagase, 2003, Potent inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2, arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, attenuates LPS-induced lung injury in mice, Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 284, L720, 10.1152/ajplung.00396.2002

Nakatani, 2000, Role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in the production of lipid mediators and histamine release in mouse bone-marrow-derived mast cells, Biochem. J., 352, 311, 10.1042/0264-6021:3520311

Negishi, 2002, Cyclopentenone prostaglandin receptors, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 611, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00059-X

Nie, 2000, Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis: role of endothelial arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, Hemost. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 95, 2304

Nishimura, 2001, Acute effects of prostaglandin D2 to induce airflow obstruction and airway microvascular leakage in guinea pigs: role of thromboxane A2 receptors, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 66, 1, 10.1016/S0090-6980(01)00115-0

Nithipatikom, 2000, Determination of EETs using microbore liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol., 279, H857

Node, 1999, Anti-inflammatory properties of cytochrome P450 epoxygenase-derived eicosanoids, Science, 285, 1276, 10.1126/science.285.5431.1276

Node, 2001, Activation of Gαs mediates induction of tissue-type plasminogen activator gene transcription by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 15983, 10.1074/jbc.M100439200

Nohgawa, 1997, Leukotriene B4-activated human endothelial cells promote transendothelial neutrophil migration, J. Leukoc. Biol., 62, 203, 10.1002/jlb.62.2.203

Obara, 2002, 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid potentiates stretch-induced contraction of canine basilar artery via PKC alpha-mediated inhibition of KCa channel, Br. J. Pharmacol., 137, 1362, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704960

Ohno, 1991, Protective effect of prostaglandin A2 against menadione-induced cell injury in cultured porcine aorta endothelial cells, Chem. Biol. Interact., 78, 67, 10.1016/0009-2797(91)90103-E

Okahara, 1998, Upregulation of prostacyclin synthesis-related gene expression by shear stress in vascular endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 18, 1922, 10.1161/01.ATV.18.12.1922

Ost, 1998, Expression of mRNA for phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases, and lipoxygenases in cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and in biopsies from umbilical arteries and veins, J. Vasc. Res., 35, 150, 10.1159/000025578

Pace-Asciak, 1999, The hepoxilins, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 447, 123, 10.1007/978-1-4615-4861-4_12

Pace-Asciak, 2002, New family of thromboxane receptor antagonists with secondary thromboxane synthase inhibition, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 301, 618, 10.1124/jpet.301.2.618

Pai, 2001, PGE2 stimulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 286, 923, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5494

Papayianni, 1996, Lipoxin A4 and B4 inhibit leukotriene-stimulated interactions of human neutrophils and endothelial cells, J. Immunol., 156, 2264, 10.4049/jimmunol.156.6.2264

Parfenova, 1998, Posttranslational regulation of cyclooxygenase by tyrosine phosphorylation in cerebral endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol., 274, C72, 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.1.C72

Patricia, 1999, Lipoxygenase products increase monocyte adhesion to human aortic endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 2615, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.11.2615

Peters-Golden, 2001, Intracellular compartmentalization of leukotriene synthesis: unexpected nuclear secrets, FEBS Lett., 487, 323, 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02374-7

Popp, 2002, Dynamic modulation of interendothelial gap junctional communication by 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, Circ. Res. Apr., 90, 800, 10.1161/01.RES.0000015328.20581.D6

Potente, 2002, Cytochrome P450 2C9-induced endothelial cell proliferation involves induction of mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1, inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and up-regulation of cyclin D1, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 15671, 10.1074/jbc.M110806200

Potente, 2003, 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-induced inhibition of FOXO factors promotes endothelial proliferation by down-regulating p27Kip1, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 29619, 10.1074/jbc.M305385200

Pratt, 1998, 20-HETE relaxes bovine coronary arteries through the release of prostacyclin, Hypertension, 31, 237, 10.1161/01.HYP.31.1.237

Radmark, 2002, Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 211, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00032-1

Randall, 1996, An endogenous cannabinoid as an endothelium-derived vasorelaxant, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 229, 114, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1766

Reilly, 2004, 12/15 lipoxygenase activity mediates inflammatory monocyte/endothelial interactions and atherosclerosis in vivo, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 9440, 10.1074/jbc.M303857200

Revtyak, 1987, Prostaglandin synthesis in bovine coronary endothelial cells: comparison with other commonly studied endothelial cells, Thromb. Res., 48, 671, 10.1016/0049-3848(87)90433-6

Ricote, 1998, The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation, Nature, 391, 79, 10.1038/34178

Rizzo, 2002, Pharmacological importance of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, Pharmacol. Ther., 94, 35, 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00170-5

Rosenstock, 1996, Dual regulation of PLA2 and PGI2 production by G proteins in bovine aortic endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol., 271, C555, 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.2.C555

Rossi, 1997, Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B by prostaglandin A1: an effect associated with heat shock transcription factor activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 746, 10.1073/pnas.94.2.746

Rossi, 2000, Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IkappaB kinase, Nature, 403, 103, 10.1038/47520

Ruegg, 2004, Endothelial cell integrins and COX-2: mediators and therapeutic targets of tumor angiogenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1654, 51

Sachais, 2001, Platelet–endothelial interactions in atherosclerosis, Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 3, 412, 10.1007/s11883-001-0080-1

Sala, 1999, Differential metabolism of exogenous and endogenous arachidonic acid in human neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 28264, 10.1074/jbc.274.40.28264

Satake, 2004, Role of group V phospholipase A2 in zymozan-induced eicosanoid generation and vascular permeability revealed by target gene disruption, J. Biol. Chem., 10.1074/jbc.M313748200

Sawyer, 2001, Regulation of PGE2 and PGI2 release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells by actin cytoskeleton, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 281, C1038, 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.C1038

Scalia, 1997, Lipoxin A4 stable analogs inhibit leukocyte rolling and adherence in the rat mesenteric microvasculature: role of P-selectin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 9967, 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9967

Scarfo, 2001, Induction of endothelial cell cytoplasmic lipid bodies during hypoxia, Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol., 280, H294

Schmilinsky-Fluri, 1997, Modulation of cardiac gap junctions: the mode of action of arachidonic acid, J. Mol. Cell Cardiol., 29, 1703, 10.1006/jmcc.1997.0409

Schnittler, 1990, Role of actin and myosin in the control of paracellular permeability in pig, rat and human vascular endothelium, J. Physiol., 431, 379, 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018335

Sergeeva, 2002, Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid suppress thrombin-evoked Ca2+ response in rat astrocytes by endogenous arachidonic acid liberation, J. Neurochem., 82, 1252, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01052.x

Sergeeva, 2003, Arachidonic acid in astrocytes blocks Ca2+ oscillations by inhibiting store-operated Ca2+ entry, and causes delayed Ca2+ influx, Cell Calcium, 33, 283, 10.1016/S0143-4160(03)00011-3

Serhan, 2002, Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin biosynthesis: an update and role in anti-inflammation and pro-resolution, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 433, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00047-3

Shasby, 1982, Role of endothelial cell cytoskeleton in control of endothelial permeability, Circ. Res., 51, 657, 10.1161/01.RES.51.5.657

Shibamoto, 1995, Effects of thromboxane A2 analogue on vascular resistance distribution and permeability in isolated blood-perfused dog lungs, Lung, 173, 209, 10.1007/BF00181873

Sierra-Honigmann, 1996, “Cytosolic” phospholipase A2 is in the nucleus of subconfluent endothelial cells but confined to the cytoplasm of confluent endothelial cells and redistributes to the nuclear envelope and cell junctions upon histamine stimulation, Lab. Invest., 74, 684

Sjostrom, 2001, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells generate leukotriene C4 via microsomal glutathione S-transferase type 2 and express the CysLT1 receptor, Eur. J. Biochem., 268, 2578, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02142.x

Sjostrom, 2003, Dominant expression of the CysLT2 receptor accounts for calcium signaling by cysteinyl leukotrienes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 23, e37, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000082689.46538.DF

Smith, 2000, Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 69, 145, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.145

Soeda, 1997, Effect of 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid on the fibrinolytic factor release and the antithrombin binding of vascular endothelial cells, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 20, 15, 10.1248/bpb.20.15

Stevens, 2000, Mechanisms regulating endothelial cell barrier function, Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 279, L419

Straus, 2001, Cyclopentenone prostaglandins: new insights on biological activities and cellular targets, Med. Res. Rev., 21, 185, 10.1002/med.1006

Strokin, 2001, Experimental and theoretical investigation of arachidonic acid uptake in macrophages, Biochemistry (Mosc), 66, 312, 10.1023/A:1010208131378

Strokin, 2003, Docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid release in rat brain astrocytes is mediated by two separate isoforms of phospholipase A2 and is differently regulated by cyclic AMP and Ca2+, Br. J. Pharmacol., 139, 1014, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705326

Strokin, 2004, Role of Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in prostanoid production in brain: perspectives for protection in neuroinflammation, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 22, 551, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.002

Stuhlmeier, 1997, Arachidonic acid influences proinflammatory gene induction by stabilizing the inhibitor-kappaBalpha/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) complex, thus suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 24679, 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24679

Stuhlmeier, 1997, The effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid on endothelial cell gene expression, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 325, 209, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)00117-9

Sutherland, 2000, Biological actions of the free acid of hepoxilin A3 on human neutrophils, Biochem. Pharmacol., 59, 435, 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00345-7

Taba, 2003, 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 and laminar fluid shear stress stabilize c-IAP1 in vascular endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol., 285, H38, 10.1152/ajpheart.01037.2002

Takano, 1997, Aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and LXA4 stable analogues are potent inhibitors of acute inflammation: evidence for anti-inflammatory receptors, J. Exp. Med., 185, 1693, 10.1084/jem.185.9.1693

Takano, 1998, Neutrophil-mediated changes in vascular permeability are inhibited by topical application of aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 and novel lipoxin B4 stable analogues, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 819, 10.1172/JCI1578

Takata, 1994, Remodeling of neutrophil phospholipids with 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibits leukotriene B4-induced neutrophil migration across endothelium, J. Clin. Invest., 93, 499, 10.1172/JCI116999

Takata, 1994, 15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibits neutrophil migration across cytokine-activated endothelium, Am. J. Pathol., 145, 541

Tanaka, 2002, Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1: a key to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced intestinal damage, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 300, 754, 10.1124/jpet.300.3.754

Tang, 1993, The lipoxygenase metabolite, 12(S)-HETE, induces a protein kinase C-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement and retraction of microvascular endothelial cells, Exp. Cell Res., 207, 361, 10.1006/excr.1993.1203

Tang, 1995, Transcriptional activation of endothelial cell integrin alpha V by protein kinase C activator 12(S)-HETE, J. Cell Sci., 108, 2629, 10.1242/jcs.108.7.2629

Tang, 1995, 12(S)-HETE is a mitogenic factor for microvascular endothelial cells: its potential role in angiogenesis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 211, 462, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1836

Teixeira, 1995, Increased permeability of bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers in response to a thromboxane A2-mimetic, Agents Actions Suppl., 45, 47

Tirruppathi, 2003, Role of Ca signaling in the regulation of endothelial permeability, Vasc. Pharmacol., 39, 173, 10.1016/S1537-1891(03)00007-7

Tithof, 2002, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke cause endothelial cell apoptosis by a phospholipase A2-dependent mechanism, FASEB J., 16, 1463, 10.1096/fj.02-0092fje

Tsuboi, 2002, Prostanoid receptor subtypes, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 535, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00054-0

Turnage, 1997, Thromboxane A2 mediates increased pulmonary microvascular permeability after intestinal reperfusion, J. Appl. Physiol., 82, 592, 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.592

Uozumi, 1997, Role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in allergic response and parturition, Nature, 390, 618, 10.1038/37622

Valentin, 1997, Losartan prevents thromboxane A2/prostanoid (TP) receptor mediated increase in microvascular permeability in the rat, Am. J. Hypertens., 10, 1058, 10.1016/S0895-7061(97)00276-8

Van Hinsbergh, 1997, Endothelial permeability for macromolecules. Mechanistic aspects of pathophysiological modulation, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 17, 1018, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.6.1018

Van Nieuw Amerongen, 2001, Cytoskeletal effects of rho-like small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins in the vascular system, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21, 300, 10.1161/01.ATV.21.3.300

VanRollins, 1996, Arachidonic acid diols produced by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases are incorporated into phospholipids of vascular endothelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 14001, 10.1074/jbc.271.24.14001

Virchow, 2001, Effect of a specific cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor 1-antagonist (montelukast) on the transmigration of eosinophils across human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Clin. Exp. Allergy, 31, 836, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01051.x

Voelkel, 1996, Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) reduces pulmonary vascular reactivity and pulmonary hypertension in hypoxic rats, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 2491, 10.1172/JCI118696

Von der Weid, 2004, Aspirin-triggered, cyclooxygenase-2-depenedent lipoxin synthesis modulates vascular tone, Circulation, 110, 1320, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140985.89766.CB

Waldman, 1989, Cutaneous inflammation: effects of hydroxy acids and eicosanoid pathway inhibitors on vascular permeability, J. Invest. Dermatol., 92, 112, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep13071322

Walker, 2002, 5-Lipoxygenase and human pulmonary artery endothelial cell proliferation, Am. J. Physiol., 282, H585

Wang, 1999, Stereoselective action of hepoxilins A3 and B3 and their cyclopropane analogs on bradykinin and PAF-evoked potentiation of vascular leakage in rat skin, Gen. Pharmacol., 33, 377, 10.1016/S0306-3623(99)00032-4

Wang, 2003, Regulation of renal CYP4A expression and 20-HETE synthesis by nitric oxide in pregnant rats, Am. J. Renal Physiol., 285, F295, 10.1152/ajprenal.00065.2003

Watanabe, 2003, Anandamide and arachidonic acid use epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to activate TRPV4 channels, Nature, 424, 434, 10.1038/nature01807

Weintraub, 1997, Potentiation of endothelium-dependent relaxation by epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, Circ. Res., 81, 258, 10.1161/01.RES.81.2.258

Welles, 1985, Eicosanoid modulation of stress fibers in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, Inflammation, 9, 439, 10.1007/BF00916343

Wojciak-Stothard, 2003, Rho GTPases and the regulation of endothelial permeability, Vasc. Pharmacol., 39, 187, 10.1016/S1537-1891(03)00008-9

Wong, 1998, Lysophosphatidylcholine stimulates the release of arachidonic acid in human endothelial cells, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 6830, 10.1074/jbc.273.12.6830

Wysolmerski, 1991, Regulation of permeabilized endothelial cell retraction by myosin phosphorylation, Am. J. Physiol., 261, C32, 10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.1.C32

Xin, 1999, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 9116, 10.1074/jbc.274.13.9116

Yamaji, 2003, Anandamide induces apoptosis in human endothelial cells: its regulation system and clinical implications, Thromb. Haemostasis, 89, 875, 10.1055/s-0037-1613475

Yamamoto, 1997, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenases, Prog. Lipid Res., 36, 23, 10.1016/S0163-7827(97)00002-7

Yang, 2001, Overexpression of cytochrome P450 CYP2J2 protects against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, Mol. Pharmacol., 60, 310, 10.1124/mol.60.2.310

Yoshikai, 2001, Roles of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in acute inflammation caused by bacterial infection, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 14, 257, 10.1097/00001432-200106000-00003

Yoshimoto, 2002, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenases, Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediators, 68–69, 245, 10.1016/S0090-6980(02)00034-5

Zernecke, 2003, Suppression of endothelial adhesion molecule up-regulation with cyclopentenone prostaglandins is dissociated from IkappaB-alpha kinase inhibition and cell death induction, FASEB J., 17, 1099, 10.1096/fj.02-0485fje

Zhang, 2002, Expression of 5-lipoxygenase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, Biochem. J., 361, 267, 10.1042/0264-6021:3610267

Zhu, 2000, Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids constrict isolated pressurized rabbit pulmonary arteries, Am. J. Physiol.: Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 278, L335

Zhu, 2002, CYP4A mRNA, protein, and product in rat lungs: novel localization in vascular endothelium, J. Appl. Physiol., 93, 330, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01159.2001

Zoratti, 2003, Anandamide initiates Ca2+ signaling via CB2 receptor linked to phospholipase C in calf pulmonary endothelial cells, Br. J. Pharmacol., 140, 1351, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705529

Zou, 2002, High glucose via peroxynitrite causes tyrosine nitration and inactivation of prostacyclin synthase that is associated with thromboxane/prostaglandin H2 receptor-mediated apoptosis and adhesion molecule expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells, Diabetes, 51, 198, 10.2337/diabetes.51.1.198